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A Catalogue of Good Practices in Use Efficiency A Pilot Phase Report

Prepared for World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2012 25-29 January, Davos-Klosters, Switzerland

Agricultural Municipal Industrial Foreword We are pleased to present this pilot catalogue of a learning tool and helping to focus exchanges be- good practices on water use transformation, under- tween governments and operators, and secondly taken by Stockholm International Water Institute as a source of advice and solutions. It is an open- (SIWI) on behalf of the 2030 Group source instrument, open also to those who have (WRG), with direct support from the International effective practical solutions, ideas and concepts Finance Corporation (IFC) and Nestlé SA. on offer, whether for-profit or not-for-profit and The WRG aims to provide tools to assist in including existing or innovative new ideas. As we the analysis of water availability issues and identifi- are addressing a significant challenge, we need all cation of cost-effective levers for bringing abstract- the advice and knowledge that is available today ions back in line with natural renewal. to develop sustainable solutions for water scarcity. The water cost curve developed by McKinsey on this pilot, we plan to develop the cata- in cooperation with IFC and a group of private logue in two directions: gradually extending it to companies is a major part of our proposed analytics cover the whole range of water cost-curve levers toolkit. and also inviting more expert knowledge from the It is then up to governments and watershed international water community in relation to specific authorities in dialogue with watershed stakeholders levers. to develop strategies with priorities and concrete We thank SIWI and, in particular, the three gov- implementation plans. Water is local, there are no ernments of Jordan, the state of Karnataka and global solutions. South Africa for developing this pilot catalogue For successful implementation, governments that will guide further . and operators may need to learn from existing good practices, obtain advice from practitioners or identify suppliers of specific solutions and broader strategic consultancy (both commercial and not- for-profit).This pilot catalogue is planned as a key Mr. Lars Thunell, CEO, IFC instrument in this regard, firstly through providing Mr. Peter Brabeck-Letmathe, Chairman, Nestlé SA

© Stockholm International Water Institute (SIWI), 2012 Cover photos: Annika Börje, Britt-Louise Andersson, SIWI : Elin Ingblom, SIWI

This catalogue is published by the Stockholm International Water Institute (SIWI) and printed by Trosa Tryckeri, Sweden. The process has been certified according to the Nordic Swan label for environmental quality. Introduction Contents Building on the economic analysis and cost curve Additionally, project implementation should not levers in 2030 Water Resources Group (WRG)’s create any negative external impacts. Due to the 2009 Charting Our Water Future report1, and to pioneering nature of water use efficiency in many help governments access information, WRG has sectors such as , some good practice 1. Index of Referenced Organisations 6 been collaborating with the Stockholm Interna- project examples remain in the demonstration 2. Case Studies of Good Practice 8 tional Water Institute (SIWI) on the development phase. of a pilot open source public-private catalogue of The “good practice” projects presented in this good practices on water use transformation. In its pilot catalogue represent a sub set of the varied 2.a Agricultural final form, the catalogue will include international and impressive efforts to manage water more and local good-practice examples, expertise, efficiently across a number of sectors and at different advice and in water demand and supply scales in arid and semi-arid regions. The drivers Crop Selection: Drought-Tolerance – India 10 improvement across the key sectors to implement water efficiency improvements are Supervisory Control and Data Aqusition (SCADA) Systems: Flow Measure- and , organised around economic many and include legislation, water , risk ment and Control – USA 12 analysis to be provided by WRG. This knowledge management, environmental and health damages, Micro Irrigation Systems: Affordability for Small Farmers – India 14 base has been requested by governments and cost saving potential, enhancement of livelihoods Delivery Agents 16 fits with WRG’s goal of increasing government and and the desire to improve productivity and be more business access to local and international good competitive. The indirect benefits of managing practices. water more efficiently transmit to energy savings. 2.b Municipal In this pilot phase, WRG has worked with three The delivery agents for the efficiency improve- partner governments – Jordan, the state of ments are varied and will include a mixture of Karnataka and South Africa – to identify three governments, businesses, NGOs and external Water Pressure Management: Reduced Water Loss – South Africa 20 priority levers of action in each government’s catalysts such as international development or- Leakage Control: Utility Management – South Africa 22 water use transformation space, with each ganisations. In practice, water use efficiency and and Reuse: Wastewater – Australia 24 lever corresponding to ones in WRG’s Charting productivity solutions will be supported by collabo- Delivery Agents 26 Our Water Future report. rative action by these agents. Using the priority levers proposed by the three This pilot catalogue contains an indicative list 2.c Industrial partner governments, SIWI then identified local of delivery agents linked to each case study, and international good practice projects, advisors, who can act as advisers, evaluators or solution suppliers and partnering arrangements, including providers. In this way, the catalogue can be used Industrial Water Use Efficiency: Recycling and Cooling technical and policy solutions to support govern- as part of one of the many steps towards building – India 30 ments as they implement water sector reforms. collaborative action and the development of a Industrial Water Use Efficiency: Water Recovery Notably, the good practice project information country strategy for water supply and demand – South Africa 32 presented here can be relevant to a number of management. Industrial Water Use Efficiency: Control and Reuse governments and not just the government that Other providers and advisors (international, – Bangladesh 34 national, regional or local) do exist, but have not proposed the priority levers. Delivery Agents 36 The nine “good practice” projects illustrated been included in this overview, which merely in this catalogue represent well-documented gives examples of the competence available. The applications and cover a wide geography including catalogue does not represent an endorsement of a Australia, USA, India and South Africa. A good particular provider or adviser, nor does SIWI provide 3. Way forward 40 practice project is a project that demonstrably any judgment on the capacity of those included. improves the efficiency or productivity of water use (through water savings and/or yield increase). It will have been implemented in the field and will have demonstrated or have the potential for transferability to other appropriate settings.

1 The Charting Our Water Future report can be accessed at www.2030waterresourcesgroup.com/water_full Index of Referenced Organisations

ABCD MNOP Aakruthi Agricultural MicroFibre/Liberty Associates of India Mothercare ABA Apparel MultiFabs Ltd Accion Fraterna Nestlé Adroit Environmental Netafim Consultants Ltd North American Axiom Blair Development Comptex BD Ltd Consultants Cosmopolitan Industries (Pvt.) Ltd Delta Lake Irrigation District QRST Reed Consulting EFGH (Bangladesh) Ltd. Emfuleni Local Municipality S.F. Washing Ltd. Fakir Knitwear Ltd Sasol New Energy GIZ Holdings Hamza Textiles Ltd. Shree Harlingen Irrigation District Solidaridad Partner Governments Cameron County No. 1 State Farms Corporation Hennes & Mauritz of India In this pilot phase, Water Resource Group Texas A&M Kingsville has been reaching out to three partner IJKL Texas AgriLife Extention Services governments – Jordan, the state of Karnataka International Crops Research Texas Water Development Board and South Africa, to identify their priority areas Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics of action in the water use transformation space. International Development UVWXYZ Enterprises India United States Bureau of Reclamation A International Finance United States Department of Agriculture Corporation Utah Knitting & Ltd A Jordan International Fund for Water Corporation C Agricultural Development WE B South Africa Interstoff Apparel Ltd WK C Karnataka KappAhl WRP (Pty.) Ltd Knit Concern Ltd B Levi’s Lindex

6 2030 Water Resources Group 7 Agricultural A CatalogueA Catalogue of Goodof Good Practices Practices in Waterin Water Use Use Efficency Efficency – A – PilotA Pilot Phase Phase Report Report Agricultural | Municipal | Industrial

Crop Selection:

