Of Drug 45, 142, 144, 346, 414 ACE Inhibitors 1

Home , Glycine dehydrogenase, Ximelagatran

479

Index

a –– voltage-gated ion channel state Abl inhibition 359 transitions 297, 298 absorption, distribution, metabolism, and – prolongation 298 elimination (ADME), of drug 45, 142, 144, – simulated cardiac, in M cells 297, 299, 300 346, 414 – simulations 303, 304, 320 ACE inhibitors 10, 12 – stratification of AP timings 301 acetaminophen 176, 374 – supra-AP timescales 300 – inhibitors, protects against hepatotoxicity – waveform 298, 304 in vivo 376 activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) 390 – liver damage 125 acute coronary syndrome (ACS) 281, 331, – overdose 110 337 acetylation 89 acute liver injury (ALI) 88, 96, 110, 115–118, acetylators 89 120 acetylcysteine (AC) 110, 113, 115 acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) 332, 333, acetylhydrazine 89 377, 401 acetyl isoniazid 89 acylcarnitines 112, 115, 116 acne 341, 342, 344, 380, 458 administration route, of drugs 52, 53 action potential 258 α2 adrenergic receptor (α2 AR) 22 – AP/QT prolongation adrenergic receptor antagonists 10 –– as a torsadogenicity biomarker 320 β-adrenergic receptors (β-ADRs) 35, 235 – duration 304 adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) – estimation of proarrhythmic hERG 465 occupancy levels based on 304 ADRs. See adverse drug reactions (ADRs) –– nontrappable blockers 305 adverse drug reactions (ADRs) 3, 4, 6–8, 14, 15, –– trappable blockers 304 457 – isomorphic lengthening 298 – as a drug-induced disease 30 – normal AP and proarrhythmic – as drug-induced diseases 29 abnormalities 296 – multiscale models of 30, 31 –– abnormal calcium channel reopening – primary toxicity profiles 30 triggers 298–300 – psychiatric 12

–– blocker-induced loss of baseline IKr, cause adverse effects, incidence of 95 EADs 301 Adverse Event Reporting System (AERS) 30 –– effects of hERG dysfunction afatinib 388 301 aﬂatoxin B1 (AFB1) 136 –– molecular mechanisms 296 agranulocytosis 58, 66

–– reduction in baseline IK levels over akathisia 5, 65, 460 supra-AP timescales 300 Akt inhibitors 12, 425 –– state transitions of hERG determine – enzyme inhibition data 424

instantaneous IKr current 296 Akt overexpression 424

Antitargets and Drug Safety, First Edition. Edited by László Urbán, Vinod F. Patel, and Roy J. Vaz.  2015 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. Published 2015 by Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. 480 Index

Akt1 selectivity – smoking cessation 471 – Ala230 425, 426, 428 – target primarily 5-HT transporter 69 – residue differences and structural antiepileptic drugs 472 consequences 426 antigen-presenting cells (APCs) 144 alanine aminotransaminase 110–112 antihistamines 52 alanine aminotransferases (ALT) 33, 88, 89, 91, antihypertensive adrenergic receptor 92, 94, 95, 96, 98, 107–109, 111, 112, 114, 116, blockers 12 171–173, 175, 176, 179–186, 373, antihypertensive drugs 9, 15 375, 376 antimigraine medications 67 albumin 91, 96, 112, 139, 140, 280 – contraindications 68 aldosterone 439, 443, 447 – warnings 69 – reproducible in vitro screening models 440 antipsychotics 58, 65 – safety risk 447–448 – second-generation 67 – torcetrapib, effect of 441–444 anti-ribosomal emetine 21 – torcetrapib induction, molecular mechanism “antitarget” effects 83 of 439, 440 antitubercular therapy 87 aldosterone synthase (AS) 438 antiulcer drug 33 aldosterone synthase overexpression (AShi/hi) anxiety 5, 285, 342, 459–461, 463, 464, 467, – mouse model of 448 470, 471

