Konservasi Rumah Tradisional Melayu
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Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin Ditabal Sultan Terengganu Ke-16 (BH 05
05/03/1999 Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin ditabal Sultan Terengganu ke-16 KUALA TERENGGANU, Khamis - Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin selamat ditabalkan sebagai Sultan Terengganu ke-16, dan Permaisuri Nur Zahirah sebagai Permaisuri Terengganu dalam istiadat gilang-gemilang di Istana Maziah, di sini petang ini. Beliau menggantikan ayahnya, Sultan Mahmud Al-Muktafi Billah Shah yang meninggal dunia pada 15 Mei tahun lalu. Beliau dimasyhurkan sebagai pengganti Sultan pada tarikh yang sama di Istana Maziah. Dalam ucapannya selepas upacara pertabalan Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin berjanji memerintah dan melaksanakan kewajipan yang diamanahkan mengikut undang-undang kerajaan negeri. Adik Sultan, Tengku Sri Bendahara Raja bagi pihak kerabat raja menyampaikan ucapan tahniah atas pertabalan itu manakala Menteri Besar, Tan Sri Wan Mokhtar Ahmad mewakili semua ahli Exco negeri, wakil rakyat, kakitangan kerajaan dan rakyat turut menyampaikan ucapan yang sama. Selepas itu istiadat menjunjung duli diadakan. Tengku Sri Panglima Raja mendahului istiadat itu bagi pihak kerabat raja; Pegawai Kewangan negeri, Datuk Senara Muda Mazlan Hashim pula melakukannya bagi pihak orang besar raja. Turut hadir menyaksikan pertabalan ialah Perdana Menteri, Datuk Seri Dr Mahathir Mohamad mewakili Yang di-Pertuan Agong Tuanku Jaafar, Sultan Johor, Yang Dipertua Negeri Pulau Pinang, Melaka, Sarawak dan Sabah. Selain itu, Raja Muda Johor, Pengiran Muda Mahkota Brunei Darussalam, Raja Muda Pahang, Tengku Mahkota Kelantan, Raja Muda Perlis, Raja Muda Perak, Raja Muda Selangor dan Raja Muda Kedah. Istiadat pertabalan bermula dengan pemasyuran tabal oleh Wan Mokhtar. Selepas itu, Tengku Seri Raja menyempurnakan istiadat kemahkotaan dengan memakaikan Mahkota Sultan kepada Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin dan Gendek Permaisuri kepada Permaisuri Nur Zahirah. Sebaik saja istiadat pertabalan selesai, nobat diraja dimainkan dan tembakan meriam 21 das dilepaskan oleh Bateri Istiadat, Rejimen Askar Melayu Diraja. -
INDIGENOUS GROUPS of SABAH: an Annotated Bibliography of Linguistic and Anthropological Sources
INDIGENOUS GROUPS OF SABAH: An Annotated Bibliography of Linguistic and Anthropological Sources Part 1: Authors Compiled by Hans J. B. Combrink, Craig Soderberg, Michael E. Boutin, and Alanna Y. Boutin SIL International SIL e-Books 7 ©2008 SIL International Library of Congress Catalog Number: 2008932444 ISBN: 978-155671-218-0 Fair Use Policy Books published in the SIL e-Books series are intended for scholarly research and educational use. You may make copies of these publications for research or instructional purposes (under fair use guidelines) free of charge and without further permission. Republication or commercial use of SILEB or the documents contained therein is expressly prohibited without the written consent of the copyright holder(s). Series Editor Mary Ruth Wise Volume Editor Mae Zook Compositor Mae Zook The 1st edition was published in 1984 as the Sabah Museum Monograph, No. 1. nd The 2 edition was published in 1986 as the Sabah Museum Monograph, No. 1, Part 2. The revised and updated edition was published in 2006 in two volumes by the Malaysia Branch of SIL International in cooperation with the Govt. of the State of Sabah, Malaysia. This 2008 edition is published by SIL International in single column format that preserves the pagination of the 2006 print edition as much as possible. Printed copies of Indigenous groups of Sabah: An annotated bibliography of linguistic and anthropological sources ©2006, ISSN 1511-6964 may be obtained from The Sabah Museum Handicraft Shop Main Building Sabah Museum Complex, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, -