Drought-Tolerance – India Photo: SIWI

Project overview Groundnut is the third most important oilseed crop The development of drought-resilient crops is in India, with production concentrated in semi-arid considered an effective long-term solution for tropical regions, most of which are rain fed and the reduction of production risks to farmers with- thus very vulnerable to drought. Low and erratic out compromising crop yield. In the last two dec- rainfall, frequent drought and poor soils contribute ades, the International Crops Research Institute District: Anantapur to declining groundnut productivity. Low farm pro- for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) has devel- Province: Andhra Pradesh ductivity and crop failure can lead to unsustainable oped groundnut varieties with higher productiv- Country: India livelihoods for the poor landless and small farm ity and greater capacities to withstand moisture households. Drought can bring about a 24-58 per stress. In 2002, ICRISAT collaborated with Accion costs cent decline in income and a 12-33 per cent rise in Fraterna (AF), a local NGO operating in 230 vil- Farmer’s total production cost per hectare us- The current adoption rate is estimated at 3.2 head-count poverty ratio over a normal agricultural lages in Anantapur, on the introduction of 10 new ing ICGV 91114 is Rs 9235, which is 17 per cent per cent in 2008-2009. It is envisaged that a 35 year1. In addition, a severe drought reduces seed drought-tolerant varieties in two villages through higher than TMV 2. When the increased produc- per cent adoption rate of the new variety will availability for the next cropping season, hence af- farmer-participatory varietal selection trials. These tivity of using ICGV 91114 is taken into account, generate a surplus of Rs 694 million per annum, fecting future agricultural productivity. trials showed that ICGV 91114 performed better the unit cost of production of ICGV 9114 is 5 per in which 65 per cent of the surplus is attributed The Anantapur district is one of the most impor- than the other new varieties. Further trials were cent less than TMV 2. to higher yield and 35 per cent to lower variabil- tant groundnut producing districts in India but also conducted in a number of other villages at a va- ity in yield, even when risk benefits are taken one of the most drought-prone in peninsular India. riety of times – e.g. beginning, during, and post- Results into account. The adoption of the new variety Its groundnut area ranges between 0.8-1.0 mil- rainy seasons. By 2010, ICGV 91114 had been The new variety ICGV 91114 is preferred by which improves and stabilises yield will reduce lion ha, only 11 per cent of which is irrigated. The cultivated in most villages where AF operates. farmers due to its higher pod and haulm yields, farmers’ vulnerability to climatic shocks. dominant groundnut variety is TMV 2, which was The International Fund for Agricultural Devel- better kernel size, uniform maturity, and its abil- Appropriate institutional arrangements for released 70 years ago. The problems with ground- opment has funded ICRISAT projects on the dis- ity to tolerate mid-season and terminal drought. multiplication and of seeds would production in Anantapur are indicated by2: semination of improved drought-tolerant ground- The ability of ICGV 9114 to withstand mid-sea- advance the adoption rate of ICGV 91114. 1. Low yields that never exceed 1 tonnes/ha. nut cultivars. Accion Fraterna, Aakruthi Agricultural son drought implies its ability to utilise available The very high seed requirement for ICGV 91114 2. High and increasing variability in yield from Associates of India and the State Farms Corpora- water more efficiently, while its shorter growth produces very high costs of seed multiplication, 27 per cent during the 1965-1985 period to tion of India (SFCI) are supporting partners in seed period helps it to escape terminal drought. Bet- acquisition, processing, storage and distribu- 43 per cent during the 1986-2007 period. multiplication and distribution. ter haulms of ICGV 9114 provide excellent fod- tion, which hinders private sector engagement 3. Increased probability of yield falling short der for . Another advantage of ICGV in groundnut seed production. Therefore, public by 20 per cent or more below the trend 9114 seed is its higher resistance to insect pests sector involvement in the multiplication and dis- from 23 per cent in the 1965-1985 period and foliar diseases compared to other existing tribution of seeds at the village level is highly to 32 per cent during the 1986-2007 period. varieties. important. Furthermore, existing old varieties The adoption of the drought-tolerant ICGV whose genetic potentials have deteriorated 91114 has resulted in an average pod yield need to be phased out of the market. increase of 23 per cent (during 2004-2005 to 2008-2009). The average haulm yield is 28 per cent higher than that of TMV 2, which re- sults in higher body weight in sheep and higher 1 Bhandari, HS, Pandey, R, Sharan D, Naik I, Hirway SK, Taunk and Sastri A. 2007. Economic costs of drought and milk production in cows. It also reduces yield rice farmers’ drought coping mechanisms in eastern India: pages 43-112 in Pandey S, Bhandari H and Hardy B (eds.) Economic Costs of Drought and Rice Farmers’ Coping Mechanisms: A Cross-country Comparative Analysis. Los Banõs, variability by 30 per cent and generates 36 per Philippines: International Rice Research Institute. cent higher net income compared to TMV 2. 2 Birthal, P.S., Niga,, S.N., Narayanan, A.V., and Kareem, K.A. 2011. An Economic Assessment of the Potential Benefits of Breeding for Drought Tolerance in Crops: A Case of Groundnut in India. Research Bulletin no. 25. ICRISAT.

10 2030 Water Resources Group 11 A CatalogueA Catalogue of Good of Good Practices Practices in Water in Water Use Use Efficency Efficency – A –Pilot A PilotPhase Phase Report Report Agricultural | Municipal | Industrial

Supervisory Control and Data Aqusition (SCADA) Systems: Texas AgriLife Extension Services, Axiom Blair Engineering, and Texas A&M University Kingsville Flow Measurement and Control – USA provided consulting services for the projects. Tech- nology providers engaged in the projects are Axiom

Photo: SIWI Blair Engineering for the design, engineering, and production of the automatic gate control; and USDA’s Project overview EPANET software for analysing the hydraulic and wa- The Harlingen Irrigation District covers 38,000 acres 2. On–farm Flow Measurement Data Collection using ter quality behaviour of pressurised pipe networks. (15,379 ha) of irrigated area in Cameron County, Texas. an automated metering and telemetry system. costs The average annual water diversion is 52,000 acre-feet/ 3. Demonstration of -based information on real- The ADI was launched with a USD 3.7 million grant year (64 million m3/year) for irrigation use. The main time flow, weather and water user accounting systems. funded by the Bureau of Reclamation and NAD Bank pumping plant diverts water from the Rio Grande near the 4. Innovative Technologies for Agriculture (ITA) that in- along with the matching funds from the district.6 As of town of Los Indios. The district has 57 miles of main , clude: the design of low cost automatic gates for irrigation District: Harlingen 2009, USD 1.63 million of funds and USD 2.54 million over 180 miles of irrigation pipeline, 44 re-lift pumping sta- and the design of a low-cost Remote Telemetry Province: Texas Country: USA of matching funds have been secured to implement the tions, and three storage reservoirs. These infrastructures Unit (RTU) for water level measurement and soil mois- projects. These matching funds have been provided by are owned and operated by Cameron County. A number ture management using radio frequency telemetry. Traditionally, the gate is raised or lowered manually in the Harlingen Irrigation District, Texas A&M University of crops are grown in the area, such as sugarcane, citrus, order to achieve a target flow rate within a specific time Kingsville, Delta Lake Irrigation District, USDA-EQIP, cotton, corn, vegetables, turf grass, and specialty crops. The first three projects are carried out within the Agricultural period. The automation enables canal gates to be raised Netafim, and Axiom-Blair Engineering. The ITA pro- All farms are privately owned and the majority of them are Demonstration Initiative (ADI). They or lowered without visiting the site and also enables fre- gram was supported with a USD 249,000 grant from the irrigated by furrow irrigation through polypipe field distribu- started in 2004 and will run to 2014 in collaboration with quent adjustments to maintain flow rates within a target Texas Water Development Board and matching funds of tion systems, although some drip and /or micro-jet sys- the Texas Water Development Board in the lower Rio range as water levels fluctuate within the system. Auto- USD 249,000 from the Harlingen Irrigation District. tems, as well as overhead sprinkler operations are found Grande Valley3. The ITA program was a two-year project, matic gates are commercially available but are often too As shown by the funds committed to projects, the on turn farms. It is estimated that the water delivery ef- completed in 2011. expensive to be economically viable. This project has estimated cost efficiency is USD 0.13 per3 m of water ficiency is around 75-80 per cent1. The FMC facility allows ADI to simulate irrigation sys- resulted in the design of automatic gates that can be savings7. To enhance water delivery efficiency to end users, tem options that would lead to higher water conservation. readily manufactured locally, assembled, and installed4. the Harlingen Irrigation project focused on developing The facility functions as a training centre where various ac- The software of the SCADA system used for the Results state-of-the-art irrigation water distribution network con- tors and operators can learn about pumps and automatic automated gate control was uniquely designed by The ADI program has demonstrated that it is possible to trol and management coupled with on-farm irrigation controls, calibration of measuring tools, manual collection Harlingen Irrigation District using an open source pro- conserve water without losing money or impacting the techniques and management systems in a large-scale of data on water use and programmable logic controllers gram; hence the design and maintenance of the soft- quality of a crop. On-farm level surveys conducted in demonstration of cost-effective technologies. All pro- (PLCs) for canal automation. ware entails lower costs than the privately designed 2009 and 2010 revealed that those various water con- grammes aim to enhance irrigation water delivery ef- The on-farm flow measurement data collection project SCADA system. Furthermore, the program allows servation technologies have resulted in an average of ficiency and maximise on-farm surface water useef- compares manually-collected meter information with the for easy maintenance that suits the local context. 32.5 per cent reduction in irrigation water and 48.2 per ficiency to respond to the increasing water use demand data from automated metering and telemetry systems. The device for water level measurement is used cent reduction of surface run-off. In total, 34.8 per cent and scarcity. The information provided by the flow The telemetry system constantly monitors the deliveries as a controller for the automatic gates and as a trans- of water savings were achieved8. measurement devices is facilitating the transformation of irrigation water and this information is then displayed mitter for the data on field level soil moisture. Ten The success of the automatic gates for irrigation of the district to volumetric pricing of irrigation water. in real-time over the internet. This telemetry system has devices were installed in the field and the associ- canals has generated a demand from other irrigation A number of projects have been implemented to im- become the backbone of the irrigation system that enables ated SCADA system software was modified accord- districts, such as El Paso County and Lower Colorado prove flow measurement, calibration and control by using the development of other water conservation projects. ingly. Each of the devices is powered with an exter- Region. As a result, the has now been deliv- 2 the SCADA system , namely: A low-cost automatic gate is used to control flow in irriga- nal solar panel that recharges its battery system.5 ered or adopted by other irrigation districts. 1. A District and On-Farm Flow Meter Calibration tion canals. The soil moisture management uses low-cost PLC The performance of the soil management system is (FMC) and Demonstration Facility. and score board. The information is linked to the telem- still presently being evaluated. etry and then provided in real-time and can be controlled 1 www.hidcc1.org/node/57 from a central office. 2 Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) is a system that allows an operator to monitor and control processes that are 4 distributed among various remote sites. SCADA systems allow remote sites to communicate with a control facility and provide the Awblair Engineering, 2010, Draft Report: Low Cost Automatic Gates for Irrigation Canals. Prepared for the Harlingen Irrigition District under a Texas Water Development Board Grant. Innovative Technologies for Agricultural Water Management and Flow Measurement. necessary data to control processes. 5 Awblair Engineering, 2010. Draft Report: Low Cost RTU for Water Level Measurement. www.hidcc1.org/files/TWDB-ITALC-RTU_red.pdf 3 Halbert, W. 2008. Agricultural Water Conservation Demonstration Initiative: Three Year Summary report for the Texas Water Devel- 6 Harlingen Irrigation District Newsletter Volume no. 7, December 2007. www.hidcc1.org/files/Newsletter%20December%202007.pdf opment Board. Maximisation of On-Farm Surface Water Use Efficiency by Integration of On-Farm Application and District Delivery 7 The cost efficiency is estimated with 5 per cent interest rate and 10 years lifetime of the devices. 8 Systems. www.texasirrigationexpo.org/images/HID_Year-3_Report_Final.pdf Harlingen Irrigation District Newsletter Volume no. 11-1, April 2011. www.hidcc1.org/files/News%20Letter%20April2011_FINAL_For%20Web.pdf

