Sustainable Development, Poverty Eradication and Reducing
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Sustainable Development, Poverty Eradication and Reducing Inequalities 5 Coordinating Lead Authors: Joyashree Roy (India), Petra Tschakert (Australia/Austria), Henri Waisman (France) Lead Authors: Sharina Abdul Halim (Malaysia), Philip Antwi-Agyei (Ghana), Purnamita Dasgupta (India), Bronwyn Hayward (New Zealand), Markku Kanninen (Finland), Diana Liverman (USA), Chukwumerije Okereke (UK/Nigeria), Patricia Fernanda Pinho (Brazil), Keywan Riahi (Austria), Avelino G. Suarez Rodriguez (Cuba) Contributing Authors: Fernando Aragón-Durand (Mexico), Mustapha Babiker (Sudan), Mook Bangalore (USA), Paolo Bertoldi (Italy), Bishwa Bhaskar Choudhary (India), Edward Byres (Austria/Brazil), Anton Cartwright (South Africa), Riyanti Djalante (Japan/Indonesia), Kristie L. Ebi (USA), Neville Ellis (Australia), Francois Engelbrecht (South Africa), Maria Figueroa (Denmark/Venezuela), Mukesh Gupta (India), Diana Hinge Salili (Vanuatu), Daniel Huppmann (Austria), Saleemul Huq (Bangladesh/UK), Daniela Jacob (Germany), Rachel James (UK), Debora Ley (Guatemala/Mexico), Peter Marcotullio (USA), Omar Massera (Mexico), Reinhard Mechler (Germany), Haileselassie Amaha Medhin (Ethiopia), Shagun Mehrotra (USA/India), Peter Newman (Australia), Karen Paiva Henrique (Brazil), Simon Parkinson (Canada), Aromar Revi (India), Wilfried Rickels (Germany), Lisa Schipper (UK/Sweden), Jörn Schmidt (Germany), Seth Schultz (USA), Pete Smith (UK), William Solecki (USA), Shreya Some (India), Nenenteiti Teariki-Ruatu (Kiribati), Adelle Thomas (Bahamas), Penny Urquhart (South Africa), Margaretha Wewerinke-Singh (Netherlands) Review Editors: Svitlana Krakovska (Ukraine), Ramon Pichs Madruga (Cuba), Roberto Sanchez (Mexico) Chapter Scientist: Neville Ellis (Australia) This chapter should be cited as: Roy, J., P. Tschakert, H. Waisman, S. Abdul Halim, P. Antwi-Agyei, P. Dasgupta, B. Hayward, M. Kanninen, D. Liverman, C. Okereke, P.F. Pinho, K. Riahi, and A.G. Suarez Rodriguez, 2018: Sustainable Development, Poverty Eradication and Reducing Inequalities. In: Global Warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, H.-O. Pörtner, D. Roberts, J. Skea, P.R. Shukla, A. Pirani, W. Moufouma-Okia, C. Péan, R. Pidcock, S. Connors, J.B.R. Matthews, Y. Chen, X. Zhou, M.I. Gomis, E. Lonnoy, T. Maycock, M. Tignor, and T. Waterfield (eds.)]. In Press. 445 Chapter 5 Sustainable Development, Poverty Eradication and Reducing Inequalities Table of Contents Executive Summary ...................................................................447 5.5 Sustainable Development Pathways to 1.5°C .....466 5.1 Scope and Delineations ..............................................450 5.5.1 Integration of Adaptation, Mitigation and Sustainable Development ....................................467 5.1.1 Sustainable Development, SDGs, Poverty Eradication and Reducing Inequalities .......................450 5.5.2 Pathways for Adaptation, Mitigation and Sustainable Development ....................................467 5.1.2 Pathways to 1.5°C ......................................................450 5.5.3 Climate-Resilient Development Pathways ..................468 5.1.3 Types of evidence .......................................................451 Box 5.3: Republic of Vanuatu – National Planning for Development and Climate Resilience .............................471 5.2 Poverty, Equality and Equity Implications of a 1.5°C Warmer World ............................................451 Cross-Chapter Box 13: Cities and Urban Transformation ...472 5.2.1 Impacts and Risks of a 1.5°C Warmer World: Implications for Poverty and Livelihoods ....................452 5.6 Conditions for Achieving Sustainable Development, Eradicating Poverty 5.2.2 Avoided Impacts of 1.5°C Versus 2°C and Reducing Inequalities in Warming for Poverty and Inequality ...........................452 1.5°C Warmer Worlds ...................................................474 5.2.3 Risks from 1.5°C Versus 2°C Global Warming 5.6.1 Finance and Technology Aligned with Local Needs .....474 and the Sustainable Development Goals ....................453 5.6.2 Integration of Institutions...........................................474 Cross-Chapter Box 12: Residual Risks, Limits to Adaptation and Loss and Damage ........................454 5.6.3 Inclusive Processes .....................................................475 5.6.4 Attention to Issues of Power and Inequality ...............475 5.3 Climate Adaptation and Sustainable Development ..........................................456 5.6.5 Reconsidering Values..................................................475 