DOCSLIB.ORG

Ethanol-Induced Alterations in Electroencephalographic Activity in Adult Males Howard L

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Ethanol-Induced Alterations in Electroencephalographic Activity in Adult Males Howard L NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY 1993-VOL. 8, NO.4 365 Ethanol-Induced Alterations in Electroencephalographic Activity in Adult Males Howard L. Cohen, Ph.D., Bernice Porjesz, and Henri Begleiter The present investigation examined the effects of placebo following frequency bands: slow alpha (7.5 to 10 Hz); (P), low-dose (LD), and high-dose (HD) ethanol on fast alpha (10.5 to 13.0 Hz); slow beta (13.5 to 19.5 Hz); electroencephalographic (EEG) activity in 21 healthy, and fast beta (20 to 26 Hz) at electrodes F3, F4, C3, C4, adult males (X = 22.7 years). Only one condition (P, P3, P4, 01, and 02. Repeated-measures multivariate W, or HD) was presented per day and the condition analysis of variance performed on normalized relative area order was randomized. For each subject, blood-alcohol values revealed that ethanol had significant effects on levels measured via breathalyzer and EEG activity, using EEG activity at anterior sites: frontal (F3, F4) and the entire 10120 International System, were recorded both central (C3, C4) that presented as increased activity in prior to and at intervals of 35, 70, 105, and 140 minutes the slow alpha frequency band. These results suggest a after P, LD, or HD administration. The Fast Fourier differential responsivity of both cortical region and EEG Transform was used to calculate power spectral densities frequency band to the effects of ethanol ingestion. foreach EEG recording. Measures of the relative areas [Neuropsychopharmacology 8:365-370, 1993J under the power spectral curve were made for each of the KEY WORDS: Alpha; Beta; EEG; Power Spectra; Ethanol must be carefully determined. These include 1) elec­ Investigations into the effectsof acute ethanol adminis­ trode locations analyzed, 2) EEG frequency band(s) ex­ trationon adult, human electroencephalographic (EEG) amined, 3) ethanol concentration ingested, 4) mea­ activity have reported both decreases in the predomi­ sure(s) of EEG activity used, 5) predrug EEG activity nant baseline frequency and increases in power spec­ level, 6) time course over which EEG changes are ex­ tralenergy (Davis et al. 1941; Engel and Rosenbaum, amined, 7) individual's drinking history, and 8) family 1945; Holmberg and Martens, 1955; Begleiter and Platz history of alcoholism. Even after controlling for these 1972;Lehtinen et al. 1981; Lukas et al. 1986; Michel and variables, both EEG and subjective responses to acute Battig 1989). However, defIning the relationship be­ ethanol ingestion may be highly variable across indi­ tween ethanol ingestion and its effect on the EEG is viduals and within the same individual on differentoc­ complicated by numerous variables whose influence casions (Begleiter and Platz 1972; Lukas et al. 1986). The majority of studies have focused on the alpha frequency band, although investigators have not always From the Neurodynamics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, agreed upon its range or its composition. For example, State University of New York Health Science Center Brooklyn, although some have defInedalpha as a continuous band Brooklyn, New York. (Holmberg and Martens 1955; Lukas et al., 1986; Kaplan Address correspondence to: Dr. Howard1. Cohen, Neurodynamics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Box 1203, S.U.N.Y. Health et al. 1988), others have divided alpha into both a slow Science Center Brooklyn, 450 Oarkson Avenue, Brooklyn, New York band and a fast band (Pollock et al. 1983; Volavka et 11203. al. 1985; Ehlers and Schuckit 1988, 1991; Ehlers et al. Received August 14, 1992; revised December 1, 1992; accepted December 8, 1992. 1989; Lukas et al. 1989). In general, those studies that © 1993 American College of Neuropsychopharmacology Published by Elsevier Science Publishing Co., Inc. 655 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10010 0893-133X/93/$6.00 NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY 1993-VOL. 8, 366 H.L. Cohen et al. No. 4 defIned alpha as a continuous band reported that etha­ after these levels had dropped considerably (Da Vis et nol ingestion increased alpha energy. In contrast, the al. 1941; Holmberg and Martens, 1955), or that no can. dichotomized band studies have typically reported in­ sistent correlations were detected between blOOd. creased slow alpha energy and either no change (Eh­ alcohol concentration and any measure of EEG actiVity lers and Schuckit 1988, 1991), a decrease (Ehlers et a1. (Ehlers et al. 1989). Lastly, Lehtinen et al. (1981) POinted 1989), or both increases and decreases (Pollock et a1. out that an important factor in the relationship between 1983; Volavka et a1. 