12 2030 Water Resources Group 13 A CatalogueA Catalogue of Good of Good Practices Practices in Water in Water Use Use Efficency Efficency – A –Pilot A PilotPhase Phase Report Report Agricultural | Municipal | Industrial

Micro Irrigation Systems:

time; ii) Farmers who have previously used oth- Affordability for Small Farmers – India er drip irrigation systems, but had a negative

Photo: IDEI experience; iii) Farmers who are using flood ir- rigation. According to IDEI customer satisfaction sur- Project overview veys, 20 per cent of the farmers spent some or More than 70 per cent of Indian farmers cultivate per cent. IDEI’s water application technologies are all of their additional earnings on for plots less than one hectare and they are con- low cost, available in small packages, operate at their children, while 15 per cent of the farmers strained by the absence of simple and low-cost irri- very low pressure and are easy to operate. Since spent them to improve their family’s health. gation technologies suited to smallholder farmers. they have a low initial cost, they remove the uptake Once the smallholder farm families are able Existing technologies are expensive and designed barrier for small farmers to adopt drip irrigation. to meet their basic needs and can access mi- District: Anantapur for use in larger farms. cro-, they are also able to engage in asset Province: Andhra International Development Enterprises India costs Pradesh building such as the purchase of land, cattle, (IDEI) was created in cooperation with the global Country: India etc. Investment costs range between USD 30 and USD IDE family to develop small-scale irrigation and ru- For many farmers, the increased incomes 42 for a low-cost treadle pump and between USD ral mass of simple, affordable, appropri- additional vegetable production was report- also enable them to pay off debts. Other so- 120 and USD 240 per acre for the KB drip irrigation ate and environmentally sustainable technologies. ed up to several times the investment cost.1 cial impacts include farmers’ children having system depending on the crop type. The cost for IDEI is supported by a number of governmental USD 2.3 million of water savings plus USD three meals a day with a balanced diet, higher the drip irrigation system is about one fifth of the and private donors, such as Acumen Fund, Bill and 10.5 million of electricity savings have been expenditure on health care, children staying in price of traditional drip systems. Melinda Gates Foundation, and Rabobank Foun- made.2 A 75 per cent increase in water use ef- school5, reduced rural-urban migration and in- The variable costs for a standard irrigation kit dation. It adopts commercial business approaches ficiency has been reported3 (i.e. water need- creased social status of women-headed house- range from USD 4 for 20m2 of irrigated area to USD to ensure the sustainability of its programs. ed for 4 acres under drip is sufficient for just holds. Regarding environmental impacts, the 40-USD 80 for 1,000m2 of irrigated area. IDEI saw a demand for low-cost technologies 1 acre under flood irrigation), along with wa- average annual CO emission abatement of KB IDEI understands affordability and aims to keep 2 suitable for small scale farmers and, in response, ter savings of 5.2 billion m3 (by March 2011).4 Drip adoption would be 675 kg/acre/year, due the cost of all its products to under 10 per cent of the developed low-cost water lifting and water appli- Though there are substantial water savings due to reduced use of fuel.6 average annual income for the region. This is inex- cation technologies, to be used for irrigation by to KB Drip, absolute savings in water are not IDEI has received a number of national and pensive enough to be affordable, but substantial smallholder farmers. In areas with shallow water visible as most farmers prefer to use the water international awards for their work, includ- enough to cover production costs for the company tables, IDEI promotes the use of a manually oper- saved to either increase area under drip irriga- ing the Tech Museum Award 2010 and 2004, and supply chain margins. This approach also en- ated water-lifting device called the treadle pump tion or undertake higher intensity of cropping, Zayed Future Energy Prize 2010, Ashoka sures that families who purchase the systems will (also known as pedal pump). In semi-arid areas, thereby boosting agricultural production. Change Maker, 2006 and The Templeton Free- use them to improve the water efficiency and pro- IDEI has developed and introduced drip irrigation Challenges for IDEI include the lack of farmer dom Prize, 2005. Apart from working in India, ductivity of their farms. If the products were distrib- technologies (KB Drip) which are used by farmers awareness of the IDEI products and the need IDEI is also active in projects in 13 other coun- uted for free to farmers, some might receive them for growing both horticulture crops and cash crops. for products to be designed to local conditions. tries worldwide. but not use them as intended (they could for exam- IDEI has a strong market-based approach and To address these challenges IDEI markets their ple sell them on for the purpose of making money). works through a network of manufacturers, deal- products in three different segments; i) Farm- As an illustration, the use of drip irrigation ers and installers who sell the products to small- ers engaging in irrigated agriculture for the first in Erode area has shown a cost effective- holder farmers. ness of USD 0.08 per m3 water savings for banana When using the KB Drip, a farmer can irrigate and sugarcane crops.1 more cultivated area per unit of water used as it requires 50-80 per cent less water when com- results pared with traditional surface irrigation systems. The treadle pump and drip irrigation systems 2 Keller, J., and Roberts, M. 2004, Household-level irrigation for efficient water use and poverty alleviation, In: Seng, V. Craswell, E., The slow and regular application of water main- are being used by 1.25 million smallholder farm- Fukai, S. and Fischer, K. Water and Agriculture, ACIAR Proceedings No. 116e. 3 IDEI, 2011. tains optimum moisture at the root zone, which im- ers. Additional yield is reported at between 50 to 4 Symbiotec Research Associates, 2008. From Desperation to Drip Irrigation. proves plant quality and yield increases by 30-50 100 per cent. The increase in net returns from 5 Couton, A. 2007. A Fairy Tale for All? A Rapid Assesment for IDEI’s Teadle Pump Programme in Uttar Pradesh, and its impact on childrens welfare. Acumen Fund. 1 Estimated from the data in TERI, 2007, Socio-economic-techno-environmental assessment of IDEI products: low cost KB Drip. 6 TERI, 2006. TERI Energy Data Directory and Yearbook. Tata Energy Research Institute. Project Report No. 2006RR24.

