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Stockholm Studies in Scandinavian Philology New Series 52 ACTA UNIVERSITATIS STOCKHOLMIENSIS Stockholm Studies in Scandinavian Philology New Series 52 Lexikal etablering En korpusundersökning av hur nya sammansättningar konventionaliseras och får sin betydelse Jan Svanlund Lexikal etablering En korpusundersökning av hur nya sammansättningar konventionaliseras och får sin betydelse Institutionen för nordiska språk Stockholms universitet © Jan Svanlund, Stockholm 2009 ISSN 0562-1097 ISBN 978-91-86071-24-0 Tryckeri: Elanders Sverige AB, Vällingby 2009 Distributör: eddy.se ab Abstract Jan Svanlund. 2009. Lexikal etablering. En korpusundersökning av hur nya sammansättningar konventionaliseras och får sin betydelse. (Establishing Lexical Items. A Corpus Study of the Conventionalization of New Com- pounds and How They Get Their Meanings.) Acta Universitatis Stockholmi- ensis. Stockholm Studies in Scandinavian Philology. New Series 52. 255 pp. This corpus-based study deals with the process whereby new compounds become established as conventionalized lexical items in the Swedish language. Special attention is given to how their meanings develop during the early phases of usage. Strictly compositional accounts of their semantics are rejected. Nine recently conventionalized compounds have been investigated in detail. The main corpus consists of all citations of these com- pounds from two full-text databases consisting of newspapers and maga- zines. Together they cover almost all of the major newspapers and several other ones as well. In addition to these corpus data, a questionnaire was used where informants were asked to describe (what they thought was) the meaning of these compounds and also to indicate how sure they were about the conventional usage of these words. Furthermore, the Swedish Language Bank has been used, mainly to get frequency data which show what kinds of word formation patterns the component parts of the compounds usually take part in, and how strong these patterns are. These data are used as reference points when analyzing the actual uses of the compounds and the semantic associations that the informants had. The compounds do not show a great deal of semantic variation. All but one has one clearly dominating sense, but most of the compounds are occasionally also used with strikingly deviant meanings. Metacomments and metasignalling seem to have an impact on conventionalization, at least they affect the familiarity of these items. While some of the compounds are extensively metacommented, explained and problematized, others are treated as natural and self-explanatory. The latter are generally found to instantiate strong word formation preferences, which make them seem transparent. Key words: Lexicalization, conventionalization, entrenchment, lexical sem- antics, compounds, corpus frequency Förord Det var egentligen aldrig tänkt att detta skulle bli en bok. Ibland får emeller- tid materialet självt diktera vad som ska hända med det. I det här fallet vis- ade det sig slutligen bli svårt att redovisa alla materialbearbetningar, tabeller och analyser inom ramen för kortare forskningsartiklar och rapporter. Då fick det bli en bok. Sammansättningssemantik är ett fascinerande ämne som fler borde syssla med. Det är också ett forskningsfält där olika övergripande språkhållningar bryts mot varandra och utsätts för diverse prövningar, vilket gör det hela extra intressant. Huvudsyftet med den här undersökningen har varit att be- skriva hur det går till när nya sammansättningar etableras och får sin be- tydelse. Den är alltså inte given på förhand utifrån de ingående ordlederna, tvärtemot vad vissa traditionella hållningar gjort gällande. Undersökningen emanerar ur projektet ”Hur nya ord får betydelse. En undersökning av hur nya sammansättningar konventionaliseras”, som delvis finansierats av Riks- bankens jubileumsfond och delvis av min tjänst som forskarassistent vid Institutionen för nordiska språk vid Stockholms universitet. Att det alls kunde bli en bok har jag Kungliga Vitterhetsakademien och Erik Wellanders fond att tacka för, eftersom de bistått med tryckningsbidrag. Redaktörerna Staffan Hellberg och Cecilia Falk har också varit vänliga att acceptera boken för utgivning i Actaserien vid Stockholms universitet. I ett initialt skede var dåvarande Svenska språknämnden och dess chef Olle Josephson också mycket tillmötesgående genom att erbjuda mig tid nog att skissa fram själva projektidén och dessutom bidra med värdefulla syn- punkter. För att ha en chans att hantera allt material till denna korpusundersökning var jag tvungen att lära mig en del fundamental programmering. De lärdom- arna har Gunnar Eriksson beredvilligt bistått med i form av en informell privat kurs. Utan hans professionella programmeringshandledning hade det aldrig blivit