Search for Quark-Gluon Plasma from RHIC to LHC: Intro to Rel

Search for Quark-Gluon Plasma from RHIC to LHC: Intro to Rel. Heavy Ion Physics, Bulk Dynamics at RHIC, What to “Expect” at LHC!

John Harris (Yale) LNF Spring School, Frascati 12 – 16 May 2008 at t ~10-5 seconds: On the “First Day” T = 2 trillion K absolute Quark-hadron transition

Quark Soup

Rapid inflation

gravity electro- magnetism forces separate There was light!

at t ~ 10-43 seconds weak strong

John Harris (Yale) LNF Spring School, Frascati 12 – 16 May 2008 Lattice QCD ε/T4 ~ # degrees of freedom νπ2 ε = T 4 30

many d.o.f.→deconfined

F. Karsch, et al. Nucl. Phys. B605 (2001) 579

3 TC ~ 175 ± 8 MeV →εC ~ 0.3 - 1 GeV/fm

few d.o.f.→confined

John Harris (Yale) LNF Spring School, Frascati 12 – 16 May 2008 Modifications to αs

heavy quark-antiquark coupling at finite T from lattice QCD O.Kaczmarek, hep-lat/0503017

Constituents - Hadrons, dressed quarks, quasi-hadrons, resonances?

Coupling strength varies investigates (de-)confinement, hadronization, & intermediate objects.

high Q2 low Q2

John Harris (Yale) LNF Spring School, Frascati 12 – 16 May 2008 Modifications to αs

heavy quark-antiquark coupling at finite T from lattice QCD O.Kaczmarek, hep-lat/0503017 Nobel Prize 2005

D. Gross H.D. Politzer F. Wilczek Constituents - Hadrons, dressed quarks, QCD Asymptotic Freedom (1973) quasi-hadrons, resonances?

Coupling strength varies investigates (de-)confinement, hadronization, “Before [QCD] we could not go back further than 200,000 years after& intermediate the Big Bang. Today…since QCD simplifies at high energy, we can extrapolateobjects. to very early times when nucleons melted…to form a quark-gluon plasma.” 2 David Gross,high Q 2Nobel Lecture (RMP 05) low Q

John Harris (Yale) LNF Spring School, Frascati 12 – 16 May 2008 “In high-energy physics we have concentrated on experiments in which we distribute a higher and higher amount of energy into a region with smaller and smaller dimensions. In order to study the question of ‘vacuum’, we must turn to a different direction; we should investigate some ‘bulk’ phenomena by distributing high energy over a relatively large volume.”

T.D. Lee Rev. Mod. Phys. 47 (1975) 267.

John Harris (Yale) LNF Spring School, Frascati 12 – 16 May 2008 Melt the QCD Vacuum! Quark q q Condensate q q It has complex internal structure (qq – sea) q q q Possesses energy and mass q q Vacuum → qc qc q q color dielectric q QCDPerturbative vacuum Vacuum q Zero-point fluctuations (~ all force fields fluctuate constantly about their mean) Nucleons + mesons Heavy(quarks ion confined) collisions - “melt” the vacuum at 170 MeV usually too small to be observed Dramatic effects High T Prevents Isolated Quarks

q q q q q q q q q q q Vacuum → Nucleons dissolve into q q color conductor q q Freely Propagating Quarks q q q QGP John Harris (Yale) LNF Spring School, Frascati 12 – 16 May 2008 Objective – Melt QCD Vacuum → Deconfined QGP

QCD vacuum → color dielectric! qc cq qq condensate QCDPerturbative vacuum Vacuum “confines” q,g to be in hadrons

quark

• Compress or Heat to • Melt the QCD vacuum → color conductor Quark Gluon Plasma Æ deconfined color matter ! (deconfined) !

Thanks to Mike Lisa for animation John Harris (Yale) LNF Spring School, Frascati 12 – 16 May 2008 Phase Diagram of QCD Matter Early universe see: Alford, Rajagopal, Reddy, Wilczek Phys. Rev. D64 (2001) 074017

LHC quark-gluon plasma

RHIC Critical point ? ~ 170 MeV c T color Temperature hadron gas superconductor

nucleon gas nuclei CFL Neutron stars

ρ0 vacuum baryon density

John Harris (Yale) LNF Spring School, Frascati 12 – 16 May 2008 Quark-GluonQuark-Gluon Plasma Plasma (Soup)

Standard Model → Lattice Gauge Calculations predict QCD Deconfinement phase transition 3 at Tc ~ 175 MeV (εc ~ 0.5 GeV / fm ) Cosmology → Quark-hadron phase transition in early Universe

• Can we make the primordial quark-gluon soup in the lab? • Establish properties of QCD at high T (and density?) John Harris (Yale) LNF Spring School, Frascati 12 – 16 May 2008 Quiz: “How Can We Make a Quark Soup?” a) Go backward in time.

b) Heat matter to 2,000,000,000,000 K absolute temperature.