1985; Lukas et a1. 1989) in fast al­ blood-alcohol level and changes in EEG activity is pha energy. whether the blood-alcohol level was measured directly The changes in alpha energy following ethanol in­ from the blood or indirectly from breathalyzer readings. gestion are frequently, but not always, accompanied Theirstudy measured both values, but found that When by a decrease in the predominant alpha frequency breathalyzer blood-alcohol values were kept constant (Davis et a1. 1941; Engel and Rosenbaum 1945; Lehti­ by upward and downward adjustments of an intrave. nen et a1. 1981; Pollock et a1. 1983; Lukas et a1. 1986) nous ethanol infusion, EEG changes followed directly and, as in the studies of changes in alpha energy, measured blood-alcohol levels. dichotomized alpha band studies report differential Many previous studies of the effects of ethanol on effects (Ehlers et a1. 1989). Additionally, there is evi­ human adult EEG have typically focused on a limited dence that both the probability and the magnitude of portion of the frequency spectrum, have sampled EEG the decrease may be influenced by the individual's base­ activity at a small number of electrodes, and have of. line EEG activity (Engel and Rosenbaum 1945; Begleiter ten yielded inconsistent results. It is the intent of the and Platz 1972; Lukas et a1. 1986). present investigation to sample ethanol-induced changes Reports of ethanol-induced changes in faster activ­ in EEG activity in both the alpha and beta frequency ity (beta) have also been contradictory. There have been bands over a larger number of cortical regions than have observations of decreased beta power with subsequent typically been examined, in a carefully defIned popu­ replacement by alpha activity (Engel and Rosenbaum lation of healthy, adult males. Additionally, most pr evi. 1945; Murphree et al. 1970; Ehlers et al. 1989), increased ous investigations have typically used a placebo and beta activity (Holmberg and Martens 1955; Murphree a single ethanol dose. In contrast, the subjects in this et a1. 1970), both increases and decreases in mean fre­ investigation received placebo, low-dose, and high­ quency in the beta range (Lehtinen et a1. 1978), and no dose ethanol in a randomized order using a repeated ethanol-induced effects on beta (Lolli et al. 1964; Eh­ measures design. lers and Schuckit 1988, 1990; Lukas et al. 1989). Addi­ tionally, there is evidence (Ehlers et al. 1989; Ehlers and Schuckit 1990) that ethanol-induced changes in beta ac­ METHODS tivity may be influenced by an individual's drinking his­ Subjects tory. "Moderate" drinkers, in contrast to '1ow" drinkers, had more beta energy and a higher peak frequency both The participants in this study were 21 males ranging at baseline and at 90 minutes postethanol ingestion. from 19 to 39 years of age (mean 22.7 years). These in­ The rise and fall in blood-alcohol level following eth­ dividuals had responded to either newspaper ads or anol ingestion is influenced by factors such as the vol­ to notices for subjects posted in the Health Science Cen­ ume and concentration of alcohol ingested and the time ter. An irlitial screening procedure required the prospec­ period over which ingestion occurs. Attempts to corre­ tive subject to hIl out a questionnaire detailing his med­ late the temporal pattern of EEG changes with the dy­ ical and psychiatric history, his drug and alcohol use namic phases of the blood-alcohol curve have yielded and those of his relatives. A candidate for the study was inconsistent results. For example, there are reports that rejected ifhe had any fIrst or second degree relative who during the ascending phase, increases in alpha energy was alcoholic. Additional criteria for exclusion included were greater than during the descending phase (Beg­ major medical problems, use of medication that affected leiter and Platz 1972; Lukas et al. 1986), maximal alpha the central nervous system, or a history of psychiatric activity coincided with peak blood-alcohol levels problems and/or drug or alcohol abuse. Furthermore, (Kaplan et a1. 1988), and slowing of the predominant a potential subject was excluded ifhe had a fIrst or sec­ frequency was generally proportional to the blood­ ond degree relative with drug abuse or psychiatric prob­ alcohol level (Newman 1959). In contrast, there are lems. Table 1 summarizes the demographiC data for observations that EEG changes were greater when these subjects. It includes a "Drink Index," which was blood- and breath-alcohol levels were falling than at cor­ obtained by multiplying the number of days per month responding concentrations when the alcohol concen­ that the subject drank by the number of drinks peroc­ tration was rising (Lehtinen et a1. 