Two-Spirited People of Manitoba, Inc. College of Nursing
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College of Nursing Two-Spirited People of Manitoba, Inc. • Social Determinants of Health are a group of social and • Societal stigma, colonized attitudes, and prejudice directed towards economic factors related to people’s place in society1. For some Two Indigenous people and sexual minorities. This may result in a lifetime Spirit people, they include ongoing effects of colonization; of harassment, discrimination and victimization4, 5. displacement from native lands, native lands, segregation in Indian • Isolation, exclusion and rejection by families, communities and Residential Schools, inadequate housing, the 60’s Scoop, and society prevents access to relevant health and social services. subsequent loss of family connections, language and culture. Homophobia and fear of violence pushes some Two-Spirit people • Two-Spirit people’s sources of strength namely their culture, away from their home communities6. languages, land rights, and opportunities for self-determination are • In the city environment, Two Spirit people may experience poverty, 2 compromised . homelessness, societal homophobia, racism from society and the • Resurgence of Two-Spirit identities, histories, and pride is a positive LGBTQ+ community8, 9, 15. 2 social determinant of health . • Overrepresentation of Two Spirit youth as street involved, homeless; • Two-Spirit people view health holistically; this considers physical, and having experienced childhood trauma10. psychological, social, and spiritual factors3. • Suicide rates of Two-Spirit people are hard to obtain. • Two-Spirit people may be part of the LGBTQ+ community but relate • 18.4% of Indigenous peoples have seriously considered suicide18. more to cultural identity within their Indigenous community. These increased suicide rates reflect a national crisis. • Some LGBTQ+ groups and Indigenous Nations may hold perceptions • First Nations youth are at risk for suicide, five to seven times higher where Two-Spirit people aren’t fully accepted in either group11. than non-Indigenous youth19. • Mental health is negatively affected when people are forced to hide • Two-Spirit people are at risk for suicide due to homophobia, violence, their identity; while coming out may result in discrimination, stigma, cultural loss, isolation and rejection2, 10. and violence related to homophobia6. • Approximately 50% of gender diverse youth have attempted suicide9. • Spiritual trauma - psychological and emotional injury that may • 54% of Trans and Two-Spirited people reported thoughts of hurting cause loss to culturally specific coping; i.e. smudging or speaking with themselves7. 28% reported at least one attempted suicide7. Elders. This may lead to drug or alcohol use12. • 76% of gender-diverse Indigenous people reported serious thoughts of • Posttraumatic Invasion Syndrome - unnatural and genocidal suicide9. 48% reported at least one attempted suicide 9. disruption of cultural knowledge, practices, and self-governance • When raised by people who survived boarding schools, Two-Spirit 12 through exploitation and oppression . It is often a lifelong people reported higher incidences of anxiety, PTSD and suicidal experience affecting entire tribes, communities, and nations. thoughts10. • Addictive substances - used to cope with intergenerational trauma, common in many communities13. • LGBTQ+ youth use addictive substances at a 190 % higher rate than • Despite centuries of oppression, Two-Spirit people continue to be heterosexual youth; related to traumatic abuse, stigma, resilient. discrimination, and violence14. • Today there is a movement to recognize Two-Spirit as traditional Health Concerns experienced by Aboriginal knowledge keepers, healers, and role models for overcoming trauma12. Transgender/Two Spirit People in Manitoba (2009) • Ongoing healing from generations of trauma requires an Indigenist % of sample Two-Spirit approach with intergenerational mentoring, ceremony, and a return to the Two-Spirit cultural ethic of support12. Mental Health • Two -Spirit people are reclaiming their stories through art, theatre, film, literature, and activism. See reverse for resources and anxiety15 81.5% educational material. depression15 87% • For example, Resolution #45 passed by Chiefs- in -Assembly July loneliness15 88.9% 2018 supports the development of the Two- Spirits in Motion foundation and has called for national inclusion and recognition of emotional numbness15 80.8% the Two-Spirit people. irritability15 88.9% • Two-Spirit women braided symbols of resilience on the road to Psychological / Spiritual healing and recovery: o (1) People resilience, the mind; loss of interest15 92% o (2) Collective resilience, the body; loss of ambition15 84% o (3) Cultural resilience, the spirit22. low self-esteem15 