Either way! …..……What’s easier? John Harris (Yale) LNF Spring School, Frascati 12 – 16 May 2008 Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider

3.8 km circle

PHOBOS RHIC BRAHMS PHENIX STAR

95 × v = 0.999 f light speed o AGS

TANDEMS

John Harris (Yale) LNF Spring School, Frascati 12 – 16 May 2008 Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (2000 → ) BRAHMS PHOBOS Two Concentric RHIC Superconducting Rings PHENIX STAR

Ions: A = 1 ~ 200, pp, pA, AA, AB Design Performance Au + Au p + p

Max √snn 200 GeV 500 GeV L [cm-2 s -1 ]2 x 1026 1.4 x 1031 Interaction rates 1.4 x 103 s -1 3 x 105 s -1 John Harris (Yale) LNF Spring School, Frascati 12 – 16 May 2008 Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider and Experiments

STAR

John Harris (Yale) LNF Spring School, Frascati 12 – 16 May 2008 The Two “Large” Experiments at RHIC STAR PHENIX Solenoidal field Axial Field Large-Ω Tracking High Resolution & Rates TPC’s, Si-Vertex Tracking, 2 Central Arms, 2 Forward Arms EM Cal, TOF TEC, RICH, EM Cal, Si, TOF, μ-ID

• Hadronic Observables • Leptons, Photons, & Hadrons • Large Acceptance, Jets • Simultaneous Detection of • Event-by-Event Analyses Various Transition Phenomena

John Harris (Yale) LNF Spring School, Frascati 12 – 16 May 2008 Creating and Probing the Quark-Gluon Quagmire at RHIC

John Harris Yale University John Harris (Yale) LNF Spring School,NAT FrascatiO ASI, K 12em e–r, 16 Tu rkMayey 2 0032008 First Collisions at the Experiment

John Harris (Yale) LNF Spring School, Frascati 12 – 16 May 2008 Head-on Collision

John Harris (Yale) LNF Spring School, Frascati 12 – 16 May 2008 First Dignitaries at the Experiment

US Senator / Former First Lady Hillary Clinton

US President’s Science Advisor Jack Marburger

John Harris (Yale) LNF Spring School, Frascati 12 – 16 May 2008 Au on Au Event at CM Energy ~ 130 A-GeV

Peripheral Event

beam view side view

color code ⇒ energy loss John Harris (Yale) LNF Spring School, Frascati 12 – 16 May 2008 Au on Au Event at CM Energy ~ 130 A-GeV

Mid-central Event

beam view side view

color code ⇒ energy loss John Harris (Yale) LNF Spring School, Frascati 12 – 16 May 2008 Au on Au Event at CM Energy ~ 130 A-GeV

Central Event

beam view side view

color code ⇒ energy loss John Harris (Yale) LNF Spring School, Frascati 12 – 16 May 2008 Space-time Evolution of RHIC Collisions p time γ e φ jet K π μ Λ γ e Freeze-out (~ 10 fm/c)

→

n o si Hadronization an p x E → QGP (~ few fm/c)

Hard Scattering + Thermalization space (< 1 fm/c)

Au Au

John Harris (Yale) LNF Spring School, Frascati 12 – 16 May 2008 Ultra-Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions

Interaction of Au nuclei complete in τ ≤ few tenths fm/c

Gold nucleus diameter = 14 fm

γ = 100 (Lorenz contracted)

τ = (14 fm/c) / γ ~ 0.1 fm/c General Orientation RHIC Collisions

Hadron (baryons, mesons) masses ~ 1 GeV Ecm = 200 GeV/nn-pair -15 Hadron sizes ~ 10 meters (1 fm ≡ 1 fermi) Total Ecm = 40 TeV

John Harris (Yale) LNF Spring School, Frascati 12 – 16 May 2008 Ultra-Relativistic Heavy Ion Collision at RHIC

John Harris (Yale) LNF Spring School, Frascati 12 – 16 May 2008 Definitions

• Relativistic treatment Energy E2 = p2 + m2 or E = T + m or E = γm 1 v p where, γ = and β = = 1− β2 c E • Lorentz transforms y’ v E ′ = γ (E + βp ) y β = z c p z′ = γ (pz + βE) z’ • Longitudinal and transverse kinematics z x’ x

pL = pz p = p2 + p2 , m = p2 + m2 Transverse mass T x y T T Useful relations 1 ⎡ E + p ⎤ y = ln L Rapidity γ = cosh y 2 ⎢ E − p ⎥ ⎣ L ⎦ β = tanh y y′ = y + tanh−1 β E = mT cosh y

pL = mT sinh y η = - ln (tan θ/2) Pseudo-rapidity What Can We Learn from Hadrons at RHIC?