UMAT ISLAM MENYAMBUT HARI RAYA PERTAMA ALAF BARU (Bernama 08\01\2000)
08 JAN 2000 Raya-Rangkuman UMAT ISLAM MENYAMBUT HARI RAYA PERTAMA ALAF BARU KUALA LUMPUR, 8 Jan (Bernama) -- Umat Islam di seluruh negara hari ini menyambut Hari Raya dengan penuh meriah bermula dengan solat Aidilfitri dan diikuti dengan majlis rumah terbuka. Hari Raya kali ini juga istimewa kerana ia pertama kali dirayakan di alaf baru ini dan dalam senario ekonomi yang semakin pulih. Di Kuala Lumpur, Yang di-Pertuan Agong Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah dan Raja Permaisuri Agong Tuanku Aishah dengan diiringi Perdana Menteri Datuk Dr Mahathir Mohamad menunaikan solat Aidilfitri di Masjid Negara bersama rakyat jelata. Turut menunaikan solat Aidilfitri ialah Timbalan Perdana Menteri Datuk Seri Abdullah Ahmad Badawi dan beberapa orang Menteri dan duta asing. Kebanyakan penghuni kota telah pulang ke kampung halaman masing-masing untuk merayakan Hari Raya bersama sanak saudara. Sementara itu, wargakota, terutamanya daripada kalangan bukan Islam selain melawat rumah terbuka, juga mengambil peluang cuti Hari Raya untuk bersiar-siar dan "menikmati" jalanraya yang lengang. Di KOTA BAHARU, Sultan Kelantan bersama umat Islam menunaikan solat Aidilfitri di Masjid Muhammadi di sini pada pukul 8.45 pagi. Yang turut berangkat menunaikan solat sunat itu ialah Raja Perempuan Kelantan, Tengku Anis Tengku Abdul Hamid. Manakala Menteri Besar Datuk Nik Abdul Aziz Nik Mat mengimamkan solat yang sama di Masjid Pulau Melaka, yang terletak bersebelahan rumahnya. Nik Aziz turut mengadakan rumah terbuka pada hari ini bermula selepas solat berkenaan sehingga pukul 6 petang. Yang turut mengadakan rumah terbuka ialah Pengerusi Badan Perhubungan Umno Kelantan Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah di rumahnya di sini bermula selepas solat hingga pukul 6 petang. -
Umat Islam Menyambut Hari Raya Dengan Penuh Kesyukuran
06 DEC 2002 Raya-Rangkuman UMAT ISLAM MENYAMBUT HARI RAYA DENGAN PENUH KESYUKURAN KUALA LUMPUR, 6 Dis (Bernama) -- Umat Islam di seluruh negara hari ini menyambut hari lebaran dengan penuh kesyukuran kerana rahmat yang dikurniakan oleh Allah di bumi yang bertuah ini. Umat Islam Malaysia meraikan Aidlifitri dalam suasana aman damai dan makmur serta berbangga dengan pencapaian mereka baik di dalam ataupun di luar negara walaupun pandangan serong masyarakat dunia terhadap Islam amnya. Mereka juga sedar rakan-rakan mereka di beberapa negara seperti Palestin tidak dapat menyambutnya dengan sempurna kerana penindasan pihak luar ataupun pergolakan politik. Sambutan bermula dengan amalan tradisi solat Aidilfitri di masjid-masjid dan majlis rumah terbuka yang mengeratkan lagi tali silatulrahim bukan sahaja di kalangan ummah tetapi juga dalam masyarakat majmuk di negara ini. Di Kuala Lumpur, Yang di-Pertuan Agong Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin Syed Putra Jamalullail dan Raja Permaisuri Agong Tuanku Fauziah Tengku Abdul Rashid dengan diiringi Perdana Menteri Datuk Seri Dr Mahathir Mohamad menunaikan solat Aidilfitri di Masjid Negara bersama rakyat jelata. Turut menunaikan solat Aidilfitri ialah Timbalan Perdana Menteri Datuk Seri Abdullah Ahmad Badawi dan isteri Datin Seri Hendon Mahmood, isteri Perdana Menteri Datin Seri Dr Siti Hasmah Mohd Ali dan beberapa orang Menteri dan duta asing. Selepas menunaikan solat Aidilfitri, rakyat jelata berpusu-pusu untuk bersalaman dengan Yang di-Pertuan Agong yang berpakaian baju Melayu berwarna hijau muda dan Dr Mahathir yang berpakaian baju Melayu berwarna biru gelap. Sementara itu, wargakota, terutamanya daripada kalangan bukan Islam selain melawat rumah terbuka, juga mengambil peluang cuti Hari Raya untuk bersiar-siar. Di SERI MENANTI, Yang Dipertuan Besar Negeri Sembilan Tuanku Ja'afar dan Tuanku Ampuan Tuanku Najihah menunaikan solat Aidilfitri bersama rakyat di Masjid Diraja Tuanku Munawir, Seri Menanti, Kuala Pilah. -