någon bok. Sanningen att säga var det i praktiken också främst han själv som skrev de programsnuttar som sedan kom att användas i den skarpa materialhanteringen. Yvonne Carlsson, Tomas Riad och Lisa Rudebeck har med entusiasm och klokhet läst och kommenterat manuset, och utan dem hade boken blivit både virrigare och fattigare. Jag är mycket tacksam för deras insatser. Pia Nordin ska också ha stort tack för den typografiska slutredigeringen av texten. Som alla texter vimlar detta förord av diverse sammansättningar av olika etableringsgrad. För alla som inte fått nog redan här väntar strax åtskilligt flera på de kommande sidorna. Stockholm, september 2009 Jan Svanlund Innehåll 1 Inledning.................................................................................................. 15 2 Bakgrund och utgångspunkter .................................................................... 17 2.1 Komplexa lexikala strukturer................................................................ 17 2.1.1 Klassificeringar av sammansättningar och compound ....................... 18 2.2 Begreppskombinationer....................................................................... 21 2.2.1 Kombinationer tillskrivs delvis andra egenskaper än delbegreppen ..... 22 2.2.2 Varierande tolkningsstrategier ....................................................... 23 2.2.2.1 Schemaspecificering .............................................................. 24 2.2.2.2 Relationslänkning vs egenskapsprojicering ............................... 25 2.2.2.3 Omkonstruering .................................................................... 26 2.2.3 Kunskapseffekter ......................................................................... 27 2.2.4 Problem med kombinationsforskningen........................................... 28 2.2.5 Relationspreferenser och språkanvändning...................................... 29 2.3 Kompositionalitet och genomskinlighet .................................................. 33 2.4 Etablering.......................................................................................... 37 2.5 Mönster............................................................................................. 40 2.6 Material............................................................................................. 42 2.6.1 Källmaterialet.............................................................................. 42 2.6.2 Språkbanken ............................................................................... 44 2.6.3 Ordurval ..................................................................................... 45 2.6.4 Enkäten ...................................................................................... 46 2.7 Analytiska grepp och begrepp .............................................................. 46 2.7.1 Aktörer i konventionaliseringsprocessen.......................................... 46 2.7.2 Ord och kontext........................................................................... 48 2.7.3 Frekvenser.................................................................................. 50 2.7.4 Metasignaler ............................................................................... 51 2.7.4.1 Reservationer ....................................................................... 52 2.7.4.2 Metautpekningar och perspektivmarkörer................................. 52 2.7.5 Betydelser och förklaringar ........................................................... 54 2.7.6 Övrig terminologi och grafiska konventioner.................................... 56 3 Enkätstatistik............................................................................................ 58 4 Ordanalyser.............................................................................................. 60 4.1 skurkstat ........................................................................................... 60 4.1.1 Ordlederna.................................................................................. 61 4.1.2 Etableringshistorik ....................................................................... 64 4.1.3 Enkäten ...................................................................................... 66 4.1.4 Perspektivitet .............................................................................. 68 4.1.5 Personifiering?............................................................................. 70 4.1.6 Vad utmärker en skurkstat? .......................................................... 71 4.1.7 Utveckling över tid ....................................................................... 74 4.1.8 Vidareordbildning......................................................................... 75 4.1.9 Alternativa beteckningar ..............................................................
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