Neuroscience in Space

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

G. Clément, M.F. Reschke Neuroscience in Space ▶ Designed for the general scientific reader this book offers an overview of neuroscience research performed in space ▶ Describes each project and the reason why it was done with illustrations, rationale and hypothesis, and a summary of results ▶ Includes reference lists that guide readers to the published papers from experiments ▶ Represents a legacy of what has been learned on brain mechanisms and functions through research done in space as well as a guide for what could be investigated in the future This book offers an overview of neuroscience research performed in space since the 2008, XIV, 322 p. 120 illus., 20 illus. in color. observations made during the first manned space flights to the detailed scientific investigations currently being carried out onboard the International Space Station. This book is for the general scientific reader. Each project and the reason why it was done is Printed book described with illustrations, rationale and hypothesis, and a summary of results. Also, reference lists guide readers to the published papers from experiments. This book is a Softcover legacy of what we have learned on brain mechanisms and functions through research ▶ 39,99 € | £34.99 | $49.99 done in space, and a guide for what could be investigated in the future. ▶ *42,79 € (D) | 43,99 € (A) | CHF 47.50 Dr. Millard (Mill) Reschke (left) and Dr. Gilles Clément (right), have conducted research eBook primarily in the areas of spatial orientation, sensorimotor function, postural ataxia, space motion sickness, and visual-vestibular performance. Dr. Clément is Director of Research Available from your bookstore or at the French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) in Toulouse, France. Dr. ▶ springer.com/shop Reschke is NASA's Senior Neuroscientist and sensorimotor science lead at the Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas. Both together and individually they have participated MyCopy as investigators for experiments on nearly 100 different space flights ranging from the Apollo missions, Skylab, Shuttle, Salyut, Mir, and the International Space Station. They Printed eBook for just are currently involved with developing sensorimotor countermeasures for long-duration ▶ € | $ 24.99 space flight, experiments on board the ISS and assisting with preparations for the future ▶ springer.com/mycopy lunar and Mars flights. Order online at springer.com ▶ or for the Americas call (toll free) 1-800-SPRINGER ▶ or email us at: [email protected]. ▶ For outside the Americas call +49 (0) 6221-345-4301 ▶ or email us at: [email protected]. The first € price and the £ and $ price are net prices, subject to local VAT. Prices indicated with * include VAT for books; the €(D) includes 7% for Germany, the €(A) includes 10% for Austria. Prices indicated with ** include VAT for electronic products; 19% for Germany, 20% for Austria. All prices exclusive of carriage charges. Prices and other details are subject to change without notice. All errors and omissions excepted..

Copy Link

Recommended publications

A Review of Alterations to the Brain During Spaceflight and the Potential
www.nature.com/npjmgrav REVIEW ARTICLE OPEN A review of alterations to the brain during spaceflight and the potential relevance to crew in long-duration space exploration ✉ Meaghan Roy-O’Reilly 1,2 , Ajitkumar Mulavara3 and Thomas Williams4 During spaceflight, the central nervous system (CNS) is exposed to a complex array of environmental stressors. However, the effects of long-duration spaceflight on the CNS and the resulting impact to crew health and operational performance remain largely unknown. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge regarding spaceflight-associated changes to the brain as measured by magnetic resonance imaging, particularly as they relate to mission duration. Numerous studies have reported macrostructural changes to the brain after spaceflight, including alterations in brain position, tissue volumes and cerebrospinal fluid distribution and dynamics. Changes in brain tissue microstructure and connectivity were also described, involving regions related to vestibular, cerebellar, visual, motor, somatosensory and cognitive function. Several alterations were also associated with exposure to analogs of spaceflight, providing evidence that brain changes likely result from cumulative exposure to multiple independent environmental stressors. Whereas several studies noted that changes to the brain become more pronounced with increasing mission duration, it remains unclear if these changes represent compensatory phenomena or maladaptive dysregulations. Future work is needed to understand how spaceflight-associated changes to the brain affect crew health and performance, with the goal of developing comprehensive monitoring and countermeasure strategies for future long-duration space exploration. npj Microgravity (2021) 7:5 ; https://doi.org/10.1038/s41526-021-00133-z 1234567890():,; BACKGROUND with increased mission length4,8,9.