alfuzosin 260 – with D1 and D5 antagonists 460 ALI. See acute liver injury (ALI) AO. See action potential alkaline phosphatase (ALP) 92, 95, 100, aortic pressure 210 111–113 apoptosis 84, 116, 181, 244, 281, 338, 339, 340, ALL. See acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) 347, 382, 424 allosteric inhibitors 359 – cardiomyocyte 52 allosteric kinase inhibitors 10 – caspase-dependent 138 allosteric modulator sites 12 – K18 attributed to 117 almotriptan 68 – myocyte 448 ALT. See alanine aminotransferases (ALT) – quantification of 117 Alzheimer’s disease 467 – -resistant phenotype 140 – Lewy bodies 471 – trastuzumab and lapatinib leading 407 aminotransferase 91 appetite-reducing agents 61 amlodipine 245 aripiprazole 66, 67 AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) 407 – antipsychotic drugs 461 amphetamine 57, 467, 469 – postmarketing psychiatric side effect profile amrinone 218 of 462 anacetrapib 438, 448 ARREST study 254 – application of in vitro models 440, 441 arrhythmias 52, 69, 201, 202, 239, 245, 253, – BP/aldosterone preclinical models 448–449 257, 260, 281, 346 – chemical structure and physicochemical ARRY-380 (ONT-380) 420–424 properties 438 – kinases with minimal inhibition 423 anemone toxin II (ATXII) 257 – optimization path 421 angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) 442 – proposed binding mode 422 angiotensin II antagonists 10, 14 arterial blood pressure 225 – AT1 receptor 14, 439 arteriosclerosis 203 angiotensin inhibitors 12 artificial intelligence 36 angiotensin receptor antagonist FAERS aspartate aminotransferases (AST) 33, 87, 88, profiles 12 92, 95, 100, 111, 127, 128, 175, 176, 183, 287, ankyrin-G 256 373, 376 anorexia 377 aspirin 27, 126 anthracyclines 284 AST. See aspartate aminotransferases (AST) anticancer drugs 202 atenolol 10, 218, 226 antidepressants 12 atherogenic lipid profile 67 Index 481 atherosclerosis 68 – surrogate 371 atomoxetine 467 – torsadogenicity 320 ATP binding domain 370 – translational 288 ATP cleft 414, 418, 419, 422–424, 428 biotransformation 131 ATP-competitive inhibitors 305 bipolar disorders 66

ATP-competitive KI, IC50 values for 390 – depressive episodes associated with 70 ATP synthesis 179, 180, 183, 390 birth defects 384 atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) 282 bisphosphonates 9 atrioventricular (AV) node 235 BLAST 21 autism 66, 242, 247 bleeding diathesis 47 autoregulation 205, 206, 464 β-blockers 28, 219, 226 Avastin 334 blood–brain barrier (BBB) 458 avidity 205, 206 blood pressure (BP) axitinib 333, 344, 346, 347, 351, 366, 371, – activation of 5-HT1A receptors 464 373, 377 – aldosterone 443 – CP-532,623 444, 445 b – dalcetrapib 445 BCR-ABL fusion protein 371 – ketanserin 466 BCR-Abl inhibitors 347, 408 – safety risk 447–448 BCR-ABL targeting KIs nilotinib 384 – small-molecule inhibitors of kinases: side benfluorex (Servier) 58, 61–63 effects 341, 342 benzothiazepine (BTZ) 245 – sustained increase 441, 442 bevacizumab 9, 47, 49, 331, 334, 347, 408 – tissue mRNA analysis 442, 443 bile acid-mediated toxicity module 184 – torcetrapib 437, 443, 444 – bosentan 187 –– effect of 437, 438, 441–444, 445 – pioglitazone 184 –– molecular mechanisms of 444–447 – SimPopsTM simulation 188, 189 –– -positive inotropism 446–447 – telmisartan 187 blood–retinal barrier damage 388 – troglitazone 184 bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) 379 bile salt export pump (BSEP) 47, 136, bone toxicity 379–380 160–163, 181, 188, 189 bosentan 160, 187 – competitive inhibitors 160 – hepatotoxicity 189 – drug interaction with 160 – simulations 187 – role in drug development 162, 163 bosutinib 11, 333, 344, 346, 351, 354, 357, 366 – troglitazone sulfate as inhibitor 161 B-Raf, comparable binding modes bile salts 47, 159, 160, 181 – x-ray crystal structures 417 bilirubin 33, 87, 91, 92, 99, 112, 143, 176, 341, BRaf inhibitor 333, 340 373, 374 BRaf mutation 356, 407 biliverdin 96 bromocriptine 62, 461 bioactivity databases 25 bronchoconstrictory reflex 210 bioinformatics 22, 23, 25 bulimia nervosa 70 biomarkers bupropion 471 – in animal models 376 – for assessment of DILI 111–113 c – for beta cell mass 469 cabergoline 58, 62, 461 – blood-based 110 cabozantinib 333, 344, 347, 352, 366, 387, 389 – COX-1 therapeutic 32 Ca channel antagonist 445 – efficacy 221 Ca channel blockers 10, 12 – genomic 285, 286 Caenorhabditis elegans 35 + – NIH defined as 109 Ca2 ion 209, 235, 246 – novel investigational, for DILI 113, 114 calcineurin–nuclear factor of activated T cells – NT-proBNP 285 (NFAT) signaling pathway 243 – ROC curve 99 calcium–calmodulin complex 243 482 Index

calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase – use of human stem cell-derived II (CaMKII) 256 cardiomyocytes 266–268 calcium channels 235 cardiac-specific kinase antitargets 404 – antagonist 226 – clinical outcome predictions 409–410 calcium homeostasis 133 – heart, clinical findings 404 calcium-induced calcium release (CICR) 235 –– Bcr–Abl inhibition 408 CaMKII phosphorylation 264 –– c-Kit Inhibition 408 Cancer and Leukemia Group B (CALGB) –– dual ErbB2/EGFR inhibitor 406, 407 protocol 401 –– EGFR inhibition 406 cancer drug 357, 358, 402 –– ErbB2 inhibition 404–406 – and cardiotoxicity 402, 403 –– JAK/STAT inhibition 407–408 – evaluation of various cancer cell lines 414 –– MEK inhibitor 407 – inhibitor of Akt as 424 –– PDGFRs 408 cannabis 462 –– rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma (Raf) Cannabis sativa 462 kinase 407 capecitabine–DPD 27 –– VEGFR inhibition 408–409 carbamazepine 472 – preclinical findings 404 carcinogenesis 137 – preclinical safety 409–410 cardiac action potential (AP). See action cardiac stem cells 402, 403 potential cardiac toxicities 202 Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trials cardiac troponins 205, 206, 209, 280–282 (CAST) 253 – binary and ternary complexes 282 cardiac biomarkers 280 – biological half-life 281 cardiac cycle 206 – epitopes of 281 cardiac dysfunction 409 – hemolysis 282 cardiac enzymes 402 – immunoassays 281 cardiac function 203, 213 – nonclinical use 287 – definition 203 –– absence of increase in cTnT and/or cTnI – dual EGFR/ErbB2 inhibition 406 values 288 – general principle 203 –– BQRT in nonclinical drug development – methods available to assess 213–217 studies 286, 288 – sensitive marker of 284 – regulatory perspective 286–288 cardiac inotropy 214 cardiomyocytes 214, 246, 255, 257, 266, 285, + + cardiac Na /Ca2 exchange pump 254 404, 409, 471 cardiac output (CO) 205 – action potentials 52 cardiac rhythm 262 – Cav1.2, derived from iPS cells 246, 247 cardiac side effect 404 – regulation of CICR in 244 cardiac sodium current (Nav1.5) – Timothy syndrome ventricular-like 247 – approaches, to interrogate effects of – use of human stem cell-derived 266–268 emerging compounds on 265, 266 – in vitro iPS-derived cardiomyocytes –– animal-based 265 (iPS-CMs) 246 –– cellular- and tissue-based 265 cardiomyopathy 213 –– ionic currents 265 CardioTox 30 –– organ-based 265 cardiotoxicity 224, 286, 403 –– in silico/binding 265 – kinase inhibitors 401 – current density, in ventricular myocytes 268 – zebrafish, use 410 – DI–DII cytoplasmic linker 264 cardiovascular adverse events (AEs) 202 – heterogeneous population of 256 cardiovascular disease (CVD) 437, 438, 448 – molecular biology 255 cardiovascular-related drug 201 – multiple pools of 257 cardiovascular safety 203 – structure and functional characteristics cardiovascular side effects 202 256 cardiovascular toxicity 380 – three voltage-gated sodium channels 261 – evaluation of 286 Index 483 case study chronic hepatitis C 98 – cardiac side effects associated chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) 346, –– with kinase proteins and signaling 377, 403 pathways 401, 402 chronotropy 219 – importance of identifying residues that chylomicrons (CM) 450 frequently neglected in 418 cinchophen 142 caspase-1 132, 147 citalopram 27, 70 catalepsy 65, 66 – suicidal ideation in teenagers 467