14 2030 Water Resources Group 15 The International ICRISAT is a non-profit that conducts agricul- ICRISAT-Patancheru Delivery Agents – Agricultural Crops Research tural research for development in Asia and sub-Saharan Patancheru 502324 Institute for the Africa with a wide array of partners throughout the world. Andhra Pradesh, India Company Range Head Office Semi-Arid ICRISAT conducts research on five highly nutritious, drought-tolerant crops – chickpea, pigeonpea, pearl millet, Tel: +91 40 30713071 of Services Contact Details Tropics (ICRISAT) sorghum and groundnut. Fax: +91 40 30713074 E-: [email protected] International IDEI is a non-profit enterprise that creates demand for afford- International Development www.icrisat.org Development able pumping and irrigation technologies and ensures a Enterprises (India) Enterprises sustainable agricultural supply chain. It develops small scale C 5/43, (1st & 2nd Floor) Seedquest Seedquest is an information for global seed T: +1 510 482 5560 India (IDEI) irrigation and rural mass marketing of simple, affordable, Safdarjang Development Area . It provides information on various seed suppli- Email: [email protected] appropriate and environmentally sustainable technologies to New Delhi, 110016 ers (breeders and multipliers) and relevant technologies www.seedquest.com small and marginal farm families through private marketing (laboratories, treatment products and equipments) for seed channels. T: +91 11 4600 0400 companies. Amongs others, it focuses on areas such as F: +91 11 4600 0444 crop protection, seed biotechnologies, seed colorants and Email: [email protected] polimers, seed enhancement, seed processing equipment, www.ide-india.org seed treatment and vegetable seed.

Netafim Netafim has developed efficient drip and micro-irrigation Netafim Ltd. Corporate Texas AgriLife Texas AgriLife Extension Services is part of Texas A&M Agriculture and Life technology since 1965. The company focuses its busi- Derech Hashalom 10 Extension University System that provides community-based educa- Sciences Building ness lines on smart drip and micro irrigation solutions for Tel Aviv, Israel 67892 Services tional services, consulting and research services through 600 John Kimbrough Boulevard, agriculture and landscape; and -made greenhouses that its grazingland animal nutrition laboratory; soil, water, and Suite 509 , 7101 TAMU maximises agricultural factor and technological innovations. T: +972 8 6474 747 forage testing laboratory; Texas plant disease diagnostic College Station, TX 77843-7101 F: +972 8 6473 983 laboratory; and Texas wildlife services. USA www.netafim.com T: +1 979 845-7800 F: +1 979 845-9542 Rubicon Water combines powerful water management and Rubicon Water Rubicon Email: [email protected] control software with the design and manufacture of irrigation 1 Cato Street, Hawthorn East Water http://agrilifeextension.tamu.edu automation hardware – including a wide range of automated Melbourne VIC 3123, Australia gate, meter and SCADA products. Syngenta AG Syngenta has expertise in plant breeding, crop protection Syngenta International AG T: +61 3 9832 3000 and seed care to deliver solutions designed to bring plant P.O. Box, CH-4002 Basel F: +61 3 9832 3030 potential to life. It helps growers to produce premium crops Switzerland Email: [email protected] and minimize the use of natural resources. The company www.rubiconwater.com has a broad range of products in crop protections, high T: +41 61 323 11 11 quality seeds, and plant health solution for lawns and www.syngenta.com Campbell Campbell Scientific provides technology and consulting Campbell Scientific Australia gardens. Scientific services for SCADA systems, which consist of a supervisory 16 Somer St, Hyde Park, computer running HMI (Human-Machine Interface) software Townsville, Queensland 4812 New Holland New Holland provides solutions that improve farming ef- New Holland Agriculture and control units performing data acquisition and control Australia Agriculture ficiency and productivity by using accessible technologies. c/o CNH America LLC functions. The control units make measurements as well as The company offers cash crop producers, livestock farm- 621 State Street report back to and execute commands from the supervisory T: +61 7 4772 0444 ers, contractors, vineyards and groundcare professionals Racine, WI 53402, USA computer. F: +61 7 4772 0555 the largest choice of easy-to-operate tractors, harvesters www.campbellsci.com.au and material handling machinery and equipment. T: +1 866 639 4563 Email: na.topservice@ Sutron Sutron Corporation , manufactures, installs, and supports Sutron Corporation newholland.com Corporation remote real-time monitoring and control products for hydrological, 22400 Davis Drive www.newholland.com meteorological and oceanic uses, especially in extreme environ- Sterling, Virginia 20164, USA ments. Its user-friendly data acquisition products and turnkey Jain Leadership in diverse products like Micro & Sprinkler Irriga- Jain Plastic Park, NH No. 6, systems include all telemetry formats (i.e., wireless communications T: +1 703 406-2800 Irrigation tion, Agricultural Inputs, Agro-Processed Products, Plastic P.O. Box : 72, Jalgaon - 425 001 such as satellite, LOS radio, telephone, and secure internet) sensors F: +1 703406-2801 fax Pipes & Sheets. Maharashtra, India and customised Oracle-based software. Email: @sutron.com www.sutron.com T: +91 - 257 - 225 8011 F: +91 - 257 - 225 8111 Bayer Bayer CropScience provides technology in the area of crop protec- Bayer CropScience AG www.jains.com CropScience tion, non agricultural pest-control (environmental science), and Alfred-Nobel-Str. 50 seeds and plant biotechnology (bioscience). D - 40789 Monheim am Rhein Germany Delivery Agents This is an indicative list of “delivery agents” (private, public and NGO entities) who can act as advisers, evalu- T: +49 21 7338 ators or solution providers. Other providers and advisors (international, national, regional or local) do exist, but www.bayercropscience.com have not been included in this overview, which merely gives examples of the competence available. It does not represent an endorsement of a particular provider or adviser, nor does SIWI provide any judgment on the capac- ity of those included.

16 17 Municipal A CatalogueA Catalogue of Good of Good Practices Practices in Water in Water Use Use Efficency Efficency – A –Pilot A PilotPhase Phase Report Report Agricultural | Municipal | Industrial

Water Pressure Management: Reduced Water Loss – South Africa Photo: SIWI

Project overview By means of a public-private between the Emfuleni Local Municipality and WRP (Pty) Ltd., innovative pressure management technology was applied to the water supply sys- tem of Sebokeng and Evaton, two low- to medi- District: Sediberg um-income residential areas. The project aimed Province: Gauteng to reduce water losses by controlling the pressure Country: South Africa in the water distribution network, as well as lower- ing the costs of supplying water by reducing the costs energy requirements for pumping. A prior assess- The capital cost of the installation was USD Average flows entering the treatment plant re- ment had identified excessively high pressure in 800,000, with additional running costs of USD duced from 2,500m3/h before the installation to the water distribution network relative to demand, 700,000 over the 5-year project period. The 1,800m3/h afterwards. particularly during off-peak hours. This was caus- payback period on the initial capital cost was The project has also yielded energy savings ing damage to pipes and fixtures, leading to high only two months. of 14.25 million kWh per year. levels of water leakage and wastage, as well as The cost effectiveness of the measure is Local labour was hired for the implementa- high costs to repair or replace damaged assets. shown by the estimated marginal cost of the tion of the project, providing much-needed job An advanced pressure reduction installation project at USD 0.08 per m3 of water savings1. opportunities, and labour-based construction was constructed during a nine-month period from practices were used throughout the project. January 2005 to September 2005. This plant is results As establishment of a 24-hour water supply among the largest single water pressure manage- The project resulted in water savings of ap- is a prerequisite for successful water supply ment installations in the world. The advanced pres- proximately 10 million m3 per year, leading to network pressure management, the network sure management system lowers the pressure in a 25 per cent reduction in the quantity of wa- was improved where necessary and the local the water supply system during off-peak periods ter required from the bulk water supplier, Rand community now has uninterrupted water sup- and allows it to be reduced further at night when Water. ply in almost all areas. full pressure is unnecessary. Lower pressure in the Monetary savings of approximately USD 20 The project showed that public-private part- system substantially reduces water leakage. million were achieved over the 5-year project nerships can be viable on a relatively small period. Approximately 15 per cent of these sav- scale, contrary to the general view that PPPs ings accrued to the implementing agent and 85 are only viable for large-scale initiatives, due to per cent to the municipality. The savings are the generally high transaction costs. expected to continue beyond the contract pe- This was one of the first performance con- riod, with projected savings of USD 3.8 million tracts of this type with a shared savings model per year for the next 15 years, accruing 100 in the water sector in sub-Saharan Africa. per cent to the municipality. Savings have led to the municipality having excess funds available to restore the plant to working order.