[Show full text]
Appendix Program Managers/Acknowledgments
Flight Information Appendix Program Managers/Acknowledgments Selected Readings Acronyms Contributors’ Biographies Index Image of a Legac y—The Final Re-entry Appendix 517 Flight Information Approx. Orbiter Enterprise STS Flight No. Orbiter Crew Launch Mission Approach and Landing Test Flights and Crew Patch Name Members Date Days 1 Columbia John Young (Cdr) 4/12/1981 2 Robert Crippen (Plt) Captive-Active Flights— High-speed taxi tests that proved the Shuttle Carrier Aircraft, mated to Enterprise, could steer and brake with the Orbiter perched 2 Columbia Joe Engle (Cdr) 11/12/1981 2 on top of the airframe. These fights featured two-man crews. Richard Truly (Plt) Captive-Active Crew Test Mission Flight No. Members Date Length 1 Fred Haise (Cdr) 6/18/1977 55 min 46 s Gordon Fullerton (Plt) 2 Joseph Engle (Cdr) 6/28/1977 62 min 0 s 3 Columbia Jack Lousma (Cdr) 3/22/1982 8 Richard Truly (Plt) Gordon Fullerton (Plt) 3 Fred Haise (Cdr) 7/26/1977 59 min 53 s Gordon Fullerton (Plt) Free Flights— Flights during which Enterprise separated from the Shuttle Carrier Aircraft and landed at the hands of a two-man crew. 4 Columbia Thomas Mattingly (Cdr) 6/27/1982 7 Free Flight No. Crew Test Mission Henry Hartsfield (Plt) Members Date Length 1 Fred Haise (Cdr) 8/12/1977 5 min 21 s Gordon Fullerton (Plt) 5 Columbia Vance Brand (Cdr) 11/11/1982 5 2 Joseph Engle (Cdr) 9/13/1977 5 min 28 s Robert Overmyer (Plt) Richard Truly (Plt) William Lenoir (MS) 3 Fred Haise (Cdr) 9/23/1977 5 min 34 s Joseph Allen (MS) Gordon Fullerton (Plt) 4 Joseph Engle (Cdr) 10/12/1977 2 min 34 s Richard Truly (Plt) 5 Fred Haise (Cdr) 10/26/1977 2 min 1 s 6 Challenger Paul Weitz (Cdr) 4/4/1983 5 Gordon Fullerton (Plt) Karol Bobko (Plt) Story Musgrave (MS) Donald Peterson (MS) The Space Shuttle Numbering System The first nine Space Shuttle flights were numbered in sequence from STS -1 to STS-9.
[Show full text]
Structural Brain Changes Following Long-Term 6° Head-Down Tilt Bed Rest As an Analog for Spaceflight
ORIGINAL RESEARCH ADULT BRAIN Structural Brain Changes following Long-Term 6° Head-Down Tilt Bed Rest as an Analog for Spaceflight D.R. Roberts, X. Zhu, A. Tabesh, E.W. Duffy, D.A. Ramsey, and T.R. Brown ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Following long-term spaceflight, a subset of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration astro- nauts present with visual impairment and increased intracranial pressure, known as visual impairment and intracranial pressure syndrome. We investigated structural brain changes following long-term head-down tilt bed rest as a spaceflight analog. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Volumetric analysis was performed on structural pre- and post–bed rest brain MR images. RESULTS: Comparing post–bed rest to pre–bed rest images, we found the following: 1) no significant group differences in GM, WM, CSF, or ventricular volumes; 2) shift of the center of mass of the brain upward and posterior rotation of the brain relative to the skull; 3) a significant correlation between posterior brain rotation and changes in ventricular volume; and 4) significant increases in brain tissue density in regions at the vertex, including the frontoparietal lobes, with contraction of adjacent extra-axial CSF spaces, and significant decreases in tissue density in areas along the base of the brain, including the orbitofrontal cortex. CONCLUSIONS: We observed widespread morphologic changes with brain tissue redistribution in response to gravity changes; possible associated functional changes are unknown. The observation that ventricular change is correlated to posterior brain rotation suggests an alteration in CSF homeostasis. Ultimately, to elucidate any structural changes that may play a role in visual impairment and intracranial pressure syndrome, volumetric analysis of pre- and postflight structural scans of astronauts is needed.