1981), that decreased casion. Eighteen of the subjects had a "Drink Indet frequency and increased power occurred only after peak of less than 20, indicating that the subjects comprised blood-alcohol levels were attained, and continued even a homogeneous population of light drinkers. NWROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY 1993-VOL. 8, NO.4 Ethanol-Induced Alterations in EEG Activity 367 Table 1. Summary of 21 Subjects' Characteristics -I 0.06 w HD > Mean SO Range w 0,05 -I � -I - 0.04 Age (yrs) 22.7 4.51 19-39 o E Education (yrs) 15.8 2.43 12-20 IO 00 0.03 ----. Drinking days u- . LD -I ...... ---- per month 4.05 3.32 1-14 ..:( 0> 0.02 .---- .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Identification of the Enzymatic Mechanism of Nitroglycerin Bioactivation
    Identification of the enzymatic mechanism of nitroglycerin bioactivation Zhiqiang Chen*†, Jian Zhang†, and Jonathan S. Stamler*†‡§ *Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Departments of †Medicine and §Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710 Communicated by Irwin Fridovich, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, April 15, 2002 (received for review March 26, 2002) Nitroglycerin (glyceryl trinitrate, GTN), originally manufactured by synthesized according to ref. 17 and purified by TLC. 1,2-GDN Alfred Nobel, has been used to treat angina and heart failure for and 1,3-GDN was prepared by hydrolysis of GTN and purified over 130 years. However, the molecular mechanism of GTN bio- by TLC (18). [2-14C] GTN (55 mCi͞mmol) was obtained from transformation has remained a mystery and it is not well under- American Radiolabeled Chemicals (St. Louis). Disulfiram, chlo- stood why ‘‘tolerance’’ (i.e., loss of clinical efficacy) manifests over ral hydrate, cyanamide, acetaldehyde, phenylephrine, sodium time. Here we purify a nitrate reductase that specifically catalyzes nitroprusside (SNP), Q-Sepharose, DEAE-cellulose, and butyl- the formation of 1,2-glyceryl dinitrate and nitrite from GTN, lead- Sepharose were obtained from Sigma. Hydroxyapatite and ing to production of cGMP and relaxation of vascular smooth protease inhibitor (mixture set III) were from CalBiochem. muscle both in vitro and in vivo, and we identify it as mitochondrial The cGMP assay (125I) kit was purchased from Amersham aldehyde dehydrogenase (mtALDH). We also show that mtALDH is Pharmacia. inhibited in blood vessels made tolerant by GTN. These results demonstrate that the biotransformation of GTN occurs predomi- Enzyme Purification. Mouse RAW264.7 cells (50-g pellet; Ϸ1010 nantly in mitochondria through a novel reductase action of cells) were disrupted by sonication in 30 mM phosphate buffer mtALDH and suggest that nitrite is an obligate intermediate in (KPi), pH 7.5 containing 1 mM DTT, 0.5 mM EDTA, and generation of NO bioactivity.
    [Show full text]
  • Addendum CSS 2021
    Addendum regarding: The 2021 Certified Specialist of Spirits Study Guide, as published by the Society of Wine Educators Note: This document outlines the substantive changes to the 2021 Study Guide as compared to the 2020 version of the CSW Study Guide. All page numbers reference the 2020 version. Please note that in addition to the information noted below, the tables concerning top-selling brands of particular types of spirits have been updated to reflect the most current statistics available. Page 10: The information regarding congeners was expanded to include the following: Congeners: The preceding explanation of distillation has been simplified by using the example of a solution made of only ethyl alcohol and water. However, many other compounds are created during fermentation and as a result, there are other compounds besides water and alcohol present in a fermented solution. Known as congeners, these compounds are responsible for much of the aroma and flavor—besides that of pure ethyl alcohol and water—of a fermented beverage or a distilled spirit. Specific congeners include the various acids, esters, aldehydes, fusel oils, and alcohols (other than ethanol) that are developed during fermentation. During distillation, congeners may vaporize and blend in with the ethanol–water vapors; however, each specific congener will react differently based on three factors: boiling point, solubility (in ethanol and water), and specific gravity. In addition, the heat of the distillation process—via a series of chemical changes known as pyrolysis—may cause some compounds to change form, creating new and different congeners that may be passed onto the finished product.