1 The marginal cost is estimated at 10 per cent interest rate and 10 years of asset’s life.

20 2030 Water Resources Group 21 A CatalogueA Catalogue of Good of Good Practices Practices in Water in Water Use Use Efficency Efficency – A –Pilot A PilotPhase Phase Report Report Agricultural | Municipal | Industrial

Leakage Control: Utility Management – South Africa Photo: Annika Börje

Project overview Emfuleni Municipality has a population of about 1.2 Affairs (DWA) to develop and implement the training million people and an area of 987km2. It is a largely ur- programme. This partnership project also aims to banised municipality, with a relatively high population increase public awareness of water issues and con- density compared with other local municipalities. High servation measures through school educational and levels of water leakage, mostly in households but also community awareness campaigns. District: Sediberg in the , threaten the viability of Sasol will provide procurement, project manage- Province: Gauteng the municipal-owned water services utility, Metsi-a-Le- ment and cost control support functions for the project. Country: South Africa koa. A skills shortage and lack of funds have rendered GIZ will contribute through the development of human, the municipality unable to solve the leakage problem institutional and organisational capacities and by pro- costs and the level of water loss is estimated at 44 per cent. viding an independent auditing function to keep track Sasol will invest ZAR 5 million in this project, • Development of new or support of existing Thus, the purpose of this project is to achieve water of the savings resulting from the project. with an additional investment of ZAR 5 million community entities will empower savings through improved water conservation and wa- The potential water shortage in the Vaal (Lekoa) River from Germany (BMZ), Australia (AusAID) and the local entrepreneurs. ter demand management in the municipality. has been identified as a risk to Sasol, which has iden- UK (DFID), which will be spend predominantly in • The awareness campaigns will lead to a GIZ, the implementing agency of the German tified this partnership opportunity on water conserva- the initial stage of the project. Thereafter, the heightened consciousness on water conser- Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and De- tion as a potential risk mitigation measure. GIZ is a Municipality will fund the ongoing scope of the vation, which is hoped to improve water use velopment (BMZ), and Sasol support the Emfuleni Lo- partner of the Southern African Development Com- three-year project through the ring-fenced sav- practices in households. cal Municipality (ELM) to repair water leaks initially in munity (SADC) and ORASECOM, and supports water ings achieved by the project. A preliminary fi- • Reduced abstractions from the Vaal River 20,000 homes and public (phase 1), in order conservation initiatives in riparian states, with a view to nancial analysis indicates that about two-thirds will protect the viability of the river ecosys- to reduce water wastage and make more water avail- promoting equitable sharing of water resources. GIZ is of this money will go towards labour costs, as tem and may increase water availability for able for both domestic and industrial use. Sasol is a seeking to support public-private as an ad- the project is labour-, rather than technology- the downstream users. South African technology-driven alternative fuels and ditional promising means of development cooperation. intensive. • A decrease in domestic leakage will reduce chemicals company and today has grown to become Apart from the direct risk mitigation perspective, The projected cost effectiveness of the pro- the hydraulic overload on the Waste Water South Africa’s leading fuel provider and an interna- Sasol also intends to use this opportunity to develop ject as shown by the investment cost is estimat- Treatment Works, thus potentially improving tional player in the energy and chemicals sectors. Its a model in conjunction with the Department of Wa- ed at USD 0.016 per m3 water savings1. the quality of the water downstream of the Sasolburg industrial complex is located near the Vaal ter Affairs and other stakeholders for offsetting water sewage reatment plant without plant expan- River, a major tributary of the transboundary Orange- savings achieved in, inter alia, the municipal sector results sions or upgrades. Senqu river system. (outside its own operational boundaries) against po- The project is expected to yield water savings Leaking pipes, taps, toilets and valves will be re- tential water savings targets for the industrial sector. of 12 million m3 per year by 2014, against the paired or retrofitted, starting in January 2012. Ongoing The costs involved in achieving water saving in the do- 2010 baseline usage of 81 million m3 per year. savings on the municipal water bill due to this project mestic sector may be as low as one per cent of that of This represents a 15 per cent improvement in will be ring-fenced and used to fund the ongoing ret- achieving equal water saving in industry; thus, it is far water use efficiency, resulting in monetary sav- rofitting and leak repair project for at least three years more cost-effective for Sasol to support the municipal- ings of ZAR 62 million per year. Other expected (phase 1+2). This will then also include pressure re- ity in reducing domestic water wastage. benefits of the project include the following: duction initiatives and repair of water supply network The impetus for this project has been strengthened by • Training and employment of local community pipes. Skills development will be conducted to train a government directive that all municipalities supplied members in water-related services will con- local people in repair and retrofitting work in collabora- from the Vaal river must reduce their water consump- tribute to local skills development and job tion with existing plumbing and civil providers. tion by 15 per cent between 2011 and 2014. Further- creation. The appointed consultant, WRP Consulting Engineers more, there is a presidential directive to halve water (Pty) Ltd., a Miya Group Company under contract with losses in South Africa by 2014. 1 The cost effectiveness is calculated based on 10 per cent interest rate and 10 years lifetime of the equipment. Sasol, will partner with the Orange-Senqu River Com- mission (ORASECOM) and the Department of Water

22 2030 Water Resources Group 23 A CatalogueA Catalogue of Good of Good Practices Practices in Water in Water Use Use Efficency Efficency – A –Pilot A PilotPhase Phase Report Report Agricultural | Municipal | Industrial

Wastewater Treatment and Reuse: Wastewater Recycling – Australia Photo: Michael Moore

Project overview Western Australia is a dry state in a dry continent industry. Recycled water is delivered to support and the impact of climate change is predicted to the industry that plays an important role bring about a 20 per cent decline in rainfall by 2030 in Western Australia’s . Among others, and 40 per cent by 20601. This implies that there recycled water is delivered to Boddington gold will be reduced yields from existing and mine, BHP Billiton, and Alcoa refinery. In the fu- District: Perth groundwater sources to meet a future increase in ture, the East Rockingham Wastewater Treat- Province: Western Australia Country: Australia demand from rising population and temperature. ment Plant (WWTP) will be commissioned to For communities to adapt to a drying climate and serve the growing Rockingham Industrial Zone. become climate-resilient, a strategy of simply in- • Groundwater replenishment, where high quality costs Total investment costs for wastewater treat- The dual reticulation system has been set creasing water supply will be insufficient. There- recycled water is stored underground for future ment including wastewater recycling in 2011 for 1,500 houses. fore, reduction in water use and water recycling water supplies. were AUD 140 million (USD 143.6 million). The groundwater replenishment project has also comprise part of Western Australia’s portfolio • Beneficial recycling of water to the natural envi- Investment costs for Kwinana as one of the recharged 1.09 million m3 of recycled water into of water options in its 50-year plan. ronment. major water reclamation plant were AUD 28 mil- the groundwater by December 2011 and it has The Water Corporation is the principal suppli- • Irrigation of public open spaces and cultivated lion. reached its target of completing 85 per cent of er of water, wastewater and drainage services to land. Water pricing policies entail ‘full cost recov- trial objectives. households, businesses in Western Australia, as • Dual reticulation system for residential use, ery for water services to ensure business vi- Subiasco WWTP produces 280 million m3 of well as providing bulk water for irrigation. It works such as flushing and gardening, where two sep- ability and to avoid rents, including recycled water per year, which is used to irrigate with regulators and customers to deliver water arate pipes deliver two different qualities of water: recovery of environmental , where 27 ha. at the McGillivray Sporting complex. Re- services to a large catchment area. In the year supply and non-drinking water feasible and practical’. Urban and Regional cycled water is also used to irrigate tree planta- 2010-2011, it has delivered 360 million m3 of wa- supply (recycled water). Urban water suppliers have moved to upper tions in a number of locations. Among others, ter supply to two million people and treated 150 • Improving water recycling in its own WWTPs bound pricing that reflects a return on new capi- the Albany WWTP delivers recycled water to irri- million m3 of wastewater in 106 wastewater treat- and reducing freshwater intake by 10 per cent tal investment. gate 450,000 Tasmanian blue gum trees, which ment plants2. Recycled wastewater is collected at its three largest metropolitan WWTPs and the Based on the investment cost for Kwinana are processed into woodchips for export. from some of those wastewater treatment plants. Kwinana water reclamation plant. Water Reclamation Plant, the cost effective- Higher rates of recycled wastewater provide A target is set to achieve 30 per cent wastewater ness of wastewater recycling is approximately greater for basic needs, various recycling in Perth and Mandurah by 2030 and a The first fully fledged public private partnership in USD 0.31 per m3 of water savings. economic activities and ecosystem services. long-term goal of 60 per cent by 20603. Western Australia was signed in August 2011 in The reduced amount of treated wastewater dis- Wastewater recycling is an essential part of which Helena Water was announced as the pre- charged to the environment will further protect maintaining a reliable, sustainable and safe wa- ferred consortium to fund, build and operate a new results the integrity of local water resources. ter supply for Western Australia. Increasing the water treatment plant as part of the Mundairing 13.3 per cent of wastewater has been recycled amount recycled water is crucial to managing po- Weir Water Supply Improvement Project. Helena in the year 2010-2011 through 76 recycling table water resources efficiently while making the Water comprises the Royal Bank of Scotland, Ac- schemes. This represents an increase of 1 per most of wastewater resource that often becomes ciona Agua, United Utilities and Brookfield Multi- cent from 2009-2010. ‘wasted water’. plex. The consortium shall provide service for up to In the Perth metropolitan area, the rate of The range of wastewater recycling use options 37 years after which the plant will be handed over water recycling is 7.5 per cent, an increase conducted by the Water Corporation are: to Water Corporation in full operating condition. from 6 per cent in 2009. Wastewater recycling • Increasing water recycling to existing and new outside of the Perth metropolitan area is 50.2 per cent. 1 Water Corporation. 2009. Water Forever: Towards Climate Resilience. 2 Water Corporation. 2011. Water Corporation Annual Report. 3 www.watercorporation.com.au/W/water_recycling.cfm?uid=3534-8576-2335-1259