Cav1.2 antagonists 245 c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway 408 – impact on electromechanical functions 245, Claviceps purpurea 60, 68 246 clozapine 29, 30, 58, 65, 71

Cav1.2 calcium channels 235 – atypical antipsychotic 466 – and cardiac diseases 244 – contraindication 67

– function in cardiac tissue 237–239 – D2–5-HT2 antagonist, antipsychotic – implication on heart physiology 238 doses 461

– modulation of 240 – as inverse 5-HT2A agonist 66 –– inactivation 242 – patients with schizophrenia 67 –– indirect regulation of 243, 244 – reserved for use in 30 –– regulation by calmodulin 242, 243 – side effects 29, 66 –– sympathetic stimulation and kinase – therapeutic doses 66 regulation 241, 242 – vs. chlorpromazine 66 –– voltage- and calcium-dependent cMet inhibitor 355 facilitation 241 CNS receptors 5 – role in conduction and contractility 239, 240 – associated neurological/psychoactive – structure 235, 236 effects 5, 6 – α-subunit of 236 – involved in psychoactive effects 5 – β-subunit of 236, 237 – potentially involved in psychoactive effects Cav1.2 off-target liability, prediction of 246 –– agonism 5, 6 cell death 128, 133 –– antagonism 5, 6 cell polarity 130 coagulopathies 47 cellular ATP model 183, 187 cocaine 467 cellular depolarization 235 coherent datasets 21 cellular energy 173 colchicine 34 cell viability 142 cold intolerance 377 central nervous system (CNS) drugs 33 collagenase 131 cetuximab 8, 9, 406 colon carcinoma, non-small cell lung cancer channel interactive proteins (ChiPs) 255 (NSCLC) 332–337, 403 ChEMBL 21, 30 colorectal cancer 408 – database 22, 25 combination therapy, evidence for 358 Chemically Advanced Template Search competitive intelligence 4 (CATS) ﬁngerprints 23 complementary functional databases 28 chemoinformatic literature 21 computer-readable datasets 36 chemotherapeutic agents 116, 129 computer science 36 – cytotoxic 365, 391, 403 conformations 24, 242, 305, 413, 415 Cheng–Prusoff equation 390 – low-energy 24 chlorotrianisene 32 contraction–relaxation cycle 235 chlorpromazine 65, 66, 145 Conus magus 472 cholestasis 160, 161 ‘convulsive ergotism’ 60 cholesterol-lowering drugs 9 coronary syndromes, acute 403 cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) 437 coronary vasospasm 245 – CETP-proﬁcient monkey 444 corticosterone 442, 465 – CETPtg mouse 443 covalent inhibitors 354 – inhibitors (CETPi) 437 COX-1 inhibitors 32 484 Index

creatine kinase 280 – heart failure 408 crizotinib 11, 355, 356, 388 – KI targeting BCR-ABL 377 cryopreservation 131 – multikinase inhibitor 371 crystallization 58, 63 – trabecular bone volume 379

– 5-HT1B and 5-HT2B receptors 63 databases 21 CTD–Pﬁzer dataset 30 – FAERS 7 cutaneous toxicities 380, 381 – NCBI 26 – clinical management of 383 – StARlite 25 – mechanistic basis of 381 data interpretation 52 – preclinical evaluation of 381–383 data mining 30 cyclases 235 data resources 26 cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors 19 DA transporter 59

cyclophosphamide 403 D2/D3 receptors 66 CYP3A enzymes 374 dementia 471 Cyp11B2 439 – -related psychosis 67 – expression in human adrenocortical depression

