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Bogatstvo Vrsta Ptica Na Području Niša

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Bogatstvo Vrsta Ptica Na Području Niša UNIVERZITET U NIŠU PRIRODNO-MATEMATIČKI FAKULTET DEPARTMAN ZA BIOLOGIJU I EKOLOGIJU Slobodan S. Marković Bogatstvo vrsta ptica na području Niša Master rad Niš, 2020. UNIVERZITET U NIŠU PRIRODNO-MATEMATIČKI FAKULTET DEPARTMAN ZA BIOLOGIJU I EKOLOGIJU Bogatstvo vrsta ptica na području Niša Master rad Kandidat: Mentor: Slobodan S. Marković 286 prof. dr Jelka Crnobrnja-Isailović Niš, 2020. UNIVERSITY OF NIŠ FACULTY OF SCIENCES AND MATHEMATICS DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY The richness of bird species in the area of Niš Master thesis Candidate: Mentor: Slobodan S. Marković 286 PhD Jelka Crnobrnja-Isailović Niš, 2020. ZAHVALNICA Najveću zahvalnost dugujem roditeljima i bratu na pruženoj najvećoj i najiskrenijoj podršci tokom celog školovanja. Hvala vam mnogo! Zahvaljujem se mentoru na ukazanom poverenju i celokupnoj pomoći. Hvala Marku Nikoliću za svu pomoć i podršku tokom mog učenja ornitološkog sveta. Dragim kolegama iz Biološkog društva „Dr Sava Petrović“ i Društva za zaštitu i proučavanje ptica Srbije se ovom prilikom zahvaljujem na pomoći, podršci i druženju na svim terenskim istraživanjima širom Srbije; uz vas sam zavoleo biologiju i ekologiju. Marku, Milanu, Danilu, Aleksandri, Ani, Ivanu, i najviše Irini, dugujem veliku zahvalnost na velikoj pomoći u terenskim istraživanjima ovog rada! BIOGRAFIJA KANDIDATA Slobodan Marković rođen je u Leskovcu, 3. juna 1994. godine. Nakon završene osnovne škole upisuje srednju medicinsku školu u Leskovcu, smer medicinski tehničar. Srednju školu završava 2013. godine, iste godine upisuje Prirodno-matematički fakultet u Nišu, Departman za biologiju i ekologiju. Osnovne akademske studije završava 2017. godine i iste godine na istom departmanu upisuje master akademske studije, smer Ekologija i zaštita prirode. SAŽETAK U ovom radu analiziran je diverzitet ornitofaune na području gradskih opština Niša. Podaci su prikupljeni terenskim istraživanjem i pregledom literature, i predstavljaju prikaz koji obuhvata period od tri decenije. Svi podaci su prikupljeni od 17. marta 2019. godine do 6. septembra 2020. godine. Podaci su iskorišćeni za prikaz ornitofaune 5 gradskih opština Niša. Utvrđeno je da bogatstvo ornitofaune Niša čine 170 vrsta ptica, dok je na području GO Palilula zabeležen najveći broj vrsta ptica, 130 vrsta. Po IUCN statusu ugroženosti globalnih populacija, 164 vrsta ptica na području Niša ima status LC (eng. „Least Concern“ ili „Najmanja briga“), četiri vrste imaju status NT (eng. „Near Threatened“ ili „Skoro ugrožena“) i po jedna vrsta ima status VU (eng. „Vulnerable“ ili „Ranjiva“) odnosno EN („Endangered“ ili „Ugrožena“). Sa 170 vrsta, u ovom radu je obrađeno skoro 32% ornitofaune Evrope i skoro 50% ornitofaune Srbije. Ključne reči: Ptice, ornitofauna, grad Niš, diverzitet, IUCN. ABSTRACT This study analyzes the diversity of ornithofauna in the city municipalities of Niš. The data were collected through field research and literature review, and represent a review covering a period of three decades. All data were collected in the period from March 17, 2019 to September 6, 2020. The data were used to show the ornithofauna of 5 city municipalities of Nis. It was determined that the richness of the ornithofauna of Nis consists of 170 species of birds, while the largest number of bird species, 130 species, was recorded in the area of city municipality of Palilula. According to the IUCN threatened status of global populations, 164 species in the area of Niš have the status of LC („Least Concern“), 4 species of NT („Near Threatened“) and one species with the status of VU („Vulnerable“) and EN („Endangered“). With 170 species, almost 32% of the ornithofauna of Europe and almost 50% of the ornithofauna of Serbia were treated in this paper. Key words: Birds, ornithofauna, city of Niš, divesity, IUCN. SADRŽAJ: 1. UVOD ................................................................................................................................................... 9 1.1. Opšte odlike i ekologija ptica ....................................................................................................................... 9 1.2. Migracije ptica ........................................................................................................................................... 10 1.3. Bogatstvo vrsta ptica na području Evrope i Srbije ..................................................................................... 11 1.4. Istorija istraživanja ornitofaune Srbije i Niša ............................................................................................. 11 1.5. Faktori ugrožavanja ptica ........................................................................................................................... 