24 2030 Water Resources Group 25 Priva Priva provides sustainable solutions for the more efficient Priva Holding B.V. Delivery Agents – Municipal control of energy and water within indoor environments, as Zijlweg 3, 2678 LC De Lier a means to conserve scarce resources and reduce our im- The Company Range Head Office pact on the planet. Priva specializes in intelligent building management systems and indoor climate control systems Tel: +31 174 522 600 of Services Contact Details for horticulture. Fax: +31 174 522 700 Email: [email protected] Netafim The company provides technology products and services in Netafim Ltd. Corporate www.priva.nl engineering, hydraulic design and technical support. Derech Hashalom 10 Tel Aviv, Israel 67892 Water Veolia Water Solutions & Technologies responds to diverse Veolia Water Solutions Solutions & water treatment needs of municipalities and provide solu- & Technologies T: +972 8 6474747 Technologies tions for drinking water, wastewater, desalination, reuse, L’Aquarène, 1 place Montgolfier F: +972 8 6473983 sludge and biosolids, combined sewer overflow, odor con- 94417, Saint Maurice Cedex www.netafim.com trol, water treatment chemicals, and software and services France for water treatment management. T: +33 1 45 11 55 55 Siemens Siemens Water Technologies for municipal purposes offer a Siemens AG Fax: +33 1 45 11 55 00 Water and large array of custom technologies and services to ensure Wittelsbacherplatz 2 Email: contactcom@ Wastewater flexible, cost-effective treatment solutions in infrastructure 80312 , Germany and treatment improvement, energy and solids management, veoliawater.com and water reuse and desalination. T: +1 866 926 8420 www.veoliawaterst.com Email: information.water@ Deutsche GIZ draws on a wealth of regional and technical expertise Deutsche Gesellschaft für siemens.com Gesellschaft für and tried and tested management know-how to deliver Internationale Zusammenarbeit www.water.siemens.com Internationale demand-driven, tailor-made and effective services for (GIZ) GmbH Zusammenar- sustainable development. They support their partners at Dag-Hammarskjöld-Weg 1-5 GE Water and GE Water and Process Technologies provides water treat- GE Water & Process beit (GIZ) local, regional, national and international level in designing 65760 Eschborn, Germany Process ment, wastewater treatment and process systems solutions. Technologies Worldwide strategies and meeting their policy goals. Technologies GE’s portfolio of water and process technologies includes 4636 Somerton T: +49 6196 79 0 separation equipment, membrane and filtration technology, Trevose, PA 19053-6783, USA F: +49 6196 79 1115 monitoring solutions, analytical instruments, specialty chemi- Email: [email protected] cals, mobile water capabilities, and consulting services. T: +1 (215) 355-3300 www.giz.de www.gewater.com CH2M HILL CH2M Hill is an engineer-procure-construct company that CH2M HILL World Headquarters ABB Technology and consultancy with regard to desalination ABB Ltd offers this wide spectrum of expertise, knowledge, and ser- 9191 South Jamaica Street plants, municipal water treatment plants, municipal wastewa- Affolternstrasse 44 vices across varied industries and government agencies. Englewood, CO 80112, USA ter treatment and recycling, network management solutions CH-8050 Zurich, Switzerland The company offers to plan, design, build, upgrade, ex- for real-time monitoring and control of distributed water pand, modernise, renovate, retool, optimise, and operate T: +1 888 CH2M HILL systems, including water leakage management, motors and Tel. +41 43 317 7111 infrastructure and facilities. It also provides services at the www.ch2m.com drivers, control products and systems, SCADA systems. www.abb.com end of assets’ life such as decommissioning, decontamina- tion, and , and restoration for new uses. Miya Group Miya is a global provider of comprehensive urban water Miya Luxemburg Holdings S.a.r.l efficiency solutions, including Non-Revenue Water (NRW) 46A. Avenue J.F Kennedy Hindustan The company’s services span across diverse segments Hindustan Construction Co. Ltd. reduction. The Company’s solution includes audit of a ’s L-1855 Luxembourg Construction such as transportation, power, marine projects, oil and gas Hincon House, LBS Marg, Vikhroli water system, full project planning, execution and mainte- Company India pipeline , irrigation and water supply, utilities (W), Mumbai - 400083 nance. T: +352 42 717 1274 and urban infrastructure. Its core businesses are hydro F: +352 42 1961 power sector, nuclear power and special projects unit, T: +91 22 2575 1000 Email: [email protected] engineering procurement and construction (EPC) business F: +91 22 25775732 www.miya-water.com unit, water solutions business unit, and transportation busi- Email: [email protected] ness unit. www. hccindia.com Paques Paques develops anaerobic water purification systems that Paques BV produce energy from wastewater whilst purifying the water T. de Boerstraat 24 Halcrow Halcrow delivers planning, design and management ser- Halcrow and facilitating water reuse. Among others, Paques produces 8561 EL Balk, The Netherlands vices for developing infrastructure and buildings worldwide. Elms House, 43 Brook Green technologies for advanced nutrient removal from effluent, ul- We contribute to the construction, operation and main- London, W6 7EF, United Kingdom tra compact sewage treatment, back- treatment, biogas T: +31 514 60 85 00 tenance of the built environment, and the protection, en- desulphurisation for green energy. F: +31 514 60 33 42 hancement and maintenance of the natural environment. T:+44 20 3479 8000 Email: [email protected] F:+44 20 3479 8001 www.paques.nl www.halcrow.com

Delivery Agents Wavin Group Wavin is a manufacturer of plastic pipes and fittings for Stationsplein 3 This is an indicative list of “delivery agents” (private, public and NGO entities) who can act as advisers, evalu- many applications: gas, water, sewer systems, building, P.O. Box 173, 8000 Ad Zwolle ators or solution providers. Other providers and advisors (international, national, regional or local) do exist, but land drainage, cable ducting and irrigation. It provides The Netherlands have not been included in this overview, which merely gives examples of the competence available. It does not solutions for safe distribution of drinking water, sustain- represent an endorsement of a particular provider or adviser, nor does SIWI provide any judgment on the capac- able management of rainwater and wastewater, energy T: +31 38 429 49 11 ity of those included. efficiency heating and cooling for buildings. F: +31 38 429 42 38 www.wavin.com 26 27 Industrial A CatalogueA Catalogue of Good of Good Practices Practices in Water in Water Use Use Efficency Efficency – A –Pilot A PilotPhase Phase Report Report Agricultural | Municipal | Industrial

Industrial Water Use Efficiency: Recycling and Cooling – India Photo: Björn Gutenstam