cells 441 – with D1 and D5 antagonists 460 – messenger RNA (mRNA) coding 438 – treatment of 467 – mRNA, reproducible in vitro screening dexfenﬂuramine 62 models 440 DFG-out channel 414 CYP-generated metabolites 142 DHP-sensitive channels 245 CYP-mediated metabolism 373 diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) 67 cysteine 116, 354, 390 diastolic arterial pressure (DAP) 226 cytarabine 401 diastolic function 206, 209, 214 cytochrome P450 enzymes 129, 141, 142 diclofenac 138, 145 cytokines 129 differentiated pluripotent stem cells 137 cytotoxicity 135 – embryonic stem cells 137, 138 – assays 133 – induced pluripotent stem cells 138, 139 – endpoints 132 dihydroindene analogues 427 DILI. See drug-induced liver injury (DILI) d DILIsym dabrafenib 407 – bosentan PBPK model 187 dacarbazine 138 – current version 175

D2 agonists 5, 341, 460, 461, 463 – mechanistic modules, version 3A 175 dalcetrapib 438, 449 –– bile acid-mediated toxicity 181–184 – BP and aldosterone preclinical models –– innate immune responses 178, 179 448–449 –– mitochondrial toxicity 179–181 – chemical structure and physicochemical –– oxidative stress-mediated toxicity properties 438 175–178 – compound 440 – mechanistic, multiscale model of DILI 173 – -treated CM, uptake of 450 – multiscale structure of 174 – in vitro models, application 440, 441 – overall structure and mechanistic dal-HEART phase III clinical trial representation 175 program 437 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3- danger hypothesis, for immune-mediated carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)- idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity 145 2H-tetrazolium (MTS) 142 “danger” priming the immune system 144 dizziness 5, 6, 12, 51, 202, 341, 342, 460, 461,

D1 antagonism 460 472 D2 antagonism 460 dobutamine infusion 402 D5 antagonism 461 docking 23 dasatinib 346, 371 dopamine D1/D2/D3 receptor 64, 458–464 – BCR-ABL inhibitors 373 dopamine D4 receptor 35 – cardiotoxicity 402 dopaminergic system 458 Index 485 dopamine transporter (DAT) 32, 470 –– current status for assessment 111–113 dose-related liver injury 85 –– novel investigational biomarkers 113, 114 doxorubicin 403 –– validation/biological qualiﬁcation DRAK1 kinase 355 109, 120

D2 receptors 62 – incidence in TGZ-treated patients 185 dromotropy 219 – incidence of 108 Drosophila model 19 – Innovative Medicines Initiative drowsiness 5, 341, 460, 461, 463 MIP-DILI 114 drug activity, large-scale prediction of 20 –“intrinsic” 108 drug attrition – key questions, for development of new – due to DILI 108 mechanistic biomarkers 118 – in the pharmaceutical industry 107 – mechanistic modules in DILIsym version DrugBank 21 3A 175 drug–BSEP interactions 161 – mechanistic, multiscale model 173 – susceptibility factors for 161, 162 – mechanistic safety biomarkers 107–110 drug design 4, 9 – mitochondria as critical cellular components drug discovery 3, 35 in 179 – ADR prediction during 4 – serum ALT activity 120 – application of ESCs 138 – as significant ADR for currently used – cardiovascular 214 medicines and 108 – challenge facing 128 – structure and mechanistic representation of – correct use of MedDRA terminology at 48 DILIsym 175 – metabolism-mediated toxicity in 141, 149 – treatment and management 95 – objectives, cardiac safety liability and their – in vitro models for prediction 125–130 alignment to 220 –– clinicopathological presentation/proposed – precision-cut human liver slices in 140 mechanisms 126 drug–disease associations 29 –– screening strategy 129 drug–drug interactions 10 drug-induced negative inotropic effect 214 drug effects on INaF 261, 262 drug-induced parkinsonism 65 – models of block and classification schemes drug-induced toxicity, and liver 110, 111 –– based on antiarrhythmic drug effects drug–protein complexes 20 263, 264 drug repositioning 4 – use-dependent block (and tonic block) drug safety 109 262, 263 – assessment 214 – voltage-dependent block 262 – ICH S7A guidance 218 drug efficacy 109 drugs computationally, for rapid drug-induced cardiotoxicity 279, 285 comparison 23 drug-induced cholestasis 161 drug screening 21, 26, 71 drug-induced injury 96 drug–target–ADR (DTA) 32 drug-induced liver injury (DILI) 83, 91, 372 drug–target characterization 21 – acetaminophen-induced 376 duloxetine 70 – cause of 109 DXG sequence 418 – clinicopathological presentation dyskinesia 5, 29, 65, 460, 461, 469 –– and proposed mechanisms 126 dystonic reactions 65 – dose–response relationship for idiosyncratic DILI 128 e – drug attrition due to 108 EC dysfunction 408 – efforts from the US-based DILIN and the echocardiography 213, 214, 224, 285, 409, Spanish Hepatotoxicity Registry 119 410, 446 – efforts to aid identification, validation, and – noninvasive 214

