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BULLETIN DE L'INSTlTUT ROYAL DES SCIENCES NATURELLES DE BELGIQCE, BIOLOGIE, 64 : 17-42, 1994 BULLETIN VAN HET KONINKLIJK BELGISCH INSTlTUUT VOOR NATUURWETENSCHAPPEN, BlOLOGIE, 64: 17-42, 1994 Scanning electron microscopy observations on Telotylenchinae SIDDIQI, 1960 (Nemata : Belonolaimidae). 3. The genus Tylenchorhynchus COBB, 1913. by Pierre BAUJARD, Danamou MOUNPORT & Bernard MARTINY Abstract CHENG, 1988; RASHlD & HEYNs, 1990; ZEIDAN & Geraert,1990; LAL & HINEs, 1991; GOMEZ BARCINA et Ten species of the genus Tylenchorhynchus were studied under SEM, al., 1992) reveal great differences, particularly in the Observations showed the great heterogeneity of the genus according head face view, between species of Tylenchorhynchus. to the head pattern and confirmed the absence of validity of some characters at the taxonomic level (number of incisures in the lateral More recently, MOUNPORT et al., (1993) compared the field, presence vs absence of longitudinal ridges, presence vs absence ultrastructure of the cuticle of nine species of the genus of notch on the bursa), Four to five different head patterns can be concluding that it might be composed of several genera recognized, corresponding to the cuticle ultrastructure patterns pre­ which must be redefined on the basis of light and scan­ viously defined. Bitylenchus is considered as a junior synonym of Tylcnchorhvnchus, and B. pratensis and B, serranus are transferred to ning electron microscopy. the genus 'lylenchorhynchus. This work presents the results of observations on ten Keywords: Nemata, Belonolaimidae, Tylenchorhvnchus, morpho­ species belonging to the genus Tylenchorhynchus, some logy, scanning electron microscopy. of them previously described and/or transferred in gene­ ra presently considered as synonyms of Tylenchorhyn­ chus (see FORTUNER & Luc, 1987): Bitylenchus Resume FILIP'EV, 1934, Telotylenchus SIDDIQI, 1960, Dolichor­ hynchus MULK & JAIRAJPURI, 1974, Neodolichorhyn­ Dix espcces du genre Tylenchorhynchus ont ete ctudiccs en microsco­ eh us JAIRAJPURI & HUNT, 1984. Nine of these species pie electronique a balayage. Les observations reverent une here­ were studied by MOUNPORT et al. (1993). rogcneite considerable des structures cephaliques cxternes et confir­ ment labsence de validite de certains caractercs morphologiques au niveau taxonomique (nombre dincisures dans les champs lateraux, presence vs absence de cretes longitudinales, presence vs absence dechancrure sur la bursa). Les structures cephaliques externes Material and methods peuvent etre groupees en quatre acinq types diffcrcnts qui correspon­ dent a ceux definis precedemrnent sur I'ultrastructure de la cuticule. SPECIES STUDIED Bitylcnchus est considere comme un synonyme mineur du genre Tvlenchorhynchus, et les especes B. pratensis et H. scrranus sont Tylenchorhynchus annulatus (CASSIDY, 1930) GOLDE:", 1971. transferees au genre Ty lenchorhynchus. Mots-cle : Nemata, Belonolaimidae, Tylenchorhynchus, morphologie, syn. Tylenchorhvnchus martini FIELDING, 1956. microscopie electronique abalayage. Tylenchorhynchus germanii FORTUNER & Luc, 1987. syn. Dolichorhynchus (Dolichorhynchus) elegans GER­ MANI & Luc, 1984. Tylenchorhynchus elegans (GERMAN! & Luc, 1984) FOR­ Introduction TUNER & Luc, 1987 (nee T. elegans SIDDlQI, 1961). Tylenchorhynchus gladiolatus FORTUNER & AMOUGOU, 1973. syn. Dolichorhynchus (Neodolichorhynchus) gladiolatus Recent studies on the taxonomy of the genus Tylenchor­ (FORTUNER & AMOUGOU, 1973) MULK & SIDDIQI, hynchus (SIDDIQI, 1986, FORTUNER & Luc, 1987) are 1982. principally based on morphological and biometrical Neodolichorhynchus gladiolatus (FORTUNER & characters observed in light microscopy. Of the 130 spe­ A\1oCGou, 1973) JAIRAJPCRI & HC'\'T, 1984. cies listed in the genus Tylenchorhynchus (FORTUNER & Tvlenchorhynchus indicus (SIDDIQI, 1960) FORTU:"ER & Lt.c, Luc, 1987), little is known on their morphology as seen 1987. syn. Telotvlenchus indicus SIDDIQI, 1960. under scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Previous Tylenchorhynchus mashhoodi SIDDIQI & BASIR, 1959. studies (SHER & BELL, 1975; LEWIS & GOLDEN, 1981; Tylenchorhynchus microphasmis LOOF, 1960. VOVLAS & CHAM, 1981; JAIRAJPURI & HUNT, 1984; syn. Dolichorhynchus (Neodolichorhynchus) microphas­ SAtJER, 1985; LOPEZ & SALAZAR, 1987; VOVLAS & mis (Loo!', 1960) MULK & SIDDIQI, 1982. 