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Managing Climate Risks Through Social Protection

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Managing Climate Risks Through Social Protection Managing climate risks through social protection Reducing rural poverty and building resilient agricultural livelihoods Required citation: FAO and Red Cross Red Crescent Climate Centre. 2019. Managing climate risks through social protection – Reducing rural poverty and building resilient agricultural livelihoods. Rome. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO. ISBN 978-92-5-131884-3 © FAO, 2019 Some rights reserved. This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo/legalcode). Under the terms of this licence, this work may be copied, redistributed and adapted for non-commercial purposes, provided that the work is appropriately cited. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that FAO endorses any specific organization, products or services. The use of the FAO logo is not permitted. If the work is adapted, then it must be licensed under the same or equivalent Creative Commons licence. If a translation of this work is created, it must include the following disclaimer along with the required citation: “This translation was not created by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). FAO is not responsible for the content or accuracy of this translation. The original [Language] edition shall be the authoritative edition.” Disputes arising under the licence that cannot be settled amicably will be resolved by mediation and arbitration as described in Article 8 of the licence except as otherwise provided herein. The applicable mediation rules will be the mediation rules of the World Intellectual Property Organization http://www.wipo.int/amc/en/mediation/rules and any arbitration will be conducted in accordance with the Arbitration Rules of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL). Third-party materials. Users wishing to reuse material from this work that is attributed to a third party, such as tables, figures or images, are responsible for determining whether permission is needed for that reuse and for obtaining permission from the copyright holder. The risk of claims resulting from infringement of any third-party-owned component in the work rests solely with the user. Sales, rights and licensing. FAO information products are available on the FAO website (www.fao.org/publications) and can be purchased through [email protected]. Requests for commercial use should be submitted via: www.fao.org/ contact-us/licence-request. Queries regarding rights and licensing should be submitted to: [email protected]. Front and Back Cover photograph: ©FAO/Maximiliano Valencia Managing climate risks through social protection Reducing rural poverty and building resilient agricultural livelihoods Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Rome, 2019 PHILIPPINES | A farmer wraps up planting a rice variety in one of the provinces susceptible to flooding in Pampanga. ©Veejay Villafranca/NOOR for FAO Contents Boxes, figures, and tables iv Abbreviations and acronyms v Acknowledgements vi Introduction 1 1 Climate risks and vulnerability 2 1.1 The climate challenge: vulnerability to poverty, food insecurity and climate risk 2 1.2 Climate change, agriculture and poverty 6 1.3 The need for a coherent approach 9 2 The role of social protection in climate risk management 13 2.1 What is social protection? 13 2.2 Reducing vulnerability to poverty and reliance on negative coping strategies 18 2.3 Providing a stepping stone towards climate-resilient livelihoods 20 2.4 Supporting disaster preparedness and response 26 3 Challenges, opportunities and way forward 30 3.1 Key challenges for integrating social protection and climate risk management 31 3.2 Opportunities for integrating social protection and climate risk management 32 3.2.1 Translating global commitments and best practices into national policies and programmes 33 3.2.2 Opportunities in programme design 34 3.2.3 Generating evidence for better integration 37 3.3 Conclusions 39 Glossary 42 References 45 iii Boxes, figures, and tables Boxes Box 1. Small-scale fishing, fish-farming and forest-dependent communities 8 Box 2. International call to action on vulnerability reduction 10 Box 3. Diverse approaches and conceptual frameworks linking social protection and climate risks 17 Box 4. From Protection to Production 19 Box 5. A key challenge to address: shifting towards climate risk-sensitive and sustainable agricultural practices 21 Box 6. CASH+ 22 Box 7. CADENA 25 Box 8. Early Warning Early Action systems 28 Box 9. Paraguay’s Poverty, Reforestation, Energy and Climate Change (PROEZA) project 40 Figures Figure 1. Total number of climate-related disasters, 1990-2016 3 Figure 2. Number of undernourished people in the world in 2017 4 Figure 3. Risk as a product of the physical climate system, exposure and vulnerability 5 Figure 4. Social protection functions 15 Figure 5. Social protection coverage and risk index 17 Tables Table 1. Types of social protection 14 Table 2. Social protection’s potential contributions to climate adaptation and risk management 15 Table 3. Options and approaches for shock-responsive adaptation to social protection mechanisms 27 iv Abbreviations and acronyms A2R Anticipate, Absorb, Reshape ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations CADENA Componente de Atencion a Desatres Naturales CCA Climate change adaptation CCM Climate change mitigation CCT Conditional cash transfer CGP Child Grant Programme, Lesotho CLP Chars Livelihoods Programme, Bangladesh CSA Climate-smart agriculture DEVCO European Commission’s Directorate-General for International Cooperation and Development DFID United Kingdom’s Department for International Development DRM Disaster risk management DRR Disaster risk reduction ECHO European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations ESCAP Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific EWEA Early Warning Early Action FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FbF Forecast-based Financing FSIN Food Security Information Network ha hectares HSNP Hunger Safety Net Programme, Kenya IAASTD International Assessment of Agricultural Knowledge, Science and Technology for Development IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development IFRC International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies ILO International Labour Organization INDCs Intended Nationally Determined Contributions IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change KLIP Kenya Livestock Insurance Programme MGNREGA Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act NDMA National Disaster Management Authority OPM Oxford Policy Management PROEZA Poverty, Reforestation, Energy and Climate Change project, Paraguay PSNP Productive Safety Net Programme, Ethiopia SAGARPA Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Rural Development, Fisheries and Food SDGs Sustainable Development Goals UNC University of North Carolina UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund UNDRR United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction WFP World Food Programme WWP World Without Poverty v Acknowledgements This document was prepared by Martina Ulrichs A special thanks is extended to the management (Independent Consultant), Cecilia Costella (Red team of FAO programmes on reducing rural poverty Cross Red Crescent Climate Centre), Rebecca Holmes (SP3) and increasing the resilience of livelihoods (Overseas Development Institute), Federico Spano to threats and crises (SP5), and members of the (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Economic and Social Development Department Nations), and Ana Ocampo (Food and Agriculture Management team for their contribution and Organization of the United Nations). leadership. Technical guidance and overall supervision was The work of Brett Shapiro (editor), Christine provided by the Social Protection Team leader Legault (communications specialist at the Food and Natalia Winder Rossi. The drafting team express Agriculture Organization of the United Nations), their thanks to Mauricio Mireles and Claudia Patrone and Curt Wagner (graphic designer) is duly for their continuous support to the process and acknowledged. to the colleagues that have been providing key contributions and inputs: Benjamin Davis, Ahmed Shukri, Astrid Agostini, Ana Paula de la O Campos, Reuben Sessa, Stephan Bass, Rima Al-Azar, Dunja Dujanovic, Catherine Jones, Daniela Kalikoski, Malia Talakai, Nicholas Stiko, Elizabeth Koechlein, Rebeca Koloffon, Roma Malec, Niclas Benni, Julie Arrighi and Christiana Vogel. vi GUATEMALA | A child finishes her tasks before the school feeding in Chiquimula. The food that students receive derives from family farming and is prepared by volunteer mothers. ©Pep Bonet/NOOR for FAO Introduction Climate
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