The Journal of Social Sciences Research ISSN(E): 2411-9458, ISSN(P): 2413-6670 Special Issue
The Journal of Social Sciences Research ISSN(e): 2411-9458, ISSN(p): 2413-6670 Special Issue. 6, pp: 852-860, 2018 Academic Research Publishing URL: https://arpgweb.com/journal/journal/7/special_issue Group DOI: https://doi.org/10.32861/jssr.spi6.852.860 Original Research Open Access Preserving and Conserving Malay Royal Towns Identity in Malaysia Sharyzee Mohmad Shukri * Infrastructure University Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Golnoosh Manteghi Infrastructure University Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Mohammad Hussaini Wahab Razak School of Engineering & Advanced Technology, Universiti Teknologi, Malaysia Rohayah Che Amat St Razak School of Engineering & Advanced Technology, Universiti Teknologi, Malaysia Wong Hick Ming Infrastructure University Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Abstract Malay Royal towns in Malaysia are the best evolution examples of Malay towns dating from the 16th century which have a strong related history of old Malay Kingdom that are worthy of preservation. This paper aims to discover the significance of the royal towns so as to ensure its preservation. This research managed to identify the townscape characteristics that shaped the identity of Malay Royal towns in Malaysia. Based on the historical and physical evidences that are still exist, five (5) royal towns that gazated will be selected as study area namely; Anak Bukit (Alor Setar), Klang, Sri Menanti, Kuala Terengganu and Kota Bharu. This study utilized a series of qualitative approaches that included literature reviews of scholarly articles, historical map overlay, semi-structured interviews and site observations. The findings from this research expose that Malay Royal towns have a great significant in the development of Malay towns in Malaysia. These towns also reveal a few of townscape characteristics that are associate as an urban heritage, rich with identity, cultural and architectural significance. -
Legibility Pattern at a City Centre of Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
©2020 International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Sciences & Technologies http://TuEngr.com PAPER ID: 11A11I LEGIBILITY PATTERN AT A CITY CENTRE OF KUALA TERENGGANU, MALAYSIA 1 1 Ahmad Syamil Sazali , Ahmad Sanusi Hassan , 1* 2 Yasser Arab , Boonsap Witchayangkoon 1 School of Housing, Building & Planning, Universiti Sains Malaysia, MALAYSIA. 2 Department of Civil Engineering, Thammasat School of Engineering, Thammasat University, THAILAND. A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T RA C T Article history: This paper seeks to determine five elements of the urban design Received 14 May 2019 Received in revised form 01 that can be analysed in Kuala Terengganu City Centre to form a clear April 2020 mental map of the urban environment and planning strategies by the Accepted 04 May 2020 government of Terengganu. A comprehensive urban trail conducted Available online 19 May 2020 focusing on the city centre to study the urbanism elements and planning Keywords: strategies by the government of Kuala Terengganu. Urban planning and Coastal heritage city; community building ideas towards a better city have been taking into Urban Planning; Urban city design; City zoning; considerations by the authority of Kuala Terengganu in presenting the Mental map; Malay town; ideas of Coastal Heritage City. The strategic and pragmatic urban City identify. design approaches by the government of Terengganu by indicating the specific zoning within the city centre itself have indirectly strengthened the city development identity. The outcomes of this study prove that urban design elements play an essential role in creating a specific mental mapping in persona picturesque about Kuala Terengganu City Centre. -