• Can we learn about Hot Nuclear Matter? – Equilibration? Thermodynamic properties? – Equation of State? – How to determine its properties? • Hadron Spectrum

Soft Physics → reflect bulk properties

(pT < 2 GeV/c) (99% of hadrons)

Hard Scattering & Heavy Quarks → probe the medium

John Harris (Yale) LNF Spring School, Frascati 12 – 16 May 2008 On the “First Day” (at RHIC) 800 η 200 GeV 130 GeV /d PHOBOS 19.6 GeV ch 600

Initial Observations: dN Large produced particle multiplicities 400 ed. - “less than expected!→ gluon-saturation?” 200 Au + Au 0 → dnch/dη |η=0 = 670, Ntotal ~ 7500 -5 0η 5 > 15,000 q +⎯q in final state, > 92% are produced quarks Large energy densities (dn/dη, dE /dη) T PHENIX 3 →ε ≥5 GeV/fm ε ≥ 5 − 15 εcritical 30 − 100 x nuclear density

Large collective flow ed. - “completely unexpected!” → Due to large early pressure gradients, energy & gluon densities

→ Requires hydrodynamics and quark-gluon equation of state 1 Quark flow & coalescence → constituent quark degrees of freedom! John Harris (Yale) LNF Spring School, Frascati 12 – 16 May 2008 How do RHIC Collisions Evolve? 1) Superposition of independent p+p: momenta random relative to reaction plane

Reaction plane

r b John Harris (Yale) LNF Spring School, Frascati 12 – 16 May 2008 How do RHIC Collisions Evolve?

1) Superposition of independent p+p: High density pressure momenta random at center relative to reaction plane

2) Evolution as a bulk system

Pressure gradients (larger in-plane) push bulk “out” Æ “flow”

more, faster particles seen in-plane “zero” pressure r b in surrounding vacuum John Harris (Yale) LNF Spring School, Frascati 12 – 16 May 2008 Azimuthal Angular Distributions

1) Superposition of independent p+p: N momenta random relative to reaction plane

0 π/4π/2 3π/4 π

φ-ΨRP (rad) 2) Evolution as a bulk system N Pressure gradients (larger in-plane) push bulk “out” Æ “flow”

more, faster particles seen in-plane 0 π/4π/2 3π/4 π

φ-ΨRP (rad) John Harris (Yale) LNF Spring School, Frascati 12 – 16 May 2008 1 On the First Day at RHIC - Azimuthal Distributions

STAR, PRL90 032301 (2003)

b ≈ 6.5 fm b ≈ 4 fm

“central” collisions

Top view

Beams-eye view

John Harris (Yale) LNF Spring School, Frascati 12 – 16 May 2008 1 z Early Pressure in System → Elliptic Flow! Sufficient interactions early (< 1 fm/c) in system → to respond to early pressure! → before self-quench (insufficient interactions)! y System is able to convert original spatial ellipticity x → momentum anisotropy! Sensitive to early dynamics of system p

Reaction σ p Plane (xz) σ p π φ = atan y p Initial Ellipticity x Azimuthal anisotropy (coord. space) ϕ (momentum space)

d 3 1 d 2 E 3 = ( 1 + 2v1cos()−ΨRP + 2v2cos 2 ϕ−()ΨRP () + L) d p 2 p dp dy 142 43 1424 434 14244 4344 t t Isotropic Directed Flow Elliptic Flow John Harris (Yale) LNF Spring School, Frascati 12 – 16 May 2008 1 z Early Pressure in System → Elliptic Flow! Sufficient interactions early (< 1 fm/c) in system → to respond to early pressure! → before self-quench (insufficient interactions)! y System is able to convert original spatial ellipticity x → momentum anisotropy! Sensitive to early dynamics of system p

Initial Ellipticity Azimuthal anisotropy (coord. space) (momentum space)