qualiﬁcation novel TSBM 110 ecopipam, dopamine D1,5 receptor – idiosyncratic 108, 145, 148 antagonist 461 – improved biomarkers 109 eDISH programming 96, 98, 99, 100, 120 486 Index

elasticity modulus 205 ergotamine 59, 60, 62, 68, 69 eletriptan 68 ergotism 60 encainide 253 erlotinib end-diastolic pressure (EDP) 205 – epidermal growth factor receptor end-diastolic ventricular diameter 216 (EGFR) 371 end-diastolic volume (EDV) 205 – -induced hepatotoxicity 373 endocannabinoid system 462 – therapy 388 endogenous damage-associated molecular escitalopram 70 patterns (DAMPs) 129 escitalopram oxalate, suicidal ideation in endothelial cells 19, 62, 126, 129, 178, 389, 408 teenagers 467 endothelin-1 (ET1) 442 ethambutol 86 endothelin-converting enzyme 442 ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) 282 endothelin receptor antagonists 203 European Medicines Agency (EMA) 457 endothelins 219 evacetrapib 438 enzyme inhibition – application of in vitro models 440, 441 – pyrrolopyridine analogues, selectivity – chemical structure and physicochemical ratio 426 properties 438 – for representative AKT inhibitors 424 – development 440 – for representative B-Raf inhibitors 416 EXTEND clinical trials 127 epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) 331, extrapyramidal side effects 65 334, 371, 381, 420–423 – ARRY-380 modeled, into X-ray f coordinates 422 famotidine 146

– ATP binding cleft 421 fast sodium current (INaF) 258, 259 – Cys775, rotamer population 422 fatigue 90, 211, 342–346, 377, 378, 423 – EGFR-deficient mice 381 – KI-induced 378 – EGFR-target KI 384 FDA Adverse Event Reporting System – inhibitors 7, 337, 366, 380, 388 (FAERS) 7, 8, 12, 14, 15, 48, 49, 462, 463 –– FAERS representation of side effects 8 felbamate 138 – knockout mice 384 felodipine 245 – signaling 382, 383 fenfluramine 14, 15, 59, 61, 62, 467, 469 – x-ray crystal structure of 421 Fen-Phen disaster 63 epidermal hyperplasia 381 fexofenadine HCl 14 epidermal necrolysis 374 fibrosis 129, 331 epithelial cells 131 flame-retardant polybrominated ErbB receptor and isoform hydrocarbons 450 – deletion of ErbB2 406 flecainide 253, 260 – EGFR, clinical effect 423 flecainidesodium channel blocking drugs 254 – ErbB2-activating ligand neuregulin fludarabine 401 (Nrg1) 406 fluoxetine 70, 467 – ErbB2 and ErbB3, heterodimers 420 fluvoxamine maleate 467 – ErbB2 as upstream trigger 407 forward perturbation 33 – ErbB2 ATP binding cleft 421 forward synthetic behavior – ErbB (HER) family of receptor tyrosine – in cell 33 kinases 420–423 – direct target prediction and 34, 35 – ErbB1 inhibitors 8, 404 fostamatinib 225 – ErbB program 420 Frank–Starling curve 205, 206 – ErbB1 (EGFR, HER1) receptor 8 frovatriptan 68 – kinases involved in cardiovascular risks 9 functional annotation datasets 27 – x-ray crystal structures of 423 Erbitux 334 g ergonovine 60 gabapentin 472 ergot alkaloids 59, 60 G alpha (s) signaling events 28 Index 487 gangrenous ergotism 60 – clinical manifestations of 385 gastrointestinal graft 402 – mechanistic basis of 385–387 gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) 403 – preclinical evaluation of 387 gastrointestinal toxicity 385 HepaRG cells 136 gatekeeper residue 413 heparins 112, 282 GDC-0068 (Ipatasertib) hepatic ATP dynamics 176 – discovery 424–428 hepatic immune system 147 – x-ray crystal structure of 428 hepatic slices 140 gefitinib 371, 384, 388 hepatic toxicants 130 gene expression 130 hepatic toxicity 127, 139, 141, 142, 144, 148, gene gnrr-1 35 149, 345, 372–373 gene ontology (GO) term 28 hepatitis C infection 117, 160 genetic interaction maps 35 hepato-cellular carcinoma (HCC) 346 genetic–phenotypic associations 28 hepatocellular necrosis 84 genome-wide screening 439 hepatocyte growth factor 138 genomic biomarkers 285, 286 hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) 138 – facilitate mechanistic understanding 286 hepatocyte necrosis 110 – Spp1 and Timp1 286 hepatocytes 96, 129, 130, 131, 159 – utility of 285 – dedifferentiation 94, 96, 110, 113, 115, 129, Gilbert’s syndrome 374 131, 132, 133, 135, 138, 140, 148, 159, 173, glibenclamide 143 180, 183, 376 glioblastoma 420 – immortalized 141 glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH) 112, – iPSC-derived 139 114, 115 – primary 130, 131 glutathione depletion 340 –– cell culture conditions 131, 132 glutathione (GSH) synthesis 173 –– limitations of cultures 133, 134 glycoprotein 160 –– toxicity endpoints 132, 133 G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) 57, 235, – uninjured 96 458, 460 HepatoTox 30