18 P. BAUJARD, D. MOUNPORT & B. MARTINY Fig. 1 - Tylenchorhynchus mashhoodi females (A-D, C-J) and males (E-F. J-L). A and B. C and D, E and F : respecrively in face and lareral view of {he same specimen; C: vu Ivar region; H-L : rails; A-F : scale bar = J /-Lm; C-L : scale bar = JO /-Lm. Scanning electron microscopy observations on Telotylenchinae 19 ... • Neodo/ichorhynchus microphasmis (LOOF, 1960) JAI­ Table 1 : RAJPURI & HUNT, 1984. Laboratory culture conditions and number of specimens Ty/enchorhynchus su/catus DE GUIRAN, 1967. observed under SEM. syn. Do/ichorhynchus (Neodolichorhynchus) su/catus (de Guiran, 1967) MULK & SIDDIQI, 1982. Neodo/ichorhynchus su/catus (DE GUIRAN, 1967) JAI­ Species Soil Extraction Number RAJPURI & Hunt, 1984. temperature date of specimens Ty/enchorhynchus ventra/is (LOOF, 1963) FORTUNER & Luc, and observed 1987. moisture (females-males) syn. Te/oty/enchus ventra/is LooF, 1963. Ty/enchorhynchus vu/garis UPADHYAY, SWARUP & SETHI, T. annulatus 1972. "KK" population 34°-10 28.02.1986 30 syn. Bity/enchus vu/garis (UPADHYAY, SWARUP & SETHI, % 1972) SIDDIQI, 1986. 11.05.1987 42 Ty/enchorhynchus phaseo/i SETHI & SWARUP, 1968. 21.01.1991 30 syn Do/ichorhynchus (Dolichorhynchus) phaseoli (SETHI "CSS" population 34°-10 % 05.03.1986 30 & SWARUP, 1968) MULK & JAIRAJPURI, 1974. 13.12.1986 30 = Ty/enchorhynchus sp. in MOUNPORT et a/., 1993. 23.01.1991 30 T. germanii 34°-10 % 20.11.1986 22-30 ORIGIN OF SPECIMENS 14.02.1991 30-30 T. gladiolatus 30°-10 % 01.12.1986 29-21 T. annulatus: two populations ongmating from 25.05.1987 26-23 Richard-Toll, Senegal in 1982 ("CSS" population) and 27.03.1990 30-30 from samples taken along the road Kaffrine-Koungheul, T. indicus 34°-10 % 08.12.1986 28-30 Senegal ("KK" population) in 1984 and paratypes of T. T. mashhoodi 34°-10 % 19.03.1991 30-30 martini originating from the Riverside Nematode Col­ T. sulcatus 34°-10 % 24.11.1986 20-20 lection, University of California, U.S.A. 26.03.1991 30-30 T. germanii : topotypes from Patar, Senegal in 1984. 24.01.1992 30-30 T. gladiolatus : Nebe, Senegal in 1986. T. ventralis 34°-10 % 12.12.1986 15- 4 T. indicus : Thienaba, Senegal in 1988. 12.03.1990 30-30 T. mashhoodi : Tara, Niger in 1990. T. vulgaris 30°-10 % 26.05.1988 30 T. microphasmis: The Netherlands (sent by Dr. EC. 24.01.1992 30 ZOON). 13.07.1992 30 T. sulcatus : N'Dindy, Senegal in 1982. T. phaseoli 36°-10 % 25.04.1988 30 T. ventralis : Louga, Senegal in 1982. 10.06.1988 30 T. vulgaris : Agadez region, Niger in 1987. 08.03.1991 30 T. phaseoli : Aogadut region, Niger in 1987. PREPARATION OF SPECIMENS FOR SEM STUDIES Results Except for the paratypes of T. martini and specimens of T. microphasmis, the other species were cultured at HEAD constant soit temperature and soit moisture (Table 1) on Sorghum vulgare L. in the laboratory since the sampling T. mashhoodi (Fig. 1, A-F), the two Senegalese popula­ date, extracted by elutriation (SEINHORST, 1962), killed tions of T. annulatus and T. martini paratypes (Fig. 2, A­ by gentle heating (600 C) during 30 seconds and then I) : head square like in lateral view; cephalic constric­ processed without fixation for SEM as described by tion absent; in front view, head rounded to laterally BAUJARD and PARIS ELLE (1987). Specimens of T. micro­ elongated with six more or less pronounced longitudinal phasmis