    [Show full text]
  • Computer Simulation Applied to Studying Continuous Spirit Distillation and Product Quality Control
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Elsevier - Publisher Connector Food Control 22 (2011) 1592e1603 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Food Control journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/foodcont Computer simulation applied to studying continuous spirit distillation and product quality control Fabio R.M. Batista, Antonio J.A. Meirelles* Laboratory EXTRAE, Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas e UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil article info abstract Article history: This work aims to study continuous spirit distillation by computational simulation, presenting some Received 7 June 2010 strategies of process control to regulate the volatile content. The commercial simulator Aspen (Plus and Received in revised form dynamics) was selected. A standard solution containing ethanol, water and 10 minor components rep- 2 March 2011 resented the wine to be distilled. A careful investigation of the vaporeliquid equilibrium was performed Accepted 8 March 2011 for the simulation of two different industrial plants. The simulation procedure was validated against experimental results collected from an industrial plant for bioethanol distillation. The simulations were Keywords: conducted with and without the presence of a degassing system, in order to evaluate the efficiency of Spirits fi Distillation this system in the control of the volatile content. To improve the ef ciency of the degassing system, fl Simulation a control loop based on a feedback controller was developed. The results showed that re ux ratio and Aspen Plus product flow rate have an important influence on the spirit composition. High reflux ratios and spirit Degassing flow rates allow for better control of spirit contamination.
    [Show full text]
  • Building a Home Distillation Apparatus
    BUILDING A HOME DISTILLATION APPARATUS A Step by Step Guide Building a Home Distillation Apparatus i BUILDING A HOME DISTILLATION APPARATUS Foreword The pages that follow contain a step-by-step guide to building a relatively sophisticated distillation apparatus from commonly available materials, using simple tools, and at a cost of under $100 USD. The information contained on this site is directed at anyone who may want to know more about the subject: students, hobbyists, tinkers, pure water enthusiasts, survivors, the curious, and perhaps even amateur wine and beer makers. Designing and building this apparatus is the only subject of this manual. You will find that it confines itself solely to those areas. It does not enter into the domains of fermentation, recipes for making mash, beer, wine or any other spirits. These areas are covered in detail in other readily available books and numerous web sites. The site contains two separate design plans for the stills. And while both can be used for a number of distillation tasks, it should be recognized that their designs have been optimized for the task of separating ethyl alcohol from a water-based mixture. Having said that, remember that the real purpose of this site is to educate and inform those of you who are interested in this subject. It is not to be construed in any fashion as an encouragement to break the law. If you believe the law is incorrect, please take the time to contact your representatives in government, cast your vote at the polls, write newsletters to the media, and in general, try to make the changes in a legal and democratic manner.
    [Show full text]
  • Alcohol Hangover- Its Effects on Human Body: Review
    DOI: 10.26717/BJSTR.2018.04.001112 Loveleen Bajaj. Biomed J Sci & Tech Res ISSN: 2574-1241 Mini Review Open Access Alcohol Hangover- its Effects on Human Body: Review Loveleen Bajaj* and Ranjeet Singh Department of Food science & technology, Khalsa College, India Received: May 20 2018; Published: May 25, 2018 *Corresponding author: Loveleen Bajaj, Department of Food science & technology, Khalsa College, Amritsar, India Abstract A hangover is a syndrome of physical and mental symptoms that occurs after 8 to 16 hours of consumption with a zero level of alcohol. The objective of the study is to explore effects of the alcohol hangover. The impairing effects on memory functioning such as delayed recall, response to battle infection leading to unpleasant effects include nausea, vomiting, dizziness, fatigue and hormonal imbalance in the body. Dehydrationirritation, lack is ofbelieved concentration to be the and cause after ofacute hangover alcohol as intoxication. it leads to anti-diuresisNormally the state body in might the body.use cytokines The most to compelling trigger fever theory of inflammatory that, at the moment, is that hangover results from a buildup of acetaldehyde, a toxic compound in the body. The congener amount in the particular alcoholic beverage is believed to be increase the extent of severity of hangover. Methanol, found in highest levels in whiskey and red wine has received a larger amount of blame for showing that it can linger in the body after all alcohol has been eliminated, perhaps accounting for the enduring effects of hangover. Abbreviations: BAC: Blood Alcohol Concentration; AW: Alcohol Withdrawal; FASD: Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders Introduction Anes and colleagues revealed that half of the interrogated workers during hangover were at the work.