– dopamine D1/2 receptors (DRD1/2) hepatotoxicity 47, 84, 85, 373 458–464 – attempts to standardize terminology 91, 92

– 5-HT2A (HTR2A) 465–466 ––Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse – serotonin (5-HT1A) receptor (HTR1A) Events (CTCAE) 92 464–465 – diagnostic test evaluation 93, 94 G proteins 235 –– poor positive test value 94 –– validation 93 h – genetic risk factors 375 halogenated hydrocarbons vs. potent – idiosyncratic 111, 114 CETPi 449–451 – immune-mediated (See immune-mediated haloperidol 65, 66 hepatotoxicity) hand–foot skin reaction 380 – likely cause of liver abnormalities, H1 antihistamines 3 determination of the 94, 95 hazard identiﬁcation 219–221 – metabolism/clearance pathways roles – of kinase inhibitor using in vitro 373–375 pharmacological proﬁling 222 – neutrophil-mediated 129 heart fatty acid-binding protein (HFABP) 285 –“normal” range/“upper limit of normal” heart rate 31, 203, 205, 216, 217, 227, 317, 92, 93 342, 464 – preclinical evaluation of 376–377 heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) 147 – prediction of serious, dysfunctional liver hematopoietic stem cells 387 injury 90, 91 – pathways and networks 386 – problems of postmarketing 89, 90 hematopoietic system 385 – severity of liver injury, and aminotransferase hematopoietic toxicity 385 elevations 91 488 Index

– treatment and management of DILI in 5-HT2/Dopamine D2 Link 65

practice 95 5-HT3/5-HT4 receptor links 63 – of tyrosine kinase inhibitors 373 – gastrointestinal and antiemetic – voluntary monitoring ,after approval for indications 63–65 marketing 90 5-HT pharmacology 57

hepatotoxins 85 5-HT1-7 receptor families 57, 65, 66 HepG2 cells line 135, 146 5-HT3 receptors 58, 59 Herceptin 334, 423 5-HT4 receptors 59 hERG blockade 295 5-HT releasers 61 – dynamics of 301–303 5-HT syndrome 58, 59, 69 – simulations of human cardiac AP 303, 304 5-HT transporter 57, 70 – time-dependent 296 – in depression 70 hERG channel occupancy 296 human adrenal corticocarcinoma cell line hERG dysfunction/blockade 296–301 H295R model 440 – in promoting early after depolarization 296 human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) hERG mitigation/circumvention 137 – limitations of 295 human leukocyte antigen (HLA) 375 hERG safety 295, 296 human oxytocin receptor 35 – assessment, implications in ﬁndings 313 Huntington’s disease 469 –– hERG mitigation strategies 320 hydergine 60

