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ACT-RPR-SPS-1110 Sps Europe Paper 62nd International Astronautical Congress, Cape Town, SA. Copyright ©2011 by the European Space Agency (ESA). Published by the IAF, with permission and released to the IAF to publish in all forms. IAC-11-C3.1.3 PROSPECTS FOR SPACE SOLAR POWER IN EUROPE Leopold Summerer European Space Agency, Advanced Concepts Team, The Netherlands, [email protected] Lionel Jacques European Space Agency, Advanced Concepts Team, The Netherlands, [email protected] In 2002, a phased, multi-year approach to space solar power has been published. Following this plan, several activities have matured the concept and technology further in the following years. Despite substantial advances in key technologies, space solar power remains still at the weak intersections between the space sector and the energy sector. In the 10 years since the development of the European SPS Programme Plan, both, the space and the energy sectors have undergone substantial changes and many key enabling technologies for space solar power have advanced significantly. The present paper attempts to take account of these changes in view to assess how they influence the prospect for space solar power work for Europe. Fresh Look Study as well as the work on a European I INTRODUCTION sail tower concept by Klimke and Seboldt [16], [17]. Based on these results, which re-confirmed the The concept of generating solar power in space and principal technical viability of space solar power transmitting it to Earth to contribute to terrestrial energy concepts, the focus of the first phase of the European systems has received period attention since P. Glaser SPS programme plan has been to enlarge the evaluation published the first engineering approach to it in 1968 scope of space solar power by including expertise from [1]. Considerable efforts were spent on the concept the non-space sector and comparing space-based solar during a joint DoE/NASA effort from 1977 to 1980 [2]- power plant options with comparable terrestrial [6] and again from 1995 to 2000 during the NASA alternatives. The comparison was based on commonly Fresh Look study on SPS [7]-[9]. Since the 1980s, agreed expectations for technology readiness levels for Japanese researchers have conducted key experiments, systems ready to be deployed in 2025, excluding especially at the universities of Kobe, Kyoto and assumptions on launch costs, which were treated as an Tokyo.[10][11][12] In Europe, some conceptual work open parameter. The overall scope of the assessment has been done at national as well as European level on was furthermore limited to Europe, defined as Europe the topic.[13][14] In 2002, a new, three-phase and its immediate geographic vicinity, thus including programme on SPS has been presented at the second North Africa and the Middle East. This first general World Space Congress [15]. validation phase, thus included - two studies focussed on the comparison of I.1 Scope space and terrestrial solar power options, [18] The purpose of the present paper is to take account [19] of the results of the European SPS programme plan as - one study on the validity of space solar power published in 2002 and to propose an updated approach and wireless power transmission for space based on an analysis of the technological and exploration (Moon, Mars, deep space and Earth programmatic changes occurred since 2002. Orbits), [20] as well as four small accompanying studies aimed at identifying potential showstoppers and addressing in II EUROPEAN SPS PROGRAMME PLAN particular: - legal aspects of space solar power concepts The SPS Programme Plan has been published in [21]; 2002 in order to provide a structuring frame for a - options for non-mechanical laser beam steering number of mainly isolated activities more or less loosely for wireless power transmission applications connected to advancing the general concept of space [22]; solar power in Europe [15]. It took advantage of the recently published work done in the frame of the NASA IAC-11-C3.1.3 Page 1 of 15 62nd International Astronautical Congress, Cape Town, SA. Copyright ©2011 by the European Space Agency (ESA). Published by the IAF, with permission and released to the IAF to publish in all forms. - potential atmospheric effects of high power annual power consumption rate of 17 TW [47]. Despite microwave densities in different atmospheric a slight decrease in annual energy use in 2009 the first layers [23]; since 30 years (1.5% with respect to 2008), the energy - a computerised model for space solar power consumption growth rate between 2009 and 2010 was concepts [24]. over 5%. Most forecasts for the 21st century predict a The results of the validation phase studies were further continuous and substantial increase in the world presented to the international community at the 4th energy demand, expected to more than double by the international conference on solar power from space in end of this century. Granada, Spain in June 2004, followed by a peer review of the results by Japanese researchers [25]. III.2 Substantial increases in oil and gas prices The second phase of the SPS