[Show full text]
Human Factors in Space Exploration Patricia M. Jones, Phd, NASA
Human Factors in Space Exploration Patricia M. Jones, PhD, NASA Ames Research Center Edna Fiedler, PhD, National Space Biomedical Research Institute Chapter Draft for Review of Human Factors and Ergonomics, Volume 6 1. Introduction The exploration of space is one of the most fascinating domains to study from a human factors perspective. Like other complex work domains such as aviation (Pritchett and Kim, 2008), air traffic management (Durso and Manning, 2008), health care (Morrow, North, and Wickens, 2006), homeland security (Cooke and Winner, 2008), and vehicle control (Lee, 2006), space exploration is a large-scale sociotechnical work domain characterized by complexity, dynamism, uncertainty, and risk in real-time operational contexts (Perrow, 1999; Woods et ai, 1994). Nearly the entire gamut of human factors issues - for example, human automation interaction (Sheridan and Parasuraman, 2006), telerobotics, display and control design (Smith, Bennett, and Stone, 2006), usability, anthropometry (Chaffin, 2008), biomechanics (Marras and Radwin, 2006), safety engineering, emergency operations, maintenance human factors, situation awareness (Tenney and Pew, 2006), crew resource management (Salas et aI., 2006), methods for cognitive work analysis (Bisantz and Roth, 2008) and the like -- are applicable to astronauts, mission control, operational medicine, Space Shuttle manufacturing and assembly operations, and space suit designers as they are in other work domains (e.g., Bloomberg, 2003; Bos et ai, 2006; Brooks and Ince, 1992; Casler and Cook, 1999; Jones, 1994; McCurdy et ai, 2006; Neerincx et aI., 2006; Olofinboba and Dorneich, 2005; Patterson, Watts-Perotti and Woods, 1999; Patterson and Woods, 2001; Seagull et ai, 2007; Sierhuis, Clancey and Sims, 2002). The human exploration of space also has unique challenges of particular interest to human factors research and practice.
[Show full text]
SPACE HABITABILITY Integrating Human Factors Into the Design Process to Enhance Habitability in Long Duration Missions
SPACE HABITABILITY Integrating Human Factors into the Design Process to Enhance Habitability in Long Duration Missions vorgelegt von Master of Science (Dottore in Disegno Industriale) Irene Lia Schlacht aus Mailand Von der Fakultät V - Verkehrs- und Maschinensysteme. der Technischen Universität Berlin zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktor der Ingenieurwissenschaften Dr. -Ing. genehmigte Dissertation Promotionsausschuss: Vorsitzender: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Klaus Brieß Berichter: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Matthias Rötting Berichter: Prof. Melchiorre Masali (Unito) Berichter: Prof. Dr. Bernard H. Foing (VU Amsterdam & ESA ESTEC) Tag der wissenschaftlichen Aussprache: 17.10.2011 Berlin 2012 D 83 NOTE: the PDF version contains hyperlinks SPACE HABITABILITY Integrating Human Factors into the Design Process to Enhance Habitability in Long Duration Missions German Title: SPACE HABITABILITY Integration von Human Factors in den Entwicklungsprozess zur Verbesserung der Bewohnbarkeit für langandauernde Weltraummissionen Candidate Master of Science (Dottore in Disegno Industriale) Irene Lia Schlacht from Milan Dissertation approved from the Chair of Human-Machine Systems Department of Psychology and Ergonomics, Faculty V Technische Universität Berlin for the degree of Doctor of Engineering Science: Dr. Ing. Supervisors: Prof. Matthias Rötting (TU-Berlin) Prof. Melchiorre Masali (Unito) Prof. Bernard H. Foing (VU Amsterdam & ESA ESTEC) Prof. Takashi Toriizuka (Nihon University) Arch. Dr. Barbara Imhof (LIQUIFERS Systems Group) Day of the scientific debate: 17.10.2011 Published from the Technische Universität Berlin Berlin 2012 ii SPACE HABITABILITY Author contact information Irene Lia Schlacht Italy: +39 320 3168723 Deutschland: +49 0176 3588 2695 E-mail: irene.schlacht mail.polimi.it ( irene.schlacht gmail.com ) This thesis is available in electronic format (PDF file) from the Technische Universität Berlin Electronic Library System at: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:83-opus-34070 Quotation: Schlacht, I.L.
