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Kromosom Glavni Dio Za Tisak Isp.Indd CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Institute for Social Research in Zagreb (ISRZ) Repository Irena Martinovi Klari KROMOSOM Y i potraga za novom domovinom KKromosomromosom uuvodnivodni zzaa ttisakindd.inddisakindd.indd i 222.1.20092.1.2009 119:09:009:09:00 © Irena Martinović Klarić, 2009. Izdavač Sveučilišna knjižara Urednik Damir Mikuličić Recenzenti akademik Pavao Rudan prof. dr. sc. Branka Janićijević prof. dr. sc. Jadranka Grbić doc. dr. sc. Irena Drmić Hofman Fotografi je Branimir Butković Slike 21 do 25 dr. sc. Marijana Peričić Salihović Lektura i redaktura Jasna Paunović Grafi čka priprema sloga Stanislav Vidmar ISBN 978-953-7015-45-9 CIP zapis dostupan u računalnom katalogu Nacionalne i sveučilišne knjižnice u Zagrebu Knjiga je objavljena uz potporu Ministarstva znanosti, obrazovanja i športa Republike Hrvatske Zagreb, siječanj 2009. KKromosomromosom uuvodnivodni zzaa ttisakindd.inddisakindd.indd iiii 222.1.20092.1.2009 119:09:599:09:59 Irena Martinović Klarić KROMOSOM Y I POTRAGA ZA NOVOM DOMOVINOM Tragom kromosoma Y od južnoazijskih do balkanskih pustopoljina: genetika prošlost i zbilja Roma i Bajaša KKromosomromosom uuvodnivodni zzaa ttisakindd.inddisakindd.indd iiiiii 222.1.20092.1.2009 119:09:599:09:59 KKromosomromosom uuvodnivodni zzaa ttisakindd.inddisakindd.indd iivv 222.1.20092.1.2009 119:10:009:10:00 Okolnosti mog znanstvenog rada, a ne nužno moj izbor, uzrok su či- njenici da se ova knjiga temelji na kromosomu Y i muškoj strani priče o genetičkoj prošlosti i sadašnjosti jedne izuzetne populacije u više- stoljetnoj, ne sasvim uspješnoj, potrazi za novom domovinom. Stoga neka Vas ne čudi činjenica da ovu knjigu posvećujem ženama, Rom- kinjama, a posebno Bajašicama koje su hrabrile i poticale svoje muže- ve, očeve, stričeve, ujake, braću i sinove kako bi došli na pregled kod – kako su nas zvali – “doktorica iz Zagreba”. Bez pomoći ovih odlučnih žena ne bi bilo moguće organizirati terenska istraživanja, a kamoli tek planirati pisanje ovakve knjige. Ne mogu, međutim, izostaviti iz ove posvete sve drage žene u mom životu, male i velike, od kojih je svaka neprocjenjivo vrijedan izvor inspiracije, poticaja, utjehe i vedrine. v KKromosomromosom uuvodnivodni zzaa ttisakindd.inddisakindd.indd v 222.1.20092.1.2009 119:10:009:10:00 KKromosomromosom uuvodnivodni zzaa ttisakindd.inddisakindd.indd vvii 222.1.20092.1.2009 119:10:009:10:00 Sadržaj Zahvale . .ix Uvod. xiIi Popis fotografija . .xvi 1. Ljudski kromosom Y . .1 Struktura i organizacija kromosoma Y . .2 Evolucija kromosoma Y . .4 Mehanizmi uobličavanja genetičke varijabilnosti. .5 Genetički biljezi na kromosomu Y. .8 Filogenetičko stablo i osnovna terminologija . .10 Kromosom Y u molekularno-antropološkim istraživanjima . .24 Naseljavanje južne Azije i Indije . .27 Naseljavanje Europe . .29 Naseljavanje jugoistočne Europe i Hrvatske. .32 2. Romi . .37 Kratki pregled seoba Roma . .38 Socio-kulturna obilježja suvremenih romskih skupina. .43 vii KKromosomromosom uuvodnivodni zzaa ttisakindd.inddisakindd.indd vviiii 222.1.20092.1.2009 119:10:029:10:02 Irena Martinović Klarić Veličina romske populacije . .48 Genetička istraživanja romskih populacija u Europi. .48 3. Bajaši. .53 Što je već poznato o Bajašima? . .54 Ropstvo u Rumunjskoj. .56 Bajaši u Hrvatskoj. 