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Snow Cover, Snowmelt Timing and Stream Power in the Wind River Range, Wyoming

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Snow Cover, Snowmelt Timing and Stream Power in the Wind River Range, Wyoming University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln NASA Publications National Aeronautics and Space Administration 2012 Snow cover, snowmelt timing and stream power in the Wind River Range, Wyoming Dorothy K. Hall NASA Goddard Space Flight Center James L. Foster NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Nicolo E. DiGirolamo SSAI, Lanham, MD George A. Riggs SSAI, Lanham, MD Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/nasapub Part of the Physical Sciences and Mathematics Commons Hall, Dorothy K.; Foster, James L.; DiGirolamo, Nicolo E.; and Riggs, George A., "Snow cover, snowmelt timing and stream power in the Wind River Range, Wyoming" (2012). NASA Publications. 58. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/nasapub/58 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in NASA Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Geomorphology 137 (2012) 87–93 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Geomorphology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/geomorph Snow cover, snowmelt timing and stream power in the Wind River Range, Wyoming Dorothy K. Hall a,⁎, James L. Foster a, Nicolo E. DiGirolamo b, George A. Riggs b a Laboratory for Hydrospheric and Biospheric Processes, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA b SSAI, Lanham, MD 20706, USA article info abstract Article history: Earlier onset of springtime weather, including earlier snowmelt, has been documented in the western United Received 7 April 2010 States over at least the last 50 years. Because the majority (N70%) of the water supply in the western U.S. Received in revised form 22 September 2010 comes from snowmelt, analysis of the declining spring snowpack (and shrinking glaciers) has important Accepted 30 November 2010 implications for the management of streamflow. The amount of water in a snowpack influences stream Available online 27 March 2011 discharge which can also influence erosion and sediment transport by changing stream power, or the rate at which a stream can do work, such as move sediment and erode the stream bed. The focus of this work is the Keywords: Wind River Range Wind River Range (WRR) in west-central Wyoming. Ten years of Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectro- MODIS radiometer (MODIS) snow-cover, cloud-gap-filled (CGF) map products and 30 years of discharge and Seasonal snow cover meteorological station data are studied. Streamflow data from streams in WRR drainage basins show lower Streamflow runoff annual discharge and earlier snowmelt in the decade of the 2000s than in the previous three decades, though no trend of either lower streamflow or earlier snowmelt was observed within the decade of the 2000s. Results show a statistically-significant trend at the 95% confidence level (or higher) of increasing weekly maximum air temperature (for three out of the five meteorological stations studied) in the decade of the 1970s, and also for the 40-year study period as a whole. The extent of snow-cover (percent of basin covered) derived from the lowest elevation zone (2500–3000 m) of the WRR, using MODIS CGF snow-cover maps, is strongly correlated with maximum monthly discharge on 30 April, where Spearman's Rank correlation, rs,=0.89 for the decade of the 2000s. We also investigated stream power for Bull Lake Creek above Bull Lake; and found a trend (significant at the 90% confidence level) toward reduced stream power from 1970 to 2009. Observed changes in streamflow and stream power may be related to increasing weekly maximum air temperature measured during the 40-year study period, possibly contributing to a reduction in snow cover. In addition, the strong relationship between percent of basin that was snow covered, and maximum monthly streamflow indicates that MODIS snow-cover maps are useful for predicting streamflow, and can be used to improve management of water resources in the drought-prone western United States. Published by Elsevier B.V. 1. Introduction and background In many high-elevation streams in the western U.S. a reduction has occurred in the portion of annual stream discharge occurring during Earlier onset of spring-like weather has been documented in the spring and early summer, that fraction of the streamflow attributable to western United States since at least the late 1970s; the warm episodes spring snowmelt (see for example, Dettinger and Cayan, 1995; Cayan are related to larger-scale atmospheric conditions across North America et al., 2001). The fraction of annual streamflow that runs off during late and the North Pacific(Cayan et al., 2001; Mote, 2003; Mote et al., 2005). spring and summer has declined by 10–25% since the 1950s because of In addition, most