[Show full text]
Mars Habitability Project at Mdrs Sensory Experience
IAC-10.E5.1.1 Updated: Berlin, MARS HABITABILITY PROJECT AT MDRS 15th October 2010 SENSORY EXPERIENCE AND CREATIVE PERFORMANCE FOR MANNED PLANETARY EXPLORATION Ms. Irene Lia Schlacht Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany, [email protected] Ms. Ayako Ono Tohoku University Graduate School of medicine, Sendai, Japan, [email protected] Prof. Scott Bates Utah State University, Logan, United States, [email protected] Ms Regina Peldszus Kingston University, London, United Kingdom, [email protected] Prof. Melchiorre Masali Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy, [email protected] Prof. Matthias Roetting Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany, [email protected] Prof. Franca Ligabue Stricker Universitá degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy, [email protected] Prof. Bernard Foing European Space Agency (ESA), Noordwijk, The Netherlands, [email protected] Dr. Artemis Westenberg The Mars Society, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, [email protected] Dr. Carol Stoker NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, United States, [email protected] KEY WORDS: Human Factors, Long Duration Missions, The Mars Habitability Project investigates Quality of Life, Habitability, Psychology, Creativity, Sensory sensory stimulation and creative interaction as Experience. elements for improving habitability and safety in ABSTRACT: In a long duration space mission LDM. This ongoing project is applied in a short- (LDM) isolation and monotony of the crew inside duration space mission simulation context at artificial habitats may lead to boredom, MDRS (Mars Society Desert Research Station) depression and lethargy. These factors impact and focuses on interaction with plants, colors, mission safety and success. Astronauts are fragrances and sounds.
[Show full text]
Appendix a NASA Research and Technology Development To
Appendix A NASA Research and Technology Development to Support Crew Health and Performance in Space Exploration Missions A. Funding Opportunity Description 1. Introduction Note: All citations of the Human Exploration Research Opportunities (HERO) Overview document refer to the 2019 version posted alongside this Appendix at HERO Overview at https://nspires.nasaprs.com/external/. To be responsive to this research solicitation, proposed studies should lead to specific products that address at least one of the three specific objectives outlined in the Human Exploration Research Opportunities (HERO) Overview document, section B.2, Goal and Specific Objectives. The proposed studies should lead to new knowledge within accepted scientific standards. Proposals should take into account the impact of sex, age, nutrition, stress, genetic predisposition, or sensitivity on other factors of importance. A thorough statistical section must be included which includes a power analysis for the estimate of sample size. When archival samples are available, the comparison of males and females should be included in the statistical section unless compelling evidence is provided that shows that no sex differences are expected. Please see the Sample Size Specification Guidelines posted on the NASA Solicitation and Proposal Integrated Review and Evaluation System (NSPIRES) solicitation download site alongside the HERO Overview document for additional information concerning sample size calculations. Proposers that request NASA archived data should fill out the Retrospective Data Request Study Feasibility Assessment Form posted alongside the HERO Overview document. Proposals must be responsive to the research emphases outlined below in order to be reviewed as significant to the goals of this solicitation. The proposed research approach must adhere to all constraints and guidelines outlined in this solicitation.