61 Priprema i provođenje terenskih istraživanja . .62 Što smo na terenu saznali o Bajašima?. .67 Zašto su, uopće, poduzeta istraživanja kromosoma Y?. 69 Metode analize varijabilnosti kromosoma Y . .70 Što su o Bajašima otkrila istraživanja kromosoma Y?. .72 4. Genetika i identitet . 97 Kakvo je poimanje identiteta Roma i Bajaša? . .98 Definicija genetičkog identiteta. .100 Genetički identitet Roma i Bajaša. 103 Pojmovnik . .107 Bibliografija . 115 Kazalo . 123 viii KKromosomromosom uuvodnivodni zzaa ttisakindd.inddisakindd.indd vviiiiii 222.1.20092.1.2009 119:10:029:10:02 Zahvale Ova je knjiga rezultat dugogodišnjeg rada i potpore niza predanih i nesebičnih ljudi. Mislim da nikada ne bih postala antropologinja pa tako niti autorica ove znanstvene knjige da još davne 1988. godine nisam bila među studentima koje je profesor Pavao Rudan angažirao za pomoć u organizaciji 12. Međunarodnog kongresa antropoloških i etnoloških znanosti. U međuvremenu je profesor Rudan postao aka- demik, dvije studentice, Lovorka Barać i ja, postale smo antropolo- ginje, a treća studentica, Maja Bakran, diplomatkinja. Zahvaljujem akademiku Rudanu na već dva desetljeća potpore na mom putu od znanstvene novakinje do znanstvene savjetnice pri Institutu za antro- pologiju u Zagrebu, a posebno zahvaljujem na druženjima s nepred- vidivim zapletima i obratima, koja su me osnažila, a akademika, na- ravno, silno zabavila. Želim zahvaliti na podršci koju sam dobila od Znanstvenog vijeća Instituta za antropologiju i ravnatelja Instituta za antropologiju, akade- mika Pavla Rudana, koji su bezrezervno i jednoglasno odobrili moju zamolbu za slobodnom studijskom godinom tijekom koje sam imala priliku razmisliti o dosadašnjim istraživanjima te napisati ovu knjigu. Toplo zahvaljujem profesorici Branki Janićijević koja nije niti tre- nutak oklijevala započeti sasvim novi znanstveni projekt i okrenuti se, ix KKromosomromosom uuvodnivodni zzaa ttisakindd.inddisakindd.indd iixx 222.1.20092.1.2009 119:10:029:10:02 Irena Martinović Klarić zajedno s nama, tada toliko nepoznatoj populaciji. Branka, hvala što ste uvijek smireni i što nikada, pod nikakvim pritiskom, ne komplici- rate. Smatram se velikom sretnicom što sam u ovom projektu, kao i u proteklim godinama, imala priliku raditi sa svojim prijateljicama, dr. sc. Lovorkom Barać Lauc i dr. sc. Marijanom Peričić Salihović. Teško bih vam ovdje, moje cure, uspjela zahvaliti na svakom dragocjenom trenutku naše zajedničke (genetičke) prošlosti koja je tek malim dije- lom zabilježena u ovoj knjizi. Marijana, hvala što si izradila fi logene- tičke mreže i fi logenetičko stablo koji krase treće poglavlje ove knjige, a posebno ti hvala što si bespogovorno i hitro udovoljavala svakom mom hiru vezanim uz crtanje spomenutih ilustracija. Lovorka, hvala na pomnom čitanju rukopisa i provjeri literature (zadnja provjera je uvijek bila tvoj zadatak, a tako će, bojim se, i ostati u budućnosti). Moram priznati da intenzivno bavljenje antropologijom nije bilo moguće bez podrške obitelji. Andrija, hvala što si nesebično dijelio svoje ekonomsko znanje i iskustvo te