were obtained in fixative and processed by the depressions, two dorso-ventral and four submedial; same technique. Paratypes of T. martini and sorne speci­ three to four cephalic armuli present; oral aperture a mens of T. indicus and T. ventralis were processed for dorso-ventral slit surrounded by a small rim itself sur­ SEM and photographed by Dr. BELL as described by rounded by six labial sensilla; labial disc not prominent, SHER & BELL (1975). squarish to four lobed, demarcated by an incisure inter­ In order to evaluate a possible variability in the morpho­ rupted by the amphid apertures; first cephalic annulus logical characters, several specimens extracted at diffe­ not differentiated into lip sectors; amphid aperture late­ rent times were studied for each species from laboratory rally situated at the edge of the labial disc, circular cultures (Table 1). (occurrence: 27 % in the "CSS" population and 17 % in the "KK" population) to ovoid, the longer axis being dorso-ventrally orientated (occurrence: 73 % in the 20 P. BAUJARD, D. MOUNPORT & B. MARTINY w• ••' 1 Fig. 2 - Tylenchorhynchus annulatus,females; A-F: "CSS" populO/ion, C-.!, L : paralypes ofT. marlini; K, M : "KK" popu­ lalion. A-I : heads (A and B, C and D, E and F, C and H' respeClively laieraI and in fron! l'iew oflhe same specimen); .!-K: vu/val' region (Ihe while arl'Ow shows Ihe direuion of Ihe anleriol' region); L-M : Iails; A-I : scale har = 1 }.Lm; f. Scanning electron microscopy observations on TeJotylenchinae 21 Fig. 3 - Tylenchorhynchus annulatus. fema/es of the "CSS" population. N and O. Q and p. Rand S: respective/y vu/var region and vu/va of the same specimen (the white arrow shows the direction ofthe anterior region): T-W .' tai/s: N. Q, R-W: sca/e bar = 10 /Lm: O. P, S: sca/e bar = J jLI1J. 22 P. BAUJARD, D. MOUNPORT & B. MARTINY "CSS" population and 83 % in the "KK" population). that
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  • Some Belonolaim Species (Nematoda, Dolichodoridae) from Sabalan Region, Northwest of Iran

    Some Belonolaim Species (Nematoda, Dolichodoridae) from Sabalan Region, Northwest of Iran

    J. Crop Prot. 2014, 3 (1): 13-20________________________________________________________ Short Paper Some belonolaim species (Nematoda, Dolichodoridae) from Sabalan region, northwest of Iran Yousef Panahandeh and Ebrahim Pourjam* Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture Tarbiat Modares University, Terhran, Iran. Abstract: Six belonolaim species were collected from grasslands of Sabalan region. The found species belong to genera Amplimerlinius, Merlinius, Nagelus, Neodolichorhynchus, Paramerlinius and Tylenchorhynchus. Among the found species, Neodolichorhynchus judithae is reported for the first time from Iran and is characterized by having offset head, cuticule with 16 longitudinal ridges, delicate stylet 21-23 µm long, presence of post intestinal sac and tail with annulated terminus. Keywords: Ardebil province, grasslands, new record, morphological characters, Tylenchina. Introduction12 The most recent review on taxonomy of this group of nematodes is made by Sturhan (2012). Based on morphological characters (amphids, In this review, he considered the results of the phasmids, deirids, lateral field and head sensory molecular phylogenetic studies and presence of organs), Ryss (1993) suggested the combination dierids in subfamily Merliniinae and the genus of Pratylenchoides Winslow, 1958 and Pratylenchoides and placed them in family Merliniinae sensu Siddiqi 2000 members Merliniidae with two subfamilies, Merliniinae (Nagelus Thorne & Malek, 1968, Merlinius and Pratylenchoidinae. He placed Siddiqi, 1970, Amplimerlinius Siddiqi,
  • Ecology and Biology of Nematodes Associated with Grass

    Ecology and Biology of Nematodes Associated with Grass