[Show full text]
Locomotor Function After Long-Duration Space Flight
Exp Brain Res (2010) 202:649–659 DOI 10.1007/s00221-010-2171-0 RESEARCH ARTICLE Locomotor function after long-duration space flight: effects and motor learning during recovery Ajitkumar P. Mulavara • Alan H. Feiveson • James Fiedler • Helen Cohen • Brian T. Peters • Chris Miller • Rachel Brady • Jacob J. Bloomberg Received: 28 October 2009 / Accepted: 12 January 2010 / Published online: 5 February 2010 Ó Springer-Verlag 2010 Abstract Astronauts returning from space flight and exhibited altered locomotor function after space flight, with performing Earth-bound activities must rapidly transition a median 48% increase in the TCC. From the fitted model from the microgravity-adapted sensorimotor state to that of we calculated that a typical subject would recover to 95% Earth’s gravity. The goal of the current study was to assess of his/her pre-flight level at approximately 15 days post- locomotor dysfunction and recovery of function after long- flight. In addition, to assess the early motor learning duration space flight using a test of functional mobility. responses after returning from space flight, we modeled Eighteen International Space Station crewmembers expe- performance over the six trials during the first post-flight riencing an average flight duration of 185 days performed session by a similar multilevel exponential relation. We the functional mobility test (FMT) pre-flight and post- found a significant positive correlation between measures flight. To perform the FMT, subjects walked at a self of long-term recovery and early motor learning selected pace through an obstacle course consisting of (P \ 0.001) obtained from the respective models. We several pylons and obstacles set up on a base of 10-cm- concluded that two types of recovery processes influence thick, medium-density foam for a total of six trials per test an astronaut’s ability to re-adapt to Earth’s gravity envi- session.
[Show full text]
Neuroscience in Space
Neuroscience in Space Gilles Clement´ · Millard F. Reschke Neuroscience in Space 123 Gilles Clément Millard F. Reschke Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition Neuroscience Laboratories UMR 5549 CNRS-Université Paul Sabatier NASA Johnson Space Center FacultédeMédecine de Rangueil Mail Code SK-272 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9 2101 NASA Parkway France Houston, Texas 77058-3696 [email protected] USA [email protected] ISBN: 978-0-387-78949-1 e-ISBN: 978-0-387-78950-7 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-78950-7 Library of Congress Control Number: 2008927058 c 2008 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC., 233 Spring Street, New York, NY10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. Cover illustrations: Design by Sean Collins, NASA Johnson Space Center. Images: Nebula, courtesy of NASA; Neuron Forest, provided by Alzheimer’s Association, artist: Stacy Janis. Authors’ photograph: Angie Bukley. Background image: Aurora Programme, courtesy of ESA, AOES Medialab. Printed on acid-free paper 987654321 springer.com PREFACE Why write this book? Of all the intricate components of the human body, the central nervous system is the most responsive to the environment, detecting and responding to changes immediately.
[Show full text]
Evidence Report
Evidence Report: Risk of Impaired Control of Spacecraft/Associated Systems and Decreased Mobility Due to Vestibular/Sensorimotor Alterations Associated with Space flight Approved for Public Release: June 6, 2016 Human Research Program Human Health Countermeasures Element National Aeronautics and Space Administration Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Houston, Texas 1 CURRENT CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS: Jacob J. Bloomberg NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX Millard F. Reschke NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX Gilles R. Clément Wyle Science Technology & Engineering Group, Houston, TX Ajitkumar P. Mulavara Universities Space Research Association, Houston, TX Laura C. Taylor Wyle Science Technology & Engineering Group, Houston, TX PREVIOUS CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS: William H. Paloski NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX Charles M. Oman Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA Scott J. Wood Azusa Pacific University, Azusa, CA Deborah L. Harm NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX Brian T. Peters Wyle Science Technology & Engineering Group, Houston, TX James P. Locke NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX Leland S. Stone NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS I. PRD RISK TITLE: RISK OF IMPAIRED CONTROL OF SPACECRAFT/ASSOCIATED SYSTEMS AND DECREASED MOBILITY DUE TO VESTIBULAR/SENSORIMOTOR ALTERATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH SPACE FLIGHT................................................................................... 7 II. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY....................................................................................................