    [Show full text]
  • 2 Water Distiller Instructions
    Water Distiller Checklist: (What you need for successful distilling) £ Test Jar £ Proof & Trail Hydrometer £ Distillers Activated Carbon £ Liquor Quik Super Yeast (makes 5 gallons of mash 20%) £ Liquor Quik Flavor Over 25 Flavors to choose from *Alcohol distillation is not legal in all countries. It is the responsibility of the user to abide by local laws. BrewersDirect Inc. does not accept responsibility for illegal use of any distillation apparatus. The Water Distiller The Water Distiller is a high quality, countertop distiller based on a very popular water distillation unit. The boiling vessel and cooling chamber are made of stainless steel. No cooling water is required, as the unit is fan cooled, making the distillation process virtually as simple as making coffee! For those in countries where alcohol distillation is legal, the unit can produce up to 60% product with virtually no off-tastes or smells on a single run. A second run can actually improve this to nearly 90%! Just as with many countertop water distillers, activated carbon filtration can take place inline, on the way to the collection container, completing the entire distillation and filtration processes in a single step. The Process It is almost as simple as adding 4L of liquid to the boiling chamber, plugging the unit it, and collecting your distillate. Water Distillation Remove the top of the unit, add 4L of water to the boiling chamber and replace the top of the unit. Plug in the water distiller. Place an activated carbon pouch in the plastic carbon holder and place this on top of the collection bottle.
    [Show full text]
  • Alcohol? Is It a Nutrient? 2
    © Jones and Bartlett Publishers, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION CHAPTER 8 THINK About It 1. In a word or two, how would you describe alcohol? Is it a nutrient? 2. Compared with beer, what’s your Alcohol impression of the alcohol content of wine? How about compared with vodka? 3. Have you ever thought of alcohol as a poison? 4. After a night of drinking and carousing, your friend awakens with a splitting headache and asks you for a pain reliever. What would you recommend? Visit nutrition.jbpub.com 76633_ch08_5589.indd 309 1/20/10 11:06:50 AM Quick Bite © Jones and Bartlett Publishers, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 310 CHAPTER 8 ALCOHOL hink about alcohol. What image comes to mind: Champagne toasts? Quick Bite Elegant gourmet dining? Hearty family meals in the European country- T side? Or do you think of wild parties? Or sick, out-of-control drunks? Preferred Beverages Violence? Car accidents? Broken homes? No other food or beverage has the Beer is the national beverage of Ger- power to elicit such strong, disparate images—images that reflect both the many and Britain. Wine is the national healthfulness of alcohol in moderation, the devastation of excess, and the beverage of Greece and Italy. political, social, and moral issues surrounding alcohol. Alcohol has a long and checkered history. More drug than food, alco- holic beverages produce druglike effects in the body while providing little, if any, nutrient value other than energy. Yet it still is important to consider alcohol in the study of nutrition. Alcohol is common to the diets of many people.