    ECOLOGY AND BIOLOGY OF NEMATODES ASSOCIATED WITH GRASS by John Bridge B.Sc.(Hull), M.Sc.(McGi11) A THESIS PRESENTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in the Faculty of Science, University of London Imperial College Field Station, January, 1971 Ashurst Lodge, Sunninghill, Ascot 2 ABSTRACT Nineteen genera of plant parasitic nematodes were found in grassland pasture soils, of these only Tylenchorhynchus and Tylenchus were present in all the fields sampled, and Helicoty- lenchus, Paratylenchus and Pratylenchus occurred in all but one of the fields. The other genera most frequently found were Aphelenchoides, Aphelenchus, Longidorus and Pratylenchoides. The vertical distribution of nematodes in grassland soil was studied. Certain plant parasitic genera had distinctly different soil depth preferences which did not vary at different sampling times throughout the year. Highest populations of Tylenchorhynchus species occurred in the top 5 cm of soil, those of alenchus species in the upper 15 cm, Paratylenchus microdorus between 15 and 25 cm and Longidorus species below 30 cm. Pratylenchus and Helicotylenchus were irregularly distributed in the soil profile. The morphological characteristics of the ten species of Tylenchorhynchus found in grassland pasture soils are described and figured. Observations on the behaviour of seven alpnchorhynchus species on grass seedling roots showed that the method of feeding varied considerably between species. Some species were browsing ecto- parasites others fed in aggregations on root tips, and two species exhibited both a sedentary ectoparasitic and a migratory semi- endoparasitic feeding behaviour. 3 Relationships between nematodes and growth of perennial ryegrass was studied. No significant reduction in top or root grOwth occurred in soil experiments when populations were equivalent to, or greater than, field populations.
  • (Nematoda: Belonolaimidae), from Romania

    (Nematoda: Belonolaimidae), from Romania

    Nematol. medit. (2004),32: 147-154 147 SOME NEMATODES BELONGING TO THE GENUS TYLENCHORHYNCHUS COBB, 1913 (NEMATODA: BELONOLAIMIDAE), FROM ROMANIA M. Ciobanul, G. Karssen2 * and I. Popovici1 1 Institute o/Biological Researcb, Department o/Taxonomy cznd Ecology, 48 Republicii Street, 3400 Cluj-Napoca, Romania 2 Plant Protection Service, po. Box 9102,6700 HC Wageningen, tbe Netherlands Summary. Specimens belonging to three known species of Tylenchorhynchus (T. agri, T. dubius and T. maximus) collected from various localities in Romania were studied by light microscopy. Additional morphometries, illustrations and data referring to their habitat are provided. The geographical distribution of T. dubius and T. maxim liS in Romania is broadened. A description and il­ lustration of a previously undescribed species, based upon a single female, is given. The nematodes belonging to the genus Tylen­ is broadened. chorhynchus Cobb, 1913 are ectoparasites of roots and One undescribed species was identified in the Ro­ common in various soil types. According to Brzeski manian material; the measurements and illustration are (1998), the genus is very heterogeneous, therefore requir­ provided based upon a single female. ing taxonomic revision. Data on the presence and distribution of the species Six species of Tylenchorhynchus have been reported have been included in the Romanian nematode fauna so far from Romania: T agri Ferris, 1963 from Maliuc database. The paper is also a contribution towards an (located in the Danube Delta) (Popovici, 1992); T clarus inventory of the species belonging to the genus Tylen­ Allen, 1955 from Maliuc (forest) and Enisala (wet soil) chorhynchus in Romania. also located in the Danube Delta (Popovici, 1992); T cylindricus Cobb, 1913 from grasslands near the locality Cluj-Napoca (Popovici, 1973, 1974); T dubius (Biitschli, MATERIALS AND METHODS 1873) Filip' ev, 1936 from several localities: soil around Mentha sp.