13 International Cooperation: Agreements & Instruments

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13 International Cooperation: Agreements & Instruments International Cooperation: 13 Agreements & Instruments Coordinating Lead Authors: Robert Stavins (USA), Zou Ji (China) Lead Authors: Thomas Brewer (USA), Mariana Conte Grand (Argentina), Michel den Elzen (Netherlands), Michael Finus (Germany / UK), Joyeeta Gupta (Netherlands), Niklas Höhne (Germany), Myung-Kyoon Lee (Republic of Korea), Axel Michaelowa (Germany / Switzerland), Matthew Paterson (Canada), Kilaparti Ramakrishna (Republic of Korea / USA), Gang Wen (China), Jonathan Wiener (USA), Harald Winkler (South Africa) Contributing Authors: Daniel Bodansky (USA), Gabriel Chan (USA), Anita Engels (Germany), Adam Jaffe (USA / New Zealand), Michael Jakob (Germany), T. Jayaraman (India), Jorge Leiva (Chile), Kai Lessmann (Germany), Richard Newell (USA), Sheila Olmstead (USA), William Pizer (USA), Robert Stowe (USA), Marlene Vinluan (Philippines) Review Editors: Antonina Ivanova Boncheva (Mexico / Bulgaria), Jennifer Morgan (USA) Chapter Science Assistant: Gabriel Chan (USA) This chapter should be cited as: Stavins R., J. Zou, T. Brewer, M. Conte Grand, M. den Elzen, M. Finus, J. Gupta, N. Höhne, M.-K. Lee, A. Michaelowa, M. Pat- erson, K. Ramakrishna, G. Wen, J. Wiener, and H. Winkler, 2014: International Cooperation: Agreements and Instruments. In: Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Edenhofer, O., R. Pichs-Madruga, Y. Sokona, E. Farahani, S. Kadner, K. Seyboth, A. Adler, I. Baum, S. Brunner, P. Eickemeier, B. Kriemann, J. Savolainen, S. Schlömer, C. von Stechow, T. Zwickel and J.C. Minx (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. 1001 International Cooperation: Agreements & Instruments Chapter 13 Contents Executive Summary � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 1005 13 13�1 Introduction � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 1007 13�2 Framing concepts for an assessment of means for international cooperation � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 1007 13�2�1 Framing concepts and principles � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 1007 13.2.1.1 The global commons and international climate cooperation ������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1007 13.2.1.2 Principles ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1008 13�2�2 Potential criteria for assessing means of international cooperation � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 1009 13.2.2.1 Environmental effectiveness ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1009 13.2.2.2 Aggregate economic performance ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1009 13.2.2.3 Distributional and social impacts ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1009 13.2.2.4 Institutional feasibility ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1010 13.2.2.5 Conflicts and complementarities ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1012 13�3 International agreements: Lessons for climate policy � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 1012 13�3�1 The landscape of climate agreements and institutions� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 1012 13�3�2 Insights from game theory for climate agreements � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 1012 13�3�3 Participation in climate agreements � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 1014 13�3�4 Compliance � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 1015 13�4 Climate policy architectures � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 1016 13�4�1 Degrees of centralized authority � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 1016 13.4.1.1 Centralized architectures and strong multilateralism ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1018 13.4.1.2 Harmonized national policies ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1018 13.4.1.3 Decentralized approaches and coordinated policies ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1018 13.4.1.4 Advantages and disadvantages of different degrees of centralization ����������������������������������������������������������� 1018 13�4�2 Current features, issues, and elements of international cooperation � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 1019 13.4.2.1 Legal bindingness ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1019 13.4.2.2 Goals and targets ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1020 13.4.2.3 Flexible mechanisms ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1020 13.4.2.4 Equitable methods for effort sharing ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 1021 13�4�3 Recent proposals for future climate change policy architecture � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 1022 1002 Chapter 13 International Cooperation: Agreements & Instruments 13�4�4 The special case of international cooperation regarding carbon dioxide removal and solar radiation management � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 1022 13�5 Multilateral and bilateral agreements and institutions across different scales � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 1023 13�5�1 International cooperation among governments � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 1024 13 13.5.1.1 Climate agreements under the UNFCCC ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1024 13.5.1.2 Other UN climate-related forums ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1025 13.5.1.3 Non-UN forums ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1026 13�5�2 Non-state international cooperation � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 1027 13.5.2.1 Transnational cooperation among sub-national public actors ����������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1027 13.5.2.2 Cooperation around human rights and rights of nature ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1027 13�5�3 Advantages and disadvantages of different forums � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 1028 13�6 Linkages between international and regional cooperation � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 1028 13�6�1 Linkages with the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 1028 13�6�2 Linkages with other regional policies � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 1029 13�7 Linkages between international and national policies � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �
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