Project overview Shree Cement is one of the top five cement manu- In addition to this, the traditional Water Cooled facturers and power producers in India. Located Condenser (WCC) systems, with evaporation loss- in semi-arid water scarce regions, water recycling es of more than 2.7 l/kWh, have been replaced with and water conservation practices have been im- Air Cooled Condenser (ACC) systems to further im- plemented in various ways at all Shree Cement prove water efficiency. The company has devised District: Beawar plants. The company has adopted a “No discharge rainwater harvesting and groundwater recharge Province: Rajasthan of wastewater” policy i.e. 100 per cent utilisation practices that have increased water availability for Country: India of water, to prevent contamination of groundwater both the factory operations and the nearby com- and reduce damage to the ecology and the poten- munities. Furthermore, the company has replaced costs • The total costs for the reverse osmosis water 55,153 per year. Treatment of sewage water tial health impact on the communities who source underground pipes with overhead pipes so that recycling facilities are: Capital investment: through STPs gave a financial benefit of USD drinking water from linked groundwater sources. leaks can be easily detected and repaired. USD 281,250 and Operational cost: USD 16,680. As part of its sustainable water management Although Shree Cement’s water conservation 46,819 per year. Through installation of the ACCs, water sav- program, Shree Cement has installed Sewage measures are a private initiative, future potential • Shree Cement also installed Sewage Treat- ings of approximately 793,500 m3 per year have Treatment Plants (STP) and secondary Reverse public-private partnerships have been identified ment Plants (STPs) for recycling domestic been achieved. The company has installed Osmosis plants (RO-2). The STPs treat domestic for the utilisation of the domestic waste water gen- water at five of its locations (Beawar, Ras, India’s largest ACC at its Shree Mega Power wastewater generated by the company’s hous- erated outside Shree Cement’s plant boundary in Khushkhera, Suratgarh and Roorkee). The Plant, which will result in water savings of about ing settlements and supply it back to the factories order to further replace the use of fresh water for total cost for installation of STPs was USD 18.72 million m3 per year. This not only reduces where it is used for plantations and dust suppres- industrial purposes. 558,334. water consumption but avoids use or disposal sion by spraying of and stock- • The total cost for installation of Air Cooled of wastewater from water cooled condensers. piles. The RO-2 plants treat the reject of the prima- Condensers (ACCs) at all power plants was Remaining challenges include developing a ry RO plants (RO-1). The reject of the RO-2 plants USD 33 million which comprises of: technology to utilise water with a high concen- themselves was initially used in gas conditioning – Installation cost of USD 15.52 million for tration of total dissolved solids while minimising in the cement plants but, after installation of waste ACC at 300 MW thermal power plants. wear and tear of equipment and the installation heat recovery-based green power systems, water – Installation cost of USD 17.38 million for of rainwater harvesting technology tailored to requirements have been reduced and the water is ACC at captive power plants and WHR water-scarce and semi-arid conditions. now used in ash quenching and synthetic based GPP. Shree Cement is one of 16 companies of . Cost effectiveness related to the installation of emerging recognised as New Sus- the ACCs is estimated at USD 1.76 per m3 of wa- tainability Champions in 2011 by the World Eco- ter savings. nomic Forum. Shree Cement has also received several national and international awards for its results water management and sustainability efforts. Water recycling and reuse has reduced Shree Cement’s water demand while simultaneously realising average financial savings of USD

3030 2030 Water Resources Group 31 A CatalogueA Catalogue of Good of Good Practices Practices in Water in Water Use Use Efficency Efficency – A –Pilot A PilotPhase Phase Report Report Agricultural | Municipal | Industrial

Industrial Water Use Efficiency: Water Recovery – South Africa Photo: Alastair Morisson

Project overview Nestlé, the world’s largest food and beverage com- The water conservation programme included im- pany, recognises effective water resource man- proved water usage measurement and conduct- agement as a strategic issue for the company and ing an employee awareness campaign. The dis- has enshrined it as one of the three focus areas of semination and advertising of the results from its ‘Creating Shared Value’ approach. these initiatives spurs continuous improvement. District: Mossel Bay Nestlé’s milk products factory in Mossel Bay The second phase, currently underway, aims Province: Western Cape achieved a 54 per cent reduction in water con- to reduce water use by Nestlé’s milk suppliers, by Country: South Africa sumption between October 2009 and May 2010 at improving the water use efficiency in growing feed a time when the area was experiencing its worst for the cattle. This is being done by installing soil costs drought in recorded history. This project consti- moisture metering to prevent over-irrigation. The company spent ZAR 1,200,000 on the con- tuted the first phase of a programme to increase The third phase will aim to make the Mossel Bay densate recovery equipment and an additional water use efficiency in the supply chain of Nestlé’s factory a zero water intake factory, no wa- ZAR 800,000 on the other water-saving retrofits. Mossel Bay factory. The purpose of this phase was ter from outside the plant. This entails that some of The marginal cost of water-saving retrofits is to reduce water consumption at its milk products the recovered condensate water will be treated to estimated at USD 8.79 per m3 of water savings1. factory in Mossel Bay, whereby Nestlé purchased potable standard so that it may be used for clean- and installed equipment to recover water through ing the interior of the factory machinery as well as results condensation. The factory receives about 340m3 of the exterior. Through this project, water usage was reduced fresh milk per day. About 83 per cent of the volume Two other Nestlé factories, in India and Chile, from 25,000m3 to 11,500m3 per month between of milk is water; so the condensation of the water have since installed condensate recovery technol- October 2009 and May 2010 at the same lev- evaporated from the milk in order to produce pow- ogy, inspired by the results achieved at Mossel Bay. el of production, resulting in water usage per dered and condensed milk products yields over Group-wide, Nestlé’s efforts through various tonne of product decreasing from 17m3 in 2009 250m3 of water per day. This water was previously projects aimed at conserving water in different to 8.2m3 in 2010. released to the atmosphere as steam, but is now stages of the supply chain have earned the com- The project has raised awareness on water recovered and used for various industrial purposes pany the 2011 Stockholm Industry Water Award. conservation among Nestlé staff, as well as such as washing the exterior of the plant equipment other local industries, farmers and the commu- and milk tankers. Additional immediate water sav- nity through dissemination of the results of the ing measures were introduced, such as shortening project. automated wash times and modifying hose pipe Less water is required from the municipality, nozzles and showerheads to reduce water flow. freeing up water for other users.

1 The marginal cost was estimated with 10 per cent interest rate and 10 years lifetime of the equipment.

3232 2030 Water Resources Group 33 A CatalogueA Catalogue of Good of Good Practices Practices in Water in Water Use Use Efficency Efficency – A –Pilot A PilotPhase Phase Report Report Agricultural | Municipal | Industrial

Industrial Water Use Efficiency: Control and Reuse – Bangladesh Photo: Saleem Taqvi

Project overview Bangladesh has a long history in the textile busi- Based on the assessments, 47 cleaner production ness and is the world’s second largest knitwear ex- measures were proposed, grouped into the follow- porter. Textile exports are a major source of foreign ing broad categories: exchange earnings. The textile production process • General upkeep improvement measures; is a large water user with significant consumptive • Process control and environmental optimisation District: Dhaka water use per kilogram of fabric produced. Water measures; Province: Dhaka for production is sourced from groundwater that • Thermal energy conservation measures; Country: Bangladesh has been over-abstracted since the mid-1980s. In • Electrical energy conservation measures. addition, the country’s rivers are being impacted costs 3 by from the textile, tannery and and The specific water-related measures included The pilot phase direct investment was USD mately 10,500,000 m of water per year. paper industries. leakage repair, installation of steam traps, steam 483,869, with varying amounts invested in the The project also resulted in substantial sav- In response, the International Finance Cor- condensate recovery, water flow metering and twelve factories. The pilot project targeted the ings in electricity (4.45 GWh) and 3 poration (IFC), in partnership with UKAid, Norad fitting of water trigger nozzles. Leakage repair ‘lower-hanging fruits’ that required little capital (9,830,000 m ). and Dutch international development group Soli- reduces water loss through leaking pipes; steam investments and imposed minimal disruption to Data from the Cleaner Production pilot project daridad, launched the Cleaner Production (CP) traps reduce steam loss and pipe erosion; steam operations. showed that it was possible to achieve annual programme to reduce the overall environmental condensate recovery facilitates water reuse; water A conservative estimation of the cost effec- cost savings of approximately USD 1,000,000 and resource impact of the Bangladeshi textile flow metering enables operators to monitor water tiveness of those water related measures re- by these twelve firms, double the amount in- 3 industry. Six major international buyers – Hennes consumption and detect problems as they arise; veals an investment cost of USD 0.60 per m of vested. Assuming similar distribution of factory & Mauritz (H&M), KappAhl, Lindex, Mothercare, water trigger nozzles ensure that water is only re- water savings. and production sizes across the industry, adop- Levi’s, and WE Fashion, also participated, along leased when necessary. tion of Cleaner Production by the whole sector, with local technical partners Adroit Environment results which comprises 1,700 firms, could yield annual Consultants Ltd (AECL) and Reed Consulting At the start of the pilot project phase, all twelve savings of approximately USD 70,000,000. (Bangladesh) Ltd. The one-year pilot phase of participating factories exceeded the benchmark These improvements in water use efficiency the CP programme was launched in August 2010. water use of 111 litres per kilogram of fabric pro- reduce the pressure on groundwater and sur- Cleaner Production Assessments were conducted duced by a factor of three to four. face water. A related benefit is reduced green- at the twelve participating factories. The assess- The project resulted in direct savings of house gas emissions due to lower en- ments indicated substantial potential savings and 808,712 m3 of water and 7, 626 tonnes of steam ergy consumption, achieved through improved performance improvement through implementa- in the first year, as well as indirect savings of energy efficiency. tion of options that were technically simple and 73,652 m3 due to reduced steam consumption. required very little upfront investment. If the whole textile processing sector adopts Cleaner Production as efficiently as the pilot project firms did, it is possible to save approxi-

