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Pestrost Talnih Pajkov V Okolici Solkana UNIVERZA V LJUBLJANI BIOTEHNIŠKA FAKULTETA ODDELEK ZA BIOLOGIJO Alenka GORJAN PESTROST TALNIH PAJKOV V OKOLICI SOLKANA DIPLOMSKO DELO Univerzitetni študij Ljubljana, 2014 UNIVERZA V LJUBLJANI BIOTEHNIŠKA FAKULTETA ODDELEK ZA BIOLOGIJO Alenka GORJAN PESTROST TALNIH PAJKOV V OKOLICI SOLKANA DIPLOMSKO DELO Univerzitetni študij DIVERSITY OF GROUND SPIDERS IN VICINITY OF SOLKAN GRADUATION THESIS University studies Ljubljana, 2014 II Gorjan A. Pestrost talnih pajkov v okolici Solkana. Dipl.delo. Ljubljana, Univ. v Ljubljani, Biotehniška fakulteta, Odd. za biologijo, 2014 Diplomsko delo je zaključek Univerzitetnega študija biologije. Opravljeno je bilo na Katedri za zoologijo Oddelka za biologijo Biotehniške fakultete Univerze v Ljubljani, kjer je bila tudi opravljena računalniška obdelava. Študijska komisija Oddelka za biologijo je za mentorja diplomskega dela imenovala prof. dr. Roka Kostanjška. Komisija za oceno in zagovor: Predsednik: doc. dr. Rudi VEROVNIK Univerza v Ljubljani, Biotehniška fakulteta, Oddelek za biologijo Član: doc. dr. Cene FIŠER Univerza v Ljubljani, Biotehniška fakulteta, Oddelek za biologijo Član: prof. dr. Rok KOSTANJŠEK Univerza v Ljubljani, Biotehniška fakulteta, Oddelek za biologijo Datum zagovora: maj, 2014 Podpisana se strinjam z objavo svoje naloge v polnem tekstu na spletni strani Digitalne knjižnice Biotehniške fakultete. Izjavljam, da je naloga, ki sem jo oddala v elektronski obliki, identična tiskani verziji. Naloga je rezultat lastnega raziskovalnega dela. Alenka Gorjan III Gorjan A. Pestrost talnih pajkov v okolici Solkana. Dipl.delo. Ljubljana, Univ. v Ljubljani, Biotehniška fakulteta, Odd. za biologijo, 2014 KLJUČNA DOKUMENTACIJSKA INFORMACIJA ŠD Dn DK UDK 595.4(497.4)(043.2)=163.6 KG pajki/vrstna pestrost/ocena vrstne pestrosti/talne pasti AV GORJAN Alenka SA KOSTANJŠEK, Rok (mentor) KZ SI-1000 Ljubljana, Večna pot 111 ZA Univerza v Ljubljani, Biotehniška fakulteta, Oddelek za biologijo LI 2014 IN PESTROST TALNIH PAJKOV V OKOLICI SOLKANA TD Diplomsko delo (univerzitetni študij) OP XIII, 46 str., 6 pregl., 5sl., 3 pril., 51 vir. IJ sl JI sl/en AI Merjenje biodiverzitete je pomembno za primerjavo različnih združb, ohranjanje in upravljanje z biotsko raznovrstnostjo ter ugotavljanje vpliva človeka na okolje in za oblikovanje zakonov za ohranjanje okolja. Ker je ugotavljanje končnega števila vrst kot osnovnega merila biodiverzitete praktično nemogoče, so za merjenje biodiverzitete v uporabi različne cenilke, ki pa so podvržene različnim dejavnikom. V nalogi smo se osredotočili na talno favno pajkov na primerljivih pobočjih Sv. Katarine in Sabotina v okolici Solkana, ki se med seboj razlikujeta po podlagi in posledično po vegetaciji. Na vsakem izmed pobočij smo tekom celega leta s talnimi pastmi vzorčili na štirih lokalitetah. Zanimala nas je sestava talne favne, vrstna pestrost, ki smo jo določili na podlagi števila ujetih vrst in šestih cenilk, podobnost v vrstni sestavi med obema pobočjema in dinamika vrst talnih pajkov preko leta. Rezultate uspešnosti vzorčenja za oceno končnega števila vrst preiskovanega območja smo primerjali s sorodnimi študijami izvedenimi v severozahodni Sloveniji. V pasti so se največkrat ujeli pajki, ki živijo na tleh ali tik nad nivojem tal (Lycosidae, Linyphiidae, Tetragnathidae, Salticidae, Amaurobiidae, Nemesidae), med njimi je bilo osem novih vrst za slovensko favno pajkov, kar kaže na njeno slabo raziskanost. Po pričakovanju in z manjšimi odstopanji je vrstno bogatejše naravno okolje Sabotina, kot z antropogenimi vplivi spremenjeno pobočje Sv. Katarine. Vrstno najbolj zastopana sta bila gozd na Sabotinu in gojen travnik na Sv. Katarini, česar zaradi antropogenega vliva na slednjem vsekakor nismo pričakovali. Kljub celoletnem vzorčenju se akumulacijske krivulje pri večini lokalitet niso umirile, kar kaže na nezadostno vzorčenje in zelo verjeten robni vpliv habitatov nad nivojem tal. Primerjava vrstne sestave obeh pobočij je pokazala večjo podobnost sosednjih habitatov istega pobočja kot enakih habitatov sosednjih pobočij, kar kaže na določeno stopnjo vezanosti favne pajkov na podlago in/ali vegetacijo. Letna dinamika talne favne pajkov je pokazala pričakovan izrazit vrh pojavljanja vrst v pozni pomladi in manj izrazit jesenski vrh. Zaradi milih zim dinamika pajkov tudi čez zimo ne zamre povsem. Talne pasti so se izkazale kot primerna in nezahtevna tehnika lova talnih pajkov, za potrebe uspešnega ocenjevanja biodiverzitete, pa je potrebno zagotoviti zadostno število pasti, ki morajo delovati daljše časovno obdobje, ter upoštevati podvrženost metode robnemu učinku. IV Gorjan A. Pestrost talnih pajkov v okolici Solkana. Dipl.delo. Ljubljana, Univ. v Ljubljani, Biotehniška fakulteta, Odd. za biologijo, 2014 KEY WORDS DOCUMENTATION DN Dn DC UDK 595.4(497.4)(043.2)=163.6 