John Harris (Yale) LNF Spring School, Frascati 12 – 16 May 2008 1 z Elliptic Flow Saturates Hydrodynamic Limit • Azimuthal asymmetry of charged particles: y dn/dφ ~ 1 + 2 v2(pT) cos (2 φ) + ... x

curves = hydrodynamic flow zero viscosity, Tc = 165 MeV

Mass dependence of v2 Requires - • Early thermalization (0.6 fm/c) • Ideal hydrodynamics (zero viscosity)

curves = hydrodynamic flow → “nearly perfect fluid” zero viscosity, Tc = 165 MeV 3 • ε ~ 25 GeV/fm ( >> εcritical ) • Quark-Gluon Equ. of State

Mass dependence of v2 Requires - • Early thermalization (0.6 fm/c) • Ideal hydrodynamics (zero viscosity)

curves = hydrodynamic flow → “nearly perfect fluid” zero viscosity, Tc = 165 MeV 3 • ε ~ 25 GeV/fm ( >> εcritical ) • Quark-Gluon Equ. of State

John Harris (Yale) LNF Spring School, Frascati 12 – 16 May 2008 John Harris (Yale) LNF Spring School, Frascati 12 – 16 May 2008 If baryons and mesons form from independently flowing quarks then quarks must have been deconfined for a brief moment (~ 10 -23 s), then hadronization!

John Harris (Yale) LNF Spring School, Frascati 12 – 16 May 2008 Collision Centrality Dependence of the Flow Fluid: Ideal hydrodynamics Gas: Boltzmann equation

• QGP + hadron fluids Overshoot at large impact parameter

• QGP fluid and hadron gas Reasonable reproduction Caveat: fluctuation effects

• Hadron gas Undershoot at any impact parameters

Impossible to interpret data from hadronic degree of freedom only. T.Hirano, Y.Nara, et al.(’06); M. Isse; M. Gyulassy John Harris (Yale) LNF Spring School, Frascati 12 – 16 May 2008 Vary System Size to Investigate Viscous Effects

Eccentricity: ε = / b increases

For perfect hydrodynamics (no viscosity):

v2 (pT) / ε independent of centrality b increases

v2 (pT) / ε →

PHENIX, nucl-ex/0608033 v2 scales with system size and eccentricity John Harris (Yale) LNF Spring School, Frascati 12 – 16 May 2008 Universality of Classical Strongly-Coupled Systems?

Transport in gases of strongly-coupled atoms

RHIC fluid behaves like this – a strongly coupled fluid.

Universality of classical strongly-coupled systems? K.M. O’Hara et al → Atoms, sQGP, ……. AdS/CFT…… Science 298 (2002) 2179 AdS5/CFT – a 5D Correspondence of 4D Strongly-Coupled Systems

our world - 3 + 1 dim brane • Analogy between black hole physics Extra dimension and equilibrium thermodynamics (the bulk) • Solutions possess hydrodynamic characteristics Similar to fluids – viscosity, diffusion constants,…. horizon

MULTIPLICITY Entropy ↔ Black Hole Area

DISSIPATION Viscosity ↔ Graviton Absorption

John Harris (Yale) LNF Spring School, Frascati 12 – 16 May 2008 AdS5/CFT – a 5D Correspondence of 4D Strongly-Coupled Systems

Use strongly coupled N = 4 SUSY YM theory. Derive a quantum lower viscosity bound: η/s> 1/4π

John Harris (Yale) LNF Spring School, Frascati 12 – 16 May 2008 What’s this about 5D? We all know we live in 3 + 1 (time) dimensions!

Backward

Down Forward Left Right

John Harris (Yale) LNF Spring School, Frascati 12 – 16 May 2008 Holograms

on a 2D Flat Film

Down

Left Right

is encoded a Consider only spatial dimensions for the moment! 3D World!

John Harris (Yale) LNF Spring School, Frascati 12 – 16 May 2008 “Imagine” our World as a Hologram

Imagine we live on a 4D surface Up (3 space + time)

Down

Left Right

Can a 5D World Consider 3 + 1 dimensions of space and time! be “painted” onto our 4D surface?

John Harris (Yale) LNF Spring School, Frascati 12 – 16 May 2008 4D Representation of a 5D World

Known as the Holographic Principle (co-founders t’Hooft and Susskind)

The Universe is a 4D system – has volume and extends in time – that is

Gerhard t’Hooft equivalent to a 5D space-time. “Father of String Theory“ Nobel Prize, 1999

If this Holographic Principle holds - a difficult calculation on the 4-D boundary, such as behavior of quarks and gluons, can be traded for an easier calculation in 5-D.