Business Name Business Category Outlet Address State 2M Automotive Automotive 22 GROUND FLOOR JALAN DATO SHEIKH AHMAD SEREMBAN N
Business Name Business Category Outlet Address State 2M Automotive Automotive 22 GROUND FLOOR JALAN DATO SHEIKH AHMAD SEREMBAN NEGERI SEMBILAN70000 Negeri Sembilan Abul Kalam enterprise Automotive Abul Kalam enterprise no 25 Jalan 3/1 Nilai3 Negeri Sembilan Aby Tyre Centre Automotive LOT 687 KG SASAPAN BATU REMBAU BERANANG Negeri Sembilan ADIB SUCCESS GARAGE Automotive TANJONG IPOH NO 32 Tanjung Ipoh Negeri Sembilan Malaysia Negeri Sembilan Ah Keong Motor Service Automotive 138139 jalan tampin 4 1/2 miles senawang light industrial area 70450 seremban Negeri sembilan Jalan Tampin Seremban Negeri Sembilan Malaysia Negeri Sembilan Ah Keong Motor Svc Automotive LOT 138 & 139, SENAWANG LIGHT IND AREA, BT 4 1/2, JALAN TAMPIN 70450, SEREMBAN NEGERI SEMBILAN70450 Negeri Sembilan AJ AVENUE CAR WASH Automotive NO 21 JALAN HARTAMAS 2 Jalan Seremban Taman Port Dickson Port Dickson Negeri Sembilan Malaysia Negeri Sembilan alat alat ganti kenderaan Automotive Jalan Selandar Gemencheh Gemencheh Negeri Sembilan Malaysia Negeri Sembilan AMIR IMRAN ENTERPRISE Automotive Imran Carpets205 JALAN 3/6 NILAI 3 Lot 205 Jalan Nilai 3/6 Kawasan Perindustrian Nilai 3 Nilai Negeri Sembilan Malaysia Negeri Sembilan ARH Auto Care Seremban Automotive No.93 Jalan MSJ 4,Medan Perniagaan SenawangNegeri Sembilan Negeri Sembilan Arh Auto Care Sg Gadut Automotive No 41G, Jalan TJ 1/4A,Kawasan Perindustrian Tuanku Jaafar, Sungai Gadut,Negeri Sembilan Negeri Sembilan Asia Access Parking Automotive C/O Asia Access Parkig No10 Jalan Wolff Seremban Negeri Sembilan Malaysia Negeri -
Copyrighted Material
All Souls’ Day (Qing Ming; B Index Singapore), 29 Baba Nyonya Heritage Museum Alsagoff Arab School (Melaka), 229 See also Accommodations and (Singapore), 117 Badan Warisan (Kuala Lumpur), Restaurant indexes, below. American Express, Malaysia, 291 214–215 Ampang & Sri Petaling Line Bajau people (Malaysia), (Kuala Lumpur), 207 277–278 General Index Animal and Bird Encounters Bako National Park (Sarawak), (Singapore), 134 276 A Antiques Balai Getam Guri handicraft Melaka (Malaysia), 231 Abdul Gafoor Mosque museum (Kota Bharu), 265 Singapore, 152 (Singapore), 115 Banana leaf restaurants, GENERAL INDEX Antiques of the Orient Absolute Asia, 33 Singapore, 26 (Singapore), 152 Accommodations. See also Bangsar (Kuala Lumpur), 219 Antiquity Hands of the Hills Accommodations Index Bangunan Sultan Ibrahim (State (Singapore), 152 best, 8–9 Secretariat Building; Johor Aquaria KLCC (Kuala Lumpur), Malaysia Bahru), 224 214 Cameron Highlands, 223 Bank Kerapu (War Museum; Kota Aquarium, Underwater World Genting, 222 Bharu), 265 (Singapore), 136 Johor Bahru, 224 Banks, Kuala Lumpur, 207 Arab Street (Singapore), 42 Kota Kinabalu, 280–281 Bargaining, Singapore, 142 restaurants, 87–88 Kuala Lumpur, 208–212 Bars shopping, 150–151, 153 Kuala Terengganu, Kuala Lumpur, 219–220 sights and attractions, 117–120 260–262 Singapore, 160–161 Area codes Kuantan and Cherating, Basharahil Brothers (Singapore), Malaysia, 288 256–257 150, 153 Kota Kinabalu, 280 Kuching, 272–273 Batik Kuala Lumpur, 207 Langkawi, 247–249 Malaysia Kuantan and Cherating, Melaka, 226–228 Kuala Lumpur, 219 256 Pangkor, 232 Penang, 243, 244 Melaka, 226 Penang, 236–239 Singapore, 150, 153, 155 Penang, 236 Tioman Island, 254–255 Battle Box (Singapore), 100–101 Singapore, 170 tips on, 287–288 Batu Caves (near Kuala Lumpur), Armenian Church (Singapore), 97 Singapore, 47–74 189, 220 Artfolio (Singapore), 153 busy season, 52 BayBeats (Singapore), 156 Art galleries, Singapore, 153 Chinatown, 62–65 Bazaar Ramadan (Malaysia), 189 Art museums and galleries. -