[Show full text]
Cluster 1: Integrated Physiology - Report
Cluster 1: Integrated Physiology - Report CLUSTER1 March2012 1 The THESEUS Coordination and Support Action has received funding from the European Community’s 7th Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement n°242482. This document only reflects the views of the THESEUS Consortium. The European Commission is not liable for any use that may be made of the information contained therein. Towards Human Exploration of Space: a EUropean Strategy Cluster 1: Integrated Systems Physiology - Report Bone and muscle Cardiovascular, lungs and kidneys Immunology Neurophysiology Nutrition and metabolism THESEUS: Towards Human Exploration of Space – a European Strategy Past space missions in low Earth orbit have demonstrated that human beings can survive and work in space for long durations. However, there are pending technological, medical and psychological issues that must be solved before adventuring into longer-duration space missions (e.g. protection against ionizing radiation, psychological issues, behaviour and performance, prevention of bone loss, etc.). Furthermore, technological breakthroughs, e.g. in life support systems and recycling technologies, are required to reduce the cost of future expeditions to acceptable levels. Solving these issues will require scientific and technological breakthroughs in clinical and industrial applications, many of which will have relevance to health issues on Earth as well. Despite existing ESA and NASA studies or roadmaps, Europe still lacks a roadmap for human exploration of space approved by the European scientific and industrial communities. The objective of THESEUS is to develop an integrated life sciences research roadmap enabling European human space exploration in synergy with the ESA strategy, taking advantage of the expertise available in Europe and identifying the potential of non-space applications and dual research and development.
[Show full text]
The Effect of Spaceflight and Microgravity on the Human Brain
J Neurol DOI 10.1007/s00415-017-8427-x ORIGINAL COMMUNICATION The effect of spaceflight and microgravity on the human brain 1,2,3 4,5 6 Angelique Van Ombergen • Athena Demertzi • Elena Tomilovskaya • 7 7 6 8 Ben Jeurissen • Jan Sijbers • Inessa B. Kozlovskaya • Paul M. Parizel • 1,2 9 4 1,3,10 Paul H. Van de Heyning • Stefan Sunaert • Steven Laureys • Floris L. Wuyts Received: 9 January 2017 / Accepted: 14 February 2017 Ó The Author(s) 2017. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract Microgravity, confinement, isolation, and missions (e.g., Mars missions) and space tourism. In immobilization are just some of the features astronauts addition, the acquired insight could be relevant for have to cope with during space missions. Consequently, vestibular patients, patients with neurodegenerative disor- long-duration space travel can have detrimental effects on ders, as well as the elderly population, coping with multi- human physiology. Although research has focused on the sensory deficit syndromes, immobilization, and inactivity. cardiovascular and musculoskeletal system in particular, the exact impact of spaceflight on the human central ner- Keywords Human spaceflight Á Microgravity Á Brain Á vous system remains to be determined. Previous studies Central nervous system Á Dry immersion Á Bed rest Á have reported psychological problems, cephalic fluid shifts, Parabolic flight Á MRI Á EEG Á Neuroplasticity neurovestibular problems, and cognitive alterations, but there is paucity in the knowledge of the underlying neural substrates. Previous space analogue studies and prelimi- Introduction nary spaceflight studies have shown an involvement of the cerebellum, cortical sensorimotor, and somatosensory areas Half a century of manned spaceflight has taught us that and the vestibular pathways.
[Show full text]