John Harris (Yale) LNF Spring School, Frascati 12 – 16 May 2008 4D Representation of a 5D World

Juan Maldacena conjectured that String Theory in a particular 5D universe can be painted onto our 4D boundary universe.

Juan Maldacena Edward Witten

Ed Witten has shown that a black hole in a particular 5D space-time (AdS) corresponds to a hot CFT system (quarks and gluons!) on the 4D space-time boundary. John Harris (Yale) LNF Spring School, Frascati 12 – 16 May 2008 Interesting Reading

Scientific American, November 2005

“Black holes have an extremely small shear viscosity – smaller than any known fluid… Strongly interacting quarks and gluons at high T should also have a very low viscosity.”

“A test comes from RHIC ….. A preliminary analysis of these experiments indicates theJohn collisions Harris are(Yale) creating a fluid with very LNF low Spring viscosity.” School, Frascati 12 – 16 May 2008 Ultra-low (Shear)Viscosity Fluids

4π⋅η/s

η/s (water) >10 η/s (limit) = 1/4π QGP

T = 2 x 1012 K Quantum lower viscosity bound: η/s> 1/4π (Kovtun, Son, Starinets) From strongly coupled N = 4 SUSY YM theory.

2-d Rel Hydro describes STAR v2 data with η/s ≤ 0.1 near lower bound! John Harris (Yale) LNF Spring School, Frascati 12 – 16 May 2008 What about the Shear Viscosity?

Comparing theory and experiment to extract viscosity - D. Teaney ⇒ estimate viscous corrections to spectra and elliptic flow using hydrodynamics

Γs = 4η/3sT (sound attenuation length)

√s = 200 GeV Au + Au AdS/CFT:

Γs/τ = 1/(3πτT) ~ 0.11

Need viscous hydrodynamics → a couple of years away……

John Harris (Yale) LNF Spring School, Frascati 12 – 16 May 2008 A Closer Look - Shear Viscosity from Experiment

Observables sensitive to shear viscosity: • Elliptic Flow ‣ R. Lacey et al.: Phys. Rev. Lett. 98:092301, 2007 ‣ H.-J. Drescher et al.: Phys. Rev. C76:024905, 2007

•pT Fluctuations ‣ S. Gavin and M. Abdel-Aziz: Phys. Rev. Lett. 97:162302, 2006 • Heavy quark motion (drag, flow) ‣ A. Adare et al. : Phys. Rev. Lett. 98:092301, 2007 John Harris (Yale) LNF Spring School, Frascati 12 – 16 May 2008 First Results from Viscous Hydrodynamics

K. Dusling & D. Teaney, arXiv:0710.5932v2

John Harris (Yale) LNF Spring School, Frascati 12 – 16 May 2008 Again the News Hit the Streets

John Harris (Yale) LNF Spring School, Frascati 12 – 16 May 2008 “The RHIC fluid may be the least viscous fluid ever seen”

The American Institute of Physics announced the RHIC quark-gluon liquid as the top physics story of 2005! see http://www.aip.org/pnu/2005/

John Harris (Yale) LNF Spring School, Frascati 12 – 16 May 2008 It Flows - Is It Really Thermalized?

•“Chemical”Chemically equilibration and thermally (particle equilibr yields ated& ratios) fireball: at one temperature T and μ oneParticles (baryon) yields chemical represent potential equilibriumμ : abundances dn ~ e −( E− ) / T d 3 p – One ratio (e.g.,→ ⎯universalp / p ) determines hadronization μ / temperatureT : μ −(E + ) / T μ + - p e −2 / T Small– Second net baryon ratio density (e.g., K (/K π/K) provides,⎯B/B ratios) T Î →μμB ~ 25 - 40 MeV μ = T = e • Then all hadronic yields and ratios determined: p e−(E − ) / Chemical Freezeout Conditions → T = 177 MeV, μB = 29 MeV → T ~ Tcritical (QCD)

Ratios → equilibrium values

John Harris (Yale) LNF Spring School, Frascati 12 – 16 May 2008 What about QCD Phase Diagram

At RHIC: T = 177 MeV

T ~ Tcritical (QCD)

John Harris (Yale) LNF Spring School, Frascati 12 – 16 May 2008 Particles are thermally distributed and flow collectively, at universal hadronization temperature T = 177 MeV!