PLANNING MALAYSIA Journal of the Malaysian Institute of Planners
PLANNING MALAYSIA Journal of the Malaysian Institute of Planners Advisor TPr. Hj Ihsan Zainal Mokhtar Editor-in-Chief Professor Dato’ Dr. Mansor Ibrahim International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM) Local Editorial Board Members Professor Dato’ Dr. Alias Abdullah - International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM) Professor Dr. Ho Chin Siong - Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) Professor Dr. Jamilah Mohamad - Universiti Malaya (UM) Professor Dr. Ruslan Rainis - Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) Professor Dr. Ahmad Nazri Muhamad Ludin - Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) Professor Dr. Dasimah Omar - Universiti Teknologi Mara (UITM) Professor Dr. Suhana Shamsuddin – Malaysia Institute of Planner (MIP) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Jamalunlaili Abdullah - Universiti Teknologi Mara (UITM) Assoc. Prof. Dr. M. Zainora Asmawi - International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nurwati Badarulzaman - Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mariana Mohamed Osman - International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Syahriah Bachok - International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM) Datin Paduka Dr. Halimaton Saadiah Hashim - Malaysia Institute of Planner (MIP) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Oliver Ling Hoon Leh - Universiti Teknologi Mara (UiTM) Dr. Chua Rhan See - Jabatan Perancang Bandar dan Desa (JPBD) Khairiah Talha - Malaysia Institute of Planner (MIP) Ishak Ariffin - Malaysia Institute of Planner (MIP) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Azizan Marzuki - Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) International Editorial Board Professor Emeritus Dr. Richard -
Annual Report 2012 Chairman’S Statement (Cont’D)
www.genting.com GENTING GROUP We are a leading multinational corporation committed to enhancing shareholder value and maintaining long-term sustainable growth in our core businesses. OUR MISSION We will: Be responsive to the changing demands of our customers and excel in providing quality products and services. Be committed to innovation and the adoption of new technology to achieve competitive advantage. Generate a fair return to our shareholders. Pursue personnel policies which recognise and reward performance and contributions of employees and provide proper training, development and opportunities for career advancement. Be a responsible corporate citizen, committed to enhancing corporate governance and transparency. CORPORATE PROFILE Genting Berhad (www.genting.com), Malaysia’s leading corporation is the holding company of the Genting Group, one of Asia’s best-managed conglomerates. The Group comprises four listed entities namely Genting Berhad and its subsidiaries, Genting Malaysia Berhad (“Genting Malaysia”), Genting Plantations Berhad (“Genting Plantations”) and Genting Singapore PLC (“Genting Singapore”) with a combined market capitalisation of over RM124 billion (USD41 billion). With about 55,000 employees, 4,500 hectares of prime resort land and 228,000 hectares of plantation land, the Group’s principal businesses include leisure & hospitality, power generation, oil palm plantations, property development, biotechnology and oil & gas. The Genting Group has established premier leisure brands such as “Resorts WorldTM”, “Maxims” and “Crockfords”. In addition to Premium Outlets®, Genting companies have tie ups with Universal Studios®, Hard Rock Hotel and other renowned international brand partners. Backed by 47 years of solid financials and strong management leadership, the Genting Group is committed to grow in strength as a responsible global corporation. -