5.3.1 Sustainable Development in Support of Climate Adaptation ................................................456 5.7 Synthesis and Research Gaps ...................................475 5.3.2 Synergies and Trade-Offs between Adaptation Options and Sustainable Development ......................457 Frequently Asked Questions 5.3.3 Adaptation Pathways towards a 1.5°C Warmer FAQ 5.1 What are the Connections between World and Implications for Inequalities ......................458 Sustainable Development and Limiting Box 5.1 : Ecosystem- and Community-Based Global Warming to 1.5°C above Practices in Drylands ...............................................................459 Pre-Industrial Levels? ..........................................477 FAQ 5.2 What are the Pathways to Achieving 5.4 Mitigation and Sustainable Development ............459 Poverty Reduction and Reducing Inequalities while Reaching a 1.5°C World? ..............................479 5.4.1 Synergies and Trade-Offs between Mitigation Options and Sustainable Development ......................459 References ...................................................................................510 5 Box 5.2: Challenges and Opportunities of 5 Low-Carbon Pathways in Gulf Cooperative Council Countries ....................................................................462 5.4.2 Sustainable Development Implications of 1.5°C and 2°C Mitigation Pathways .....................................463 446 Sustainable Development, Poverty Eradication and Reducing Inequalities Chapter 5 Executive Summary confidence). Many strategies for sustainable development enable transformational adaptation for a 1.5°C warmer world, provided attention is paid to reducing poverty in all its forms and to promoting This chapter takes sustainable development as the starting point equity and participation in decision-making (medium evidence, high and focus for analysis. It considers the broad and multifaceted agreement). As such, sustainable development has the potential bi-directional interplay between sustainable development, including to significantly reduce systemic vulnerability, enhance adaptive its focus on eradicating poverty and reducing inequality in their capacity, and promote livelihood security for poor and disadvantaged multidimensional aspects, and climate actions in a 1.5°C warmer world. populations (high confidence). {5.3.1} These fundamental connections are embedded in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The chapter also examines synergies Synergies between adaptation strategies and the SDGs are and trade-offs of adaptation and mitigation options with sustainable expected to hold true in a 1.5°C warmer world, across sectors development and the SDGs and offers insights into possible pathways, and contexts (medium evidence, medium agreement). Synergies especially climate-resilient development pathways towards a 1.5°C between adaptation and sustainable development are significant warmer world. for agriculture and health, advancing SDGs 1 (extreme poverty), 2 (hunger), 3 (healthy lives and well-being) and 6 (clean water) (robust Sustainable Development, Poverty and Inequality evidence, medium agreement). {5.3.2} Ecosystem- and community- in a 1.5°C Warmer World based adaptation, along with the incorporation of indigenous and local knowledge, advances synergies with SDGs 5 (gender equality), Limiting global warming to 1.5°C rather than 2°C above pre- 10 (reducing inequalities) and 16 (inclusive societies), as exemplified industrial levels would make it markedly easier to achieve many in drylands and the Arctic (high evidence, medium agreement). {5.3.2, aspects of sustainable development, with greater potential to Box 5.1, Cross-Chapter Box 10 in Chapter 4} eradicate poverty and reduce inequalities (medium evidence, high agreement). Impacts avoided with the lower temperature Adaptation strategies can result in trade-offs with and among limit could reduce the number of people exposed to climate risks and the SDGs (medium evidence, high agreement). Strategies that vulnerable to poverty by 62 to 457 million, and lessen the risks of advance one SDG may create negative consequences for other poor people to experience food and water insecurity, adverse health SDGs, for instance SDGs 3 (health) versus 7 (energy consumption) impacts, and economic losses, particularly in regions that already face and agricultural adaptation and SDG 2 (food security) versus SDGs 3 development challenges (medium evidence, medium agreement). (health), 5 (gender equality), 6 (clean water), 10 (reducing inequalities), {5.2.2, 5.2.3} Avoided impacts expected to occur between 1.5°C and 14 (life below water) and 15 (life