12 1.6. Ciljevi istraživanja ..................................................................................................................................... 13 2. MATERIJAL I METODE .................................................................................................................. 14 2.1. Područje istraživanja .................................................................................................................................. 14 2.1.1. Opšte odlike grada Niša ...................................................................................................... 14 2.1.2. Položaj, granice i demografija opština ................................................................................ 15 2.1.3. Hidrologija .......................................................................................................................... 17 2.1.4. Klimatske karakteristike ..................................................................................................... 17 2.2. Rad na terenu .................................................................................................................................................... 17 2.2.1. Metodologija terenskih istraživanja .................................................................................... 18 2.2.2. Metodologija određivanja statusa ugroženosti .................................................................... 19 3. REZULTATI ....................................................................................................................................... 21 3.1. Skoro ugrožene i ugrožene globalne populacije vrsta ptica koje su zabeležene na području Niša ............ 32 4. DISKUSIJA ........................................................................................................................................ 35 5. ZAKLJUČAK ..................................................................................................................................... 39 6. LITERATURA ................................................................................................................................... 40 7. SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................................ 43 8 1. UVOD Ptice su kosmopolitska grupa životinja. Zbog sposobnosti letenja i sposobnosti privikavanja na spoljašnje uticaje sredine naseljavaju sve delove naše planete. Brojnost vrsta ptica u svetu je procenjena na preko 11.110 (HBW i BirdLife International, 2019). Iako su jedna od najbolje istraženih grupa organizama, svake godine naučnici otkrivaju nove vrste. Ova otkrića se dešavaju najčešće u tropskim oblastima i to zahvaljujući razvitku molekularno-genetičkih metoda (Matović, 2018). 1.1. Opšte odlike i ekologija ptica Ptice spadaju u evolutivno mladu grupu kičmenjaka, koju karakterišu perje, kljun bez zuba, lake pneumatične kosti i dobro razvijen grudni koš. Ptice su dvonožni organizmi kojima su prednji ekstremiteti evoluirali u krila. Sve ove osobine su adaptacije koje su omogućile pticama da lete. Prisustvo perja je karakteristika kojom se današnje ptice razlikuju od svih ostalih živih organizama. Pero se sastoji od drške, badrljice i zastave. Uloga pera u letenju je već pomenuta, međutim pero je zaslužno i za održavanje stalne telesne temperature. Upravo ove dve uloge omogućile su kosmopolitsko rasprostranjenje ptica. U zavisnosti od uloge, kod ptica možemo razlikovati pera različite veličine, oblika, obojenosti, gustine i slično. Tako razlikujemo letna pera koja pticama omogućavaju veću aerodinamičnost i ukrasna pera koja su odlika polnog dimorfizma, odlikuju seksualno zrele jedinke, ali takođe mogu imati ulogu u lakšem kamufliranju ptica u njihovom karakterističnom staništu. Paperje kod ptica ima isključivo ulogu u termoregulaciji (Matović, 2018). Ishrana ptica je raznolika i zavisi od vrste. Iako su tokom evolucije izgubile krupne vilice i zube, ptice su dobile svojevrsni alat za konzumiranje raznovrsne hrane - kljun. Ptice su, tokom evolucije, razvile različite forme kljunova, pa svaka forma omogućava konzumiranje specifične hrane. Kod ptica koje imaju raznovrsnu ishranu, forma kljuna je takva da omogućava gutanje insekata, otvaranje plodova, ali i lomljenje egzoskeleta insekata. Detlići i žune imaju dug kljun sa dugim jezikom za bušenje šupljina u drvetu i konzumiranje insekata, a kod njih je prisutna i 9 specijalna adaptacija lobanje koja sprečava oštećenje mozga prilikom bušenja. Grabljivice imaju kljun koji služi za cepanje mesa i ubijanje plena, dok lešinari imaju jak kljun kojim mogu čak i da lome kosti. Ptice vodenih staništa imaju kljunove koji im omogućavaju lak lov riba ili filtriranje vode i bentosa i konzumiranje algi, puževa, i drugih beskičmenjaka. Ptice koje se hrane filtriranjem
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