of the glaciers throughout western North America warmer winter and spring weather (Cayan et al., 2001), and snowmelt have generally been losing mass since the Little Ice Age ended in the runoff arrives 1–3 weeks earlier in many mountain basins in the mid-to-late 1800s (Cheesbrough et al., 2009; Moore et al., 2009; PDX, western U.S. (Stewart et al., 2005; Lundquist et al., 2009). Warmer air 2010a). Mean annual temperatures over northwestern North America temperatures also may be associated with less total extent of snow cover increased by ~1–2 °C(Karl et al., 1993; Dettinger and Cayan, 1995)from (see for example, Foster et al., 1983; Groisman et al., 1994; Cohen and the 1940s to the early 1990s, with perhaps a greater increase from the Fletcher, 2007) especially at the lower elevations. In much of the mid-1960s to the early 1990s (Naftz et al., 2002). western U.S., and specifically in western Wyoming where the Wind River Range (WRR) is located, the date of spring snowmelt onset is earlier by up to or greater than 20 days as compared to the mid-20th Century (USGS, 2005). Because the majority of the water supply in the N ⁎ Corresponding author. western U.S. ( 70%) comes from snowmelt (and to a much-lesser E-mail address: [email protected] (D.K. Hall). extent, from glacier melt), analysis of the snowpack and glacier extent 0169-555X/$ – see front matter. Published by Elsevier B.V. doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2010.11.011 88 D.K. Hall et al. / Geomorphology 137 (2012) 87–93 has important implications for the management of streamflow (Mote, WRR average annual snowfall is roughly 500 cm (Pochop et al., 1989). 2003; USGS, 2005; Westerling et al., 2006). Most of the precipitation falls as snow and results when Pacific air In addition to the influence of the amount of snow and the timing masses are lifted over the mountains (orographic precipitation), with of melt on water resources, stream power is also affected by the the southwestern (windward) flanks receiving more precipitation mountain snowpack. Stream power influences the amount and size of than the northeastern (leeward) flanks (Oswald and Wohl, 2008). A sediment transport and, thus, the ability of the stream to erode the snowpack typically forms in October and melts between late March stream bed. Stream power (Bagnold, 1977; Ferguson, 2005) is the rate and mid-June. Approximately two-thirds of the precipitation runs off of energy dissipation against the bed and banks of a river or stream. as streamflow (Foster and Hall, 1981). [Effective discharge is another measure of interest but was not inves- The WRR contains 25 of the 38 named glaciers in Wyoming, tigated in this study. Computations of effective discharge can provide including Gannett Glacier (3.3 km2) which is the largest glacier in the a basis for comparing the geomorphic work of streams in different continental U.S. outside of Washington State (PDX, 2010b). Most of watersheds (Crowder and Knapp, 2005)]. the glaciers located in the WRR are north or east facing and are on the The objective of this work is to investigate the relationship be- eastern slope of the Continental Divide (Meier, 1950). Cheesbrough tween air temperature and snow cover in the WRR from 2000 to 2009, et al. (2009) found that glaciers decreased in area an average of ~25% and to address the influence of changing conditions of the snowpack between 1985 and 2005. on the amount and timing of snowmelt, and stream power. We use Meltwater runoff from the snow and glaciers flows into two separate 10 years of Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) drainage systems, separated by the Continental Divide (see location of snow-cover maps of the WRR along with ancillary data (a digital- the Continental Divide in Fig. 1). Runoff on the western slopes flows into elevation model (DEM), streamflow data and air-temperature data). the Colorado River Basin which then flows into the Gulf of California, Our focus is on the lowest elevations of the WRR (2500–3000 m) whereas runoff on the eastern slopes flows into the Missouri River Basin because the lower elevations are the most vulnerable to changes in the and then into the Gulf of Mexico (Pochop et al., 1990). timing of snowmelt (e.g., Mote, 2003). 3. Data and methodology 2. Geographic setting 3.1. Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) snow- The Wind River Range spans 210 km along the Continental Divide cover maps in western Wyoming, with a maximum elevation of 4205 m (Fig. 1). Mean-annual precipitation is 100–130 cm over most of the WRR, Daily snow-cover maps are produced, cloud-cover permitting, rising to N150 cm close to the crest line. In the highest areas of the from MODIS at a spatial resolution of 500 m (Riggs et al., 2006; Hall Fig. 1. Base map of the Wind River Range, Wyoming, and vicinity developed from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) digital elevation model (DEM).
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