    [Show full text]
  • References 263
    7. REFERENeES Abel, E.L. (1978) Effect of ethanol on pregnant rats and their offspring. Psychopharmacology,57, 5-11 Abel, E.L. (1979) Sex ratio in fetal alcohol syndrome. Lancet, ii, 105 Abel, E.L. (1980) Fetal alcohol syndrome: behavioral teratology. Psycho 1. Bull., 87, 29-50 Abel, E.L. (1981) Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, VoL. 1, Boca Raton, FL, CRe Press Abel, E.L. (1985a) Prenatal effects of alcohol on growth: a brief overview. Fed. Proc., 44, 2318-2322 Abel, E.L. (1985b) Alcohol enhancement of marijuana-induced fetotoxicity. Teratology, 31, 35-40 Abel, E.L. & Dintcheff, RA. (1978) Effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on growth and development in rats. J. Pharmacol. exp. Ther., 207,916-921 Abel, E.L. & Dintcheff, RA. (1986) Saccharin preference in animaIs prenatally exposed to alcohol: no evidence of altered sexual dimorphism. Neurobehav. Toxicol. Teratol., 8, 521-523 Abel, E.L. & Greizerstein, H.R (1979) Ethanol-induced prenatal growth deficiency: changes in fetal body composition. J. Pharmacol. exp. Ther., 211,668-671 Abernethy, D.J., Frazelle, J. H. & Boreiko, C.J. (1982) Effects of ethanol, acetaldehyde and acetic acid in the C3Hj lOT1j2 CL8 cell transformation system (Abstract No. Bf-l). Environ. Mutagenesis, 4,331 Adam, L. & Postel, W. (1987) Gas chromatographie analysis of ethyl carbamate (urethane) in spirits (GeL). Branntweinwirtschaft, March, 66-68 Addiction Research Foundation (1985) Statistics On Alcohol and Drug Use in Canada and Other Countries, VoL. 1, Statistics on Alcohol Use, Toronto, pp. 214-218 Adelhardt, M., Jensen, O.M. & Hansen, H.S. (1985) Cancer of the larynx, pharynx, and oesophagus in relation to alcohol and tobacco consumption among Danish brewery workers.
    [Show full text]
  • Scientific Articles on Breath Testing for the DUI Gladiator
    DUI undo Consultants, LLC. Scientific Articles on Breath Testing for the DUI Gladiator Breath Alcohol Testing Dubowski KM. Breath analysis as a technique in clinical chemistry. Clin Chem 1974;20(8):966-72. Dubowski KM. Absorption, distribution and elimination of alcohol: highway safety aspects. J Stud Alcohol Suppl 1985; 10:98-108 Dubowski KM. The Technology of Breath-Alcohol Analysis. National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism 1991; n/a:42 Forney RB, Hughes FW, Harger RN, et al. Alcohol Distribution in the Vascular System. Concentration of Orally Administered Alcohol in Blood from Various Points in the Vascular System, and in Rebreathed Air, During Absorption. Q J Stud Alcohol 1964; 25:205-217 Harger RN, Forney RB, Barnes HB. Estimation of the level of blood alcohol from analysis of breath. J Lab Clin Med 1950; 36:306-318 Effects of Alcohol on Driving Performance Flanagan NG, Strike PW, Rigby CJ, Lochridge GK. The effects of low doses of alcohol on driving performance. Med Sci Law 1983;23(3):203-8. Moskowitz H, Burns MM, Williams AF. Skills performance at low blood alcohol levels. J Stud Alcohol 1985;46(6):482-5. Moskowitz H, Fiorentino D. A review of the literature on the effects of low doses of alcohol on driving- related skills. NHTSA Technical Report 2000. Rosen LJ, Lee CL. Acute and chronic effects of alcohol use on organizational processes in memory. J Abnorm Psychol 1976;85(3):309-17. Widmark Calculations, Elimination Rates, and Retrograde Extrapolation Bogusz M, Pach J, Stasko W. Comparative studies on the rate of ethanol elimination in acute poisoning and in controlled conditions.
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix E Guidelines of the Gtfch for Quality Assurance in Forensic Toxicology
    Appendix E Guidelines of the GTFCh for Quality Assurance in Forensic Toxicology. Version 02 ANALYSIS OF CONGENER SUBSTANCES IN BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS AND BEVERAGE SAMPLES BY HEADSPACE GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY J. Teske, Hannover; A. Alt, Ulm; V. Auwärter, Freiburg; J. Becker, Mainz; T. Daldrup, Düsseldorf; T. Gilg, München; M. Jübner, Köln; T. Kaufmann, Mainz; G. Schmitt, Heidelberg; J. Schürenkamp, Münster; R. Werner, Jena; C. Wunder, Frankfurt/Main; K. Schulz, Dresden Modification Notice: Extension for analysis of beverage samples; Date: 30.06.2015 Amendment to the general guidelines Contents 1. General 2. Objective and area of application 3. Scope of investigation 4. Instrumentation 5. Sample material 5.1. Overview 5.2. Sample storage 6. Staff and Laboratory requirements 6.1. Staff 6.2. Laboratory 7. Analysis 7.1. Sample preparation 7.2. Chromatography 7.3. Calibration 7.4. Procedure 7.5. Quality assurance 7.6. Reporting 8. References and applicable documents 9. Effect 1. General Most alcoholic beverages, particularly those involving fermentation, contain not only ethanol but also methanol and other higher aliphatic alcohols which in forensic terms, are called 'congener substances'. There are, however, high-proof alcoholic beverages containing conge- ner substances in concentrations of no practical relevance. The concentration profile of congener substances in blood depends upon the amount ingested and the period of time after ingestion. Knowing the theoretical blood or serum concentrations for congener substances over time, values determined by headspace gas-chromatography (HS- GC) in case samples can be compared with those calculated. The rapid ingestion of a high- proof alcoholic drink shortly before a blood sample is drawn is often a post-offence drinking claim which would explain completely, mainly, or in part the resulting blood alcohol level.