84.6% body image concerns15 88.9% Violence • Co-Director, Two-Spirited People of physical assault15 78% Elder Albert McLeod, Manitoba, Inc. https://twospiritmanitoba.ca sexual assault16 85% • Dr. Elaine Mordoch, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Nursing, University of Manitoba related to gender identity9 73% • Chantelle Chartier, Research Assistant related to domestic partner17 79.2% • River Steele Guillas, Research Assistant Cognitive / Physical poor concentration15 91.7% chronic fatigue15 76.9% sleep disturbances15 94% physical numbness15 65.4% sense of injustice with a desire for change15 91.3% The purpose of this project is to raise awareness and increase knowledge of Two-Spirit people. This bulletin provides a historical to contemporary overview of Two-Spirit people. Funded by Winnipeg Suicide Prevention Network References: 1. Government of Canada. Social Determinants of Health and Health Inequalities [Internet]. 2018 [cited 1 April 2019]. Available from: https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/health-promotion/population-health/what-determines-health.html 2. Hunt, S. An introduction to the health of two-spirit people [Internet]. 2016 [cited 1 April 2019]. Available from: https://issuu.com/nccah- ccnsa/docs/rpt-healthtwospirit-hunt-en 3. Marshal M., et al. Suicidality and Depression Disparities Between Sexual Minority and Heterosexual Youth: A Meta-Analytic Review [Internet]. Journal of Adolescent Health. 2011 [cited 1 April 2019]. Available from: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2011.02.005 4. Meyer I. H. Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual Populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence [Internet]. American Psychological Association. 2003 [cited 1 April 2019]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.674. 5. Brotman S., Ryan B., Jalbert Y., Rowe B. Reclaiming Space-Regaining Health: The Healthcare Experiences of Two-Spirit People in Canada. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services. 2002 [cited 1 April 2019]; 14(1): 67–87. 6. Brotman, S., Ryan, B., Jalbert, Y., Rowe, B. The impact of coming out on health and health care access. Journal of Health & Social Policy. 2002 [cited 1 April 2019]; 15(1): 1-29. 7. Taylor C. Nowhere Near Enough: A Needs Assessment of Health and Safety Services for Transgender and Two-Spirit People in Manitoba and Northwestern Ontario [Internet]. 2006 [cited 1 April 2019]. Available from: https://ninecircles.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Trans- Needs-Assessment-Full-Report.pdf 8. Ristock J, Zoccole A, Passante L, Canadian Institutes of Health Research and Sexual and Gender Diversity. Aboriginal two-spirit and LGBTQ migration, mobility and health research project: Winnipeg final report [Internet]. 2010 [cited 1 April 2019]. Available from: http://www.2spirits.com/PDFolder/MMHReport.pdf 9. Scheim A, et al. Barriers to well-being for Aboriginal gender-diverse people: Results from the Trans PULSE Project in Ontario, Canada. Ethnicity and Inequalities in Health and Social Care. 2013 [cited 1 April 2019]; 6(4): 108–120. 10. Hunt, S., National Collaborating Centre for Aboriginal Health. Emerging priorities. Introduction to the Health of Two-Spirit People: Historical, Contemporary and Emergent Issues [Internet]. 2016 [cited 1 April 2019]. Available from: https://www.ccnsa-nccah.ca/docs/emerging/RPT- HealthTwoSpirit-Hunt-EN.pdf. 11. Monette L., Albert D., Waalen J. Voices of Two-Spirited Men [Internet]. 2001 [cited 1 April 2019]. Available from: http://www.2spirits.com/PDFolder/Voice2SpiritMen.pdf 12. Jolivette, A. Indian blood: HIV and colonial trauma in San Francisco's two-spirit community. 2001 [cited 1 April 2019]. Seattle: University of Washington Press. 13. Walters K. Critical Issues and LGBT-Two Spirit Populations: Highlights from the HONOR Project Study [Internet]. Indigenous Wellness Research Institute University of Washington. 2010 [cited 1 April 2019]. Available from: http://216.230.117.100/hmd/~/media/48F5A3AC27CA4812B11288E36927382C.ashx 14. Addiction Research on the Treatment of Addiction. Intersections of Mental Health Perspectives in Addictions Research Training [Internet]. 2016 [cited 1 April 2019]. Available from: http://addictionsresearchtraining.ca/ 15. Taylor C. Health and Safety Issues for Aboriginal Transgender/Two Spirit People in Manitoba. Canadian Journal of Aboriginal Community- based HIV/AIDS Research [Internet]. 2009 [cited 1 April 2019]; 63–84. Available from: http://www.caan.ca/wp- content/uploads/2012/05/Health-and-Safety-Issues-for-Aboriginal-TransgenderTwo-Spirit-People-in-Manitoba.pdf 16. Lehavot, Keren et al. Abuse, Mastery, and Health Among Lesbian, Bisexual, and Two-Spirit American Indian and Alaska Native Women [Internet]. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology. 2009 [cited 1 April 2019]; 15(3):