John Harris (Yale) LNF Spring School, Frascati 12 – 16 May 2008 Conclusions (so far) about a QGP at RHIC

• Large ε > εc (T > Tc) system – QCD vacuum “melts” – NOT hadrons • Large volume of quarks and gluons (hydro seems to apply!) – NOT just q & g scattering Large elliptic & radial flow → large pressure gradients Ultra-low viscosity → “nearly-perfect” fluid flow

Particle ratios fit by thermal model → T = 177 MeV ~ Tc (lattice QCD) • System governed by quark & gluon Equation of State – NOT hadronic EOS Flow depends upon particle (constituent quark & gluon) masses → QGP EoS, quark coalescence • Dynamics of quarks and gluons – NOT hadrons Flow already at quark level, charmonium suppression (tbd) • NOT a Weakly-interacting QGP (as we initially expected from Lattice QCD) Strongly interacting quarks and gluons → ….degrees of freedom (tbd)

John Harris (Yale) LNF Spring School, Frascati 12 – 16 May 2008 Coming Soon – The Large Hadron Collider

John Harris (Yale) LNF Spring School, Frascati 12 – 16 May 2008 The Future of RHI‘s at the LHC: Dedicated HI experiment - ALICE Two pp experiments with HI program: ATLAS and CMS

John Harris (Yale) LNF Spring School, Frascati 12 – 16 May 2008 Simple Expectations - Heavy Ion Physics at the LHC

SPS RHIC LHC

√sNN (GeV)17 200 5500 factor 28

tform (fm/c) 1 0.2 0.1 shorter

T / Tc 1.1 1.9 3.0 - 4.2 hotter ε (GeV/fm3) 3 5 15-60 denser longer- τ (fm/c) ≤ 2 2-4 > 10 QGP lived

John Harris (Yale) LNF Spring School, Frascati 12 – 16 May 2008 LHC Expectations: A Strongly-Coupled Fluid or ..

John Harris (Yale) LNF Spring School, Frascati 12 – 16 May 2008 LHC Expectations: Mid-rapidity Charge Multiplicity

~ current range of predictions

y=0, mid-central

Compilation from N. Armesto, QM 2008

John Harris (Yale) LNF Spring School, Frascati 12 – 16 May 2008 LHC Expectations: Elliptic Flow

! lation trapo e” ex “naïv

y=0, mid-central

Hydro models – no large increase in v2 (saturation of hydrodynamic limit)! If significant decrease in v2 – signifies an increase in η/s? John Harris (Yale) LNF Spring School, Frascati 12 – 16 May 2008 Quiz - Where’s LHC on the QCD Phase Diagram? – T (freezeout) & Dynamics!

John Harris (Yale) LNF Spring School, Frascati 12 – 16 May 2008 the String Theory discussion/debate will continue..

The New Yorker, Jan. 7 2007

John Harris (Yale) LNF Spring School, Frascati 12 – 16 May 2008 Tomorrow’s Talk

Hard Probes at RHIC & What to Expect at the LHC:

Suppression of High pT Particles at RHIC of Light and Heavy Quarks

Jet Quenching (Di-hadron Correlations) at RHIC Extracting Parton Energy Loss in a Colored Medium

Response of the Medium (Away-side Correlations) at RHIC Extracting Properties of the Medium

Charmonium Suppression at RHIC Interpretations Expectations at LHC

Photons New Results from RHIC Future at LHC

LHC Ions – Experiments & Capabilities with Jets and Heavy Flavors John Harris (Yale) LNF Spring School, Frascati 12 – 16 May 2008 Experimental References for this Talk

Physics Results from RHIC - Overview References:

“Experimental and theoretical challenges in the search for the Quark Gluon Plasma: The STAR Collaboration's critical assessment of the evidence from RHIC collisions” Nucl. Phys. A 757 (2005) 102

"Formation of dense partonic matter in relativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions at RHIC: Experimental evaluation by the PHENIX Collaboration" Nucl. Phys. A 757 (2005) 181

"Quark-gluon plasma and the color glass condensate at RHIC? The prespective from the BRAHMS experiment" Nucl. Phys. A757 (2005) 1-27

“The PHOBOS Perspective on Discoveries at RHIC” Nucl. Phys. A 757, 28 (2005)

RHIC Collider and Detector Descriptions: Special Volume of NIM A499 John Harris (Yale) LNF Spring School, Frascati 12 – 16 May 2008 Special Thanks for Contributions to These Presentations!!

Miklos Gyulassy Mike Lisa Rene Bellwied Thomas Ullrich

John Harris (Yale) LNF Spring School, Frascati 12 – 16 May 2008