    [Show full text]
  • The Epidemic of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
    UK-CARES 2/6/20 Matt Cave, M.D. Associate Professor of Medicine, Pharmacology & Toxicology and Biochemistry Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition Envirome Institute Superfund Research Center Center for Integrated Environmental Health Sciences Hepatobiology and Toxicology COBRE Alcohol Research Center University of Louisville School of Medicine Jewish Hospital Transplant Center and the Robley Rex VAMC 505 South Hancock Street, Louisville, KY 40202 (502) 852-6189; [email protected] “Do unto those downstream as you would have those upstream do unto you.” - Wendell Berry Industry relationships: Lakeside Biosciences & Diapharma Inc., Gilead, Abbvie, Dova, Merck, Galmed, Intercept, Conatus, Durect, Hightide, Genfit, Allergan. Investigational medications and biomarkers will be discussed. Paul is a retired marine with steatohepatitis and cirrhosis. Exposure history: volatile organics (including vinyl chloride) in drinking water at USMC Base Camp Lejeune (1976-1978). Risk factors: diabetes & obesity. Family history: Paul’s brother died of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. He was a polyvinyl chloride production worker in Louisville’s Rubbertown chemical manufacturing complex. Question: What’s the contribution of vinyl chloride exposures? • Cernansky, R. A Double Whammy: Exposure to Certain Chemicals May be A Quiet Culprit in the Global Increase In Liver Disease. Discover Magazine, July/August 2018. • Institute of Medicine. Review of the VA Clinical Guidance for the Health Conditions Identified by the Camp Lejeune
    [Show full text]
  • Biochemical and Physiological Research on the Disposition and Fate of Ethanol in the Body
    Garriott's Medicolegal Aspects of Alcohol, 5th edition, Edited by James Garriott PhD Lawyers & Judges Publishing Co., Tuscon, AZ, 2008 Chapter 3 Biochemical and Physiological Research on the Disposition and Fate of Ethanol in the Body A.W. Jones, Ph.D., D.Sc. Synopsis . Repetitive F Drinking 3.1 Introduction G. Effect of Age on Widmark Parameters 3.2 Fate of Drugs in the Body H. Blood-Alcohol Profiles after Drinking Beer 3.3 Forensic Science Aspects of Alcohol I. Retrograde Extrapolation 3.4 Ethyl Alcohol J. Massive Ingestion of Alcohol under Real-World Conditions A. Chemistry K. Effects of Drugs on Metabolism of Ethanol . B Amounts of Alcohol Consumed L. Elimination Rates Ethanol in Alcoholics During Detoxification C. Alcoholic Beverages M. Ethanol Metabolism in Pathological States . D Analysis of Ethanol in Body Fluids N. Short-Term Fluctuations in Blood-Alcohol Profiles E. Reporting Blood Alcohol Concentration . Intravenous O vs. Oral Route of Ethanol Administration . F Water Content of Biofluids 3.8 Ethanol in Body Fluids and Tissues 3.5 Alcohol in the Body A. Water Content of Specimens A. Endogenous Ethanol . Urine B . B Absorption 1. Diuresis 1. Uptake from the gut 2. Urine-blood ratios 2. Importance of gastric emptying 3. Concentration-time profiles 3. Inhalation of ethanol vapors C. Breath 4. Absorption through skin 1. Breath alcohol physiology 5. Concentration of ethanol in the beverage consumed 2. Blood-breath ratios C. Distribution 3. Concentration-time profiles 1. Arterial-venous differences . Saliva D 2. Plasma/blood and serum/blood ratios 1. Saliva production 3. Volume of distribution 2.
    [Show full text]