što si bio odlučan kada je trebalo pomoći u organizaciji i provođenju terenskih istraživanja – a pomoći je uvijek trebalo, bilo da se radilo o posuđivanju kombija, skladišta ili nečeg sličnog. Dragi Duga, Luna i Jurice – dovoljno je što postojite i što ste toliko umiljati, nestašni i znatiželjni. Uz vas je svaki posao teži, no tim i draži. Hvala svima koji ste sudjelovali u pripremi i izvođenju terenskih antropoloških istraživanja: Bajri Bajriću, prof., prof. dr. sc. Nini Smo- lej Narančić, dr. sc. Tatjani Škarić Jurić, dr. med., prof. dr. sc. Jasni Miličić, dr. sc. Maji Barbalić, dipl. ing. Mateji Zajc, Branku Petroviću, Jovici Radosavljeviću, Borislavu Đermanoviću, mr. sc. Jasni Čerkez Habek, dr. med., dr. sc. Dubravku Habeku, dr. med., dr. sc. Branku Kolariću, dr. med., ing. Ivanu Radiću, Slađani Viktoriji Petričić, Ljubi Mašiću, Davoru Cerovečkom, Ružici Petrović, Verici Palko, Senadu Balogu, Ireni Sokač i Aleksandri Čirić. Posebnu zahvalnost dugujem Jovici Radosavljeviću, mom neumornom i neiscrpnom vodiču kroz bajaški život. Također, neizmjerno sam zahvalna svim Bajašima koji su našli vremena i strpljenja sudjelovati u našim istraživanjima. Toplo zahvaljujem svima Bajašima koji su se željeli fotografi rati te fotografu Branku Butkoviću na prekrasnim portretima. U knjizi opisana terenska i genetička istraživanja provedena su u sklopu rada na znanstveno-istraživačkim projektu Ministarstva zna- x KKromosomromosom uuvodnivodni zzaa ttisakindd.inddisakindd.indd x 222.1.20092.1.2009 119:10:039:10:03 Zahvale nosti, obrazovanja i športa Republike Hrvatske pod nazivom “Mo- lekularno-genetička obilježja populacija utemeljitelja – Romi kao model” (196-1962766-2763), kojeg vodi prof. dr. sc. Branka Janićije- vić te znanstvenog projekta Wenner-Gren Foundation pod nazivom “Population Structure and Genetic History of Western Balkan Roma” (7349), kojeg vodim ja. Donacije koje smo putem javnih natječaja do- bili od strane Raiff ei sen Bank Austria d.d. Zagreb, Ina d.d. te Zakla- de Adris grupe d.d. uvelike su pomogle u zatvaranju fi nancijske kon- strukcije za provođenje terenskih istraživanja. Objavljivanje ove knjige zasluga je strpljivog i predanog rada broj- nih ljudi koji su mi pomogli na razne načine. Toplo zahvaljujem re- cenzentima knjige, akademiku Pavlu Rudanu, prof. dr. sc. Branki Ja- nićijević, prof. dr. sc. Jadranki Grbić i doc. dr. sc. Ireni Drmić Hofman na pomnom čitanju rukopisa te korisnim savjetima i sugestijama. Ve- liku zahvalnost dugujem uredniku knjige gospodinu Damiru Miku- ličiću koji je korigirao, lektorirao i uredio knjigu te osmislio naslovnu stranicu. Srdačno zahvaljujem gospodinu Stanislavu Vidmaru koji je knjigu grafi čki uredio. xi KKromosomromosom uuvodnivodni zzaa ttisakindd.inddisakindd.indd xxii 222.1.20092.1.2009 119:10:039:10:03 KKromosomromosom uuvodnivodni zzaa ttisakindd.inddisakindd.indd SSec1:xiiec1:xii 222.1.20092.1.2009 119:10:039:10:03 Uvod Antropologija je jedna od najromantičnijih znanosti. Ono što je čini posebno romantičnom jest mogućnost aktivnog uključivanja u život ljudi koji su predmet interesa antropologa kroz suučesničko proma- tranje. Premda nažalost nisam, u tradiciji kulturnih antropologa,
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