3434 2030 Water Resources Group 35 Dow Dow’s diversified industry-leading portfolio of specialty chemi- The Dow Chemical Company Delivery Agents – Industrial Chemical cal, advanced materials, agrosciences and plastics busi- 2030 Dow Center Company nesses delivers a broad range of technology-based products Midland, Michigan and solutions to customers in high growth sectors such as 48674, USA Company Range Head Office electronics, water, energy, coatings and agriculture. of Services Contact Details T: +1 989 636-1000 www.dow.com ABB Technology and consultancy in water transfer systems, ABB Ltd industrial wastewater treatment and recycling, distribution Affolternstrasse 44 Veolia Water Veolia Water Solutions & Technologies serves industrial Veolia Water Solutions networks, pumping stations, irrigation networks desalina- CH-8050 Zurich, Switzerland Solutions & clients to deliver engineering and turnkey design and build & Technologies tion plants, potable treatment plants. Technology products Technologies projects, and provide client-tailored water treatment solutions L’Aquarène, 1 place Montgolfier for electrical and automation processes in all water industry T: +41 43 317 7111 and associated services. They provide expertise in reusing, 94417, Saint Maurice, France applications, including control products and Programmable www.abb.com recycling, and leveraging value from water. Logic Controls, SCADA systems. T: +33 1 45 11 55 55 F: +33 1 45 11 55 80 Grundfos Technology and consultancy for pumps, active leakage con- Grundfos Holding A/S www.veoliawaterst.com trol, water supply (water intake, water treatment, distribution) Poul Due Jensens Vej 7 and wastewater (wastewater treatment and ). DK-8850 Bjerringbro, Denmark Solidaridad Solidaridad is an international network organisation with nine Solidaridad Nederland Regional Expertise Centres (RECs) worldwide that works on ‘t Goylaan 15, 3525 AA Utrecht T: +45 87 50 1400 creating sustainable supply chains from the producer to the The Netherlands F: +45 87 50 1402 consumer. This enables producers in developing countries to www.grundfos.com get a better price for better products and it helps to preserve T: +31 30 272 03 13 the environment. It helps companies in the marketplace to F: + 31 30 272 01 94 Royal Consultancy in an extensive range of multi-disciplinary Royal Haskoning implement Corporate Social Responsibility and find sustain- Email: [email protected] Haskoning services that relate to sustainable solutions in urban areas Barbarossastraat 35 able suppliers. www.solidaridad.nl and buildings, infrastructure and ports, industry and energy, 6522 DK Nijmegen water and environment. The Netherlands Pentair Pentair X-Flow has expertise and experience in water X-Flow BV X-Flow purification, ranging from producing potable water to treating Marssteden 50 T: +31 24 328 42 84 process water and wastewater. The company produces a 7547 TC ENSCHEDE F: +31 24 323 93 46 wide range of standard membranes and modules for filtration The Netherlands www.royalhaskoning.com and purification processes for a variety of industries. T: +31 53 428 7350 Siemens Siemens Water Technologies provides comprehensive, Siemens AG F: +31 53 428 7351 Water and cost-effective and reliable treatment systems and services, Wittelsbacherplatz 2 Email: [email protected] Wastewater such as emergency water supply and conventional water 80312 Munich, Germany www.x-flow.com treatment processes, wastewater reuse systems, mem- brane bioreactors, UV disinfection systems and RO cleaning T: +1 866 926 8420 DHV The DHV Group is a leading engineering consultancy provid- DHV contracts. It provides market specific solutions for food and Email: information.water@ ing integrated solutions in the fields of transportation, aviation, Laan 1914 no 35, 3818 EX beverage industry, life sciences, marine industry, mining siemens.com water and environment. Amersfoort, The Netherlands industry, oil and gas industry, power industry, semiconductor www.water.siemens.com and solar industry, and aquatic and leisure solutions. T: +31 33 468 37 00 Email: [email protected] Xylem Inc Technology providers and consulting services in wastewater Xylem Inc. www.dhvgroup.com and dewatering pumps, biologic treatments, filtration and 133 Westchester Avenue disinfection products for municipal and industrial use. White Plains, NY, 10604. USA Ecolab-Nalco Nalco provides water treatment, process-focused programs, Nalco Company WPS Headquarters and emissions reduction across a broad range of end users 1601 W. Diehl Road T: +1 914 323 5700 for applications related to water, energy, air, pulp and paper, Naperville, Il 60563-1198 F: +1 914 323 5800 and mining systems.Ecolab delivers comprehensive programs www.xylemwatersolutions.com and services to , food and beverage processing, T: 630-305-1000 healthcare, and hospitality markets. F: 630-305-2900 Wavin European manufacturer of plastic pipes and fittings for many Wavin Group www.nalco.com Group applications; gas, water, sewer systems, building, land drain- Stationsplein 3, P.O. Box 173 age, cable ducting and irrigation. 8000 AD ZWOLLE Novozymes Novozymes is a biotech company with a strong focus on Novozymes A/S The Netherlands enzyme production. Its core business is industrial enzymes, Krogshoejvej 36, 2880 Bagsvaerd microorganisms, and biopolymers. It provides cost savings, Denmark T: +31 38 429 4911 product improvements and greener productions for applica- F: +31 38 429 4238 tions in agriculture, bioenergy, biopharma, food and bever- T: +45 4446 0000 www.wavin.com ages, household care, , pulp and paper, textile, and F: +45 4446 9999 wastewater solutions. www.novozymes.com Koch Koch Membrane Systems is a developer and manufacturer Koch Membrane Systems Inc Membrane of innovative membrane filtration systems to serve a broad 850 Main Street Delivery Agents Systems Inc array of industries and markets, including water and wastewa- Wilmington, Massachusetts This is an indicative list of “delivery agents” (private, public and NGO entities) who can act as advisers, evalu- ter process; dairy and juice, and wine processing, industrial 01887-3388, USA ators or solution providers. Other providers and advisors (international, national, regional or local) do exist, but biotechnology. have not been included in this overview, which merely gives examples of the competence available. It does not It also helps industries in reducing their water footprint, in- T: +1 888 677 KOCH represent an endorsement of a particular provider or adviser, nor does SIWI provide any judgment on the capac- creasing productivity, and lowering operating costs. T: +1 978 694 7000 ity of those included. 36 www.kochmembrane.com 37

Way forward WRG, with the support of key knowledge partners, will continue to develop this catalogue’s completeness and interactivity with an online version forecasted. In this regard, WRG seeks to engage existing and new countries for feedback and support in the subsequent design phases of the catalogue. This will ensure that it is innovative, reaches the broadest audience of us- ers and illustrates good practice across the range of levers in the WRG ‘Charting our Water Future’ report. There will be opportunities for new countries to pre- sent their priority levers for assessment in the next phase. WRG is also seeking media and knowledge partners with additional expertise in data and knowl- edge management to support the transition of the catalogue from a pilot to a full public-private, global, comprehensive knowledge base, thereby further im- proving its dissemination.