CX Aranea/biodiversity/species richnes estimations/pitfall traps AU GORJAN Alenka AA KOSTANJŠEK, Rok (supervisor) PP SI-1000 Ljubljana, Večna pot 111 PB University of Ljubljana, Biotehnical Faculty, Biology department PY 2014 TI SPECIES RICHNES OF GROWND SPIDERS IN VICINITY OF SOLKAN DT Graduation Thesis (University studies) NO XIII, 46 p., 6 tab., 5 fig., 3 ann., 51 ref. LA sl AL sl/en AB Measuring biodiversity is important for comparison of different communities, preserving and managing biodiversity and assessing the human effect on the environment and form environmental policy decisions. Determining the final number of species as the basic criteria of biodiversity is practically impossible, therefore there are different estimators in use for measuring biodiversity, which are influenced by different factors. In the research we were focused on ground fauna of the spiders on resembling slopes of hills St. Katarina and Sabotin in the area of Solkan, which differ in ground structure and consequently in vegetation. On each slope we established four researching sites on which we were working with pitfall traps during one year period. We were researching fauna of ground spiders, species diversity, which we determined by number of caught spiders and with different estimators, moreover we determined the resemblance in species composition between both slopes and then we monitored the dynamics of ground spiders throughout the year. Findings of performed sampling for an estimate number of species were compared with similar studies carried out in North West of Slovenia. Spiders caught in the pitfall traps were the ones living on or just above ground level (Lycosidae, Linyphiidae, Tetragnathidae, Salticidae, Amaurobiidae, Nemesidae), among them there were eight new species for Slovenian aranea fauna, which implies the area had been previously poorly researched. As expected, with some deviations though, the natural environment of Sabotin is the richest in species compared with anthropogenically changed St. Katarina. Researching sites with the most species richness/diversity were forest on the hill Sabotin and cultivated meadow on the slope of St. Katarina, which was unexpected because of anthropogenic influence on environment. Despite all year long sampling, accumulation curves of species for most researching sites did not come to the plateau phase, implying that locations were under-sampled and there might be even influence of edge effect of habitats above the ground level. Comparison of both species composition show that neighboring habitats are more alike than comparable habitats of different slopes, which indicates on some level a certain connection between spider fauna and ground structure and/or vegetation. Annual fauna dynamics of ground spider fauna show an expected high peak in late spring and early summer period, less distinctive peak in occurrence of species is found in autumn time. Due to mild winters, the dynamics of ground dwelling spiders is never completely terminated. Pitfall traps are a suitable and undemanding research technique for collecting ground spiders, although for a successful estimation of biodiversity a sufficient number of pitfall traps must be provided, which have to be on research site for sufficiently long period of time while of course taking in consideration the edge effect. V Gorjan A. Pestrost talnih pajkov v okolici Solkana. Dipl.delo. Ljubljana, Univ. v Ljubljani, Biotehniška fakulteta, Odd. za biologijo, 2014 KAZALO VSEBINE KLJUČNA DOKUMENTACIJSKA INFORMACIJA .................................... III KEY WORDS DOCUMENTATION .................................................................. IV KAZALO VSEBINE .............................................................................................. V KAZALO PREGLEDNIC .................................................................................. VII KAZALO SLIK .................................................................................................. VIII 1 UVOD ........................................................................................................................ 1 2 PREGLED OBJAV ................................................................................................. 3 2.1 BIODIVERZITETA .................................................................................................. 3 2.2 MERJENJE BIODIVERZITETE .............................................................................. 4 2.2.1 Merjenje lokalne biodiverzitete (diverzitete alfa)................................................. 4 2.2.2 Cenilka Jackknife 1 ................................................................................................. 5 2.2.3 Cenilka Jackknife 2 ................................................................................................
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