programme plan, When the NASA Fresh Look study was published in aimed at maturing some key technologies further, with 1997, the oil price was below $20 per barrel*, then an attempt to be complementary to other international subsequently dropped to almost $10 before reaching activities on SPS. Specifically, the key SPS-enabling again about $20 per barrel at the time of publication of technology of deploying very large structures have been the ESA SPS Programme Plan in 2002. In the studied. The second phase included theoretical studies meantime, it experienced a substantial spike of about related to $140 per barrel just before the economic crisis of - the assembly of very large structures such as 2008/2009. Since the majority of our energy sources antennas by using novel swarm control come from oil and gas, their price is crucial for any algorithms [26]-[28] private endeavour towards solar power from space. - the dynamics and control of the deployment of very large nets [29]-[32] III.3 Better understanding of the contributions of the - robotic options to deploy antenna elements on energy system to climate change relatively loose nets [33] [34] as well as two main experiments: With respect to 1997 and to 2002, our understanding - Furoshiki: a Japanese sounding rocket of the mechanisms of the climate system have increased experiment flown in 2006, demonstrating spectacularly, not at least thanks to strong international among others the deployment of antenna scientific cooperation, data exchange and comparison. elements on very large free floating nets under Despite remaining uncertainties especially on the error microgravity [35]-[39] margins of forecasts, the environmental effects of - Suaineadh: a European sounding different energy choices and especially its contributions rocket experiment scheduled to be flown in to anthropogenic global warming, start to be well early 2012, attempting the demonstration of a understood, leading to an emerging international controlled deployment of a net using consensus on the need to “green” the energy system by centrifugal forces [40][41]. reducing it’s CO2 emissions. Large-scale renewable energy infrastructures are seen as part of the solution. Not surprisingly therefore, of all energy sources, solar III EUROPEAN ENERGY LANDSCAPE AND power has experienced the highest average annual PERSPECTIVES growth rate of 36% between 1999 and 2009 in the world electricity production from renewable energy sources Since the definition of the last reference SPS system [48]. and the European SPS Programme Plan in 2002, substantial changes have occurred in the overall energy III.4 Ambitious governmental renewable energy landscape. This chapter intends to provide a quick policies overview over the most important ones to be taken into account for a fresh look of space solar power in Europe. Since 1997 and 2002, many governments and practically all European governments have installed III.1 Continued Increase in Energy Demands governmental policies and regulatory measures to support the introduction of renewable power sources. At least up to a certain development level, a direct The consequences of these policies are clearly visible link exists between the availability of energy and the especially in those European countries with early and population size. Between 1950 and 2010, the total world ambitious programmes. population has been multiplied by a factor 2.7 (2.5 While the effects of our energy choices have global billions in 1950, 6.8 billions in 2010 and expected to consequences and thus a sustainable energy system is reach 7 billions by the end of 2011 [42][43]) while the also of global interest, different geographic regions energy consumption has increased 5.4-fold: the energy consumption in 1950 was about 28000 TWh [44],[45] * Brent spot prices and rose to 149500 TWh in 2010 [46], equivalent to an IAC-11-C3.1.3 Page 2 of 15 62nd International Astronautical Congress, Cape Town, SA. Copyright ©2011 by the European Space Agency (ESA). Published by the IAF, with permission and released to the IAF to publish in all forms. present different natural conditions and characteristics, IV CHANGES IN THE SPACE SECTOR WITH including the availability of natural resources, RELEVANCE TO SPS consumption patterns, climatic, weather and geographic conditions. In 2008, the EU-27 energy consumption was IV.1 Access to space about 20900 TWh, of which 11800 TWh [49] were net The end of the Space Shuttle program with the imports (56% on the EU-27 energy consumption), Atlantis STS-135 mission in July 2011 is but one leading to strategic vulnerabilities [50]. example of the profound changes currently transforming In 2007, the European Council adopted ambitious the space sector. More and more countries are entering energy and climate change objectives for 2020 [51]: space activities, and while the sector is still dominated reduction of GHG emissions by 20%, increase of the by governmental investments and strategic share of renewable energy to 20% and a 20% considerations, private entities are increasingly entering improvement in energy efficiency [50].
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