Journal Al-Muqaddimah, Vol. 7(1), Jan-Jun 2019. 37-54
Journal al-Muqaddimah, vol. 7(1), Jan-Jun 2019. 37-54 SEJARAH PERJALANAN HAJI ORANG MELAYU KE MEKAH (1911-2017 MASIHI) The History of Pilgrimage Travel to Mecca among Malays (1911-2017 Century) Wan Zahari Wan Mahmud1 Faisal @ Ahmad Faisal Abdul Hamid2 Abstrak Melaksanakan ibadah haji di Tanah Suci Mekah memberikan pengertian yang sangat bermakna kepada kehidupan orang Melayu yang beragama Islam. Mereka telah merakamkan sejarah perjalanan haji orang Melayu yang hebat kerana terpaksa menempuhi banyak cabaran sebelum berjaya menyempurnakan rukun Islam yang kelima tersebut. Oleh kerana itu, tujuan artikel ini ditulis adalah untuk menyusuri sejarah perkembangan haji orang Melayu yang dirakamkan pada sekitar tahun 1911-2017 Masihi dan keperluan sebelum mereka berangkat menunaikan fardu haji. Analisis dilaksanakan berdasarkan data-data perpustakaan menerusi metode pensejarahan. Hasil kajian telah menunjukkan bahawa terdapat ramai di kalangan orang Melayu yang mengerjakan ibadah haji sekitar tahun 1911-2017 Masihi dengan menaiki kapal laut dan kapal terbang. Mereka juga telah menyediakan pelbagai keperluan sebelum berangkat ke Mekah al- Mukarramah. Kata kunci: Ibadah haji, Tanah Suci Mekah, orang Melayu, sejarah perjalanan haji Abstract Performing pilgrimage in the Holy Land of Mecca is such a meaningful for the Malay- Muslims. They have recorded some great history of pilgrimage travel since they had to undergo many challenges before successfully completing the fifth pillar of Islam. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to scrutinize the history of pilgrimage travel among Malays which have been recorded around the year 1911-2017 Century and their requirements before they departed to Mecca. Analysis was carried out based on the data library through historical method. -
Role of Cultural Landscape in Improving the Identity
vi TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER TITLE PAGE STATUS OF THESIS SUPERVISOR’S DECLARATION DECLARATION ON COOPERATION THESIS TITLE i DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY ii AND EXCLUSIVENESS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii ABSTRACTS iv TABLE OF CONTENTS vi LIST OF TABLES xi LIST OF FIGURES xiii CHAPTER 1: BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY 1 1.0 Introduction 1 1.1 Problem Statement and Related Issues 2 1.2 Hypothesis 5 1.3 Goal and Objectives of the Study 5 1.4 Research Questions 6 1.5 Research Methodology 6 1.6 Study Area 8 1.7 Scope of the Study 10 vii CHAPTER 2: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 12 2.0 Introduction 12 2.1 Case Studies as a Research Method 12 2.1.1 Multiple-Case Study Research Design 13 2.1.2 Technique of Collecting Evidence in Case Study 14 2.1.3 Methodology of Analysis 18 2.2 Summary 20 CHAPTER 3: UNDERSTANDING THE IDENTITY OF 21 CULTURAL LANDSCAPE IN MALAY HISTORIC TOWN 3.0 Introduction 21 3.1 Importance of Town Identity 21 3.1.1 Town Identity 22 3.2 Importance of Cultural Landscape 24 3.2.1 Categories and Sub-categories of Cultural 25 Landscape 3.2.3 Significance of Cultural Landscape 26 3.2.3 Importance of Cultural Landscape Conservation 28 3.2.4 Conservation Actions 30 3.2 Identifying Malay Cultural Landscape 31 3.3.1 Malay Kingdoms 32 3.3.2 Formation of Early Malay settlements 33 3.3.3 The Structure of Early Malay Towns and 36 Settlements in Peninsular Malaysia 3.3.4 Malay Concept of Space 38 3.3.5 Malay Cultural Community 41 3.3.5.1 Social Relationship and Lifestyle 41 3.3.5.2 Ceremonies and Occasions 43 viii 3.3.6 Concept of Community Space 44 3.4 Summary 47 CHAPTER