–– koff-driven potency at subphysiological hydrazine 89 gating frequencies 307, 308, 311, 313 – derivatives, of pyridine carbonic –– safety margins for trappable/nontrappable acids 85 blockers 323 hydrophobic aryl ring 415 HER1/HER2 inhibitor 161 hypercholesterolemia 375 hESC differentiation protocol 138 hyperprolactinemia 461 high-density lipoprotein cholesterol hypophosphatemia 379 (HDL-C) 437 hypothyroidism 341, 377–379, 378 high-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) 112, 116 – KI-induced 378 high-mobility group protein B1 hypoventilation 211 (HMGB-1) 147 hypoxia 211 high-throughput screening 28 Hy’s law 89, 112 hinge-binding pyridine nitrogens 419 hinge-interacting pyridine nitrogen 418 i histamine H4 receptor 22 ICD-9 codes 27 HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitor 22 “idiosyncratic” adverse reactions 4 Hofmann’s account 61 idiosyncratic DILI (iDILI) 373 homeostasis 159 – dose-response relationships 128 homozygous G( 1019) allel 464 ILD-like effects 388 H295R cell line 439, 440 imatinib 346, 355, 356, 359, 402, 403,

5-HT1A agonists 57 408 5-HT2A agonists 58, 61, 465, 466 – BCR-ABL fusion protein 371 5-HT6 antagonism 58 – chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) 403 5-HT1A receptors – CML, treatment of 371 – central activation of 464 – hypothyroidism 377 – side effects 464 – -resistant gastrointestinal stromal tumor

5-HT2B activation 51 (GIST) 371 5-HT1B/1D agonism 69 – therapy 388 5-HT2B receptor 15, 50, 58, 61, 62 – toxic side effects 403 – blocker 285 immune-mediated hepatotoxicity 144, 145

5-HT2C agonist 62 – inﬂammatory cofactors, use of 145, 146 5-HT3 channel 51 – innate immune system 5-HT2C receptor 58 –– and inﬂammasome 147, 148 Index 489 inadvertent hERG binding function, causes – animal toxicity 9 of 305 – human safety (information based on FDA – electrostatic attraction with ion conduction label) 9 pathway 305 – target 9 – predicted solvation properties of ion kinase inhibitors 10, 12, 21, 354 conduction pathway 305, 306 – adverse effects of 372

INaL blocking agents 259 – bone toxicity 379–380 indirect modulation, of INaF 264, 265 – cardiovascular toxicity 380 indomethacin 32 – clinical safety of 371–372 induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) – cutaneous toxicity 380–383 139, 246 – gastrointestinal toxicity 385 inferring adverse reactions 31 – hematopoietic toxicity 385–387 – finding side effects sans targets 33 – hepatic toxicity 372–373 – from off-targets to antitargets 31 – non-kinase target-related promiscuity of – systematic antitarget prediction and 11 testing 32, 33 – ocular toxicity 387–388 inflammasome 147, 148 – pulmonary toxicity 388–389 INH-induced hepatitis 87 – renal toxicity 389 INH prophylaxis 88 – reproductive toxicity 383–385 innate immune system 147 – thyroid toxicity 377–379 Innovative Medicines Initiative MIP-DILI – tooth toxicity 379–380 114 – toxicity, derisking strategies 389–391 inotropy 203, 204, 215, 219 kinase insert domain receptor (KDR) 47 – and ventricular function 203 kinases 405, 406 interstitial lung disease (ILD) 388 – in disease, commonly targeted 338–340 + intracellular Ca2 homeostasis 246 – involved in cardiovascular risks 9 intrinsic inotropic state 214 – signaling 365 in vitro pharmacological data 45 kinome 334 in vitro safety pharmacology 4 KI-related cutaneous toxicities 381 iodine uptake 378 KI therapy 384 ipatasertib 427 knowledge-based fingerprints 24 ipilimumab 358 – performance of 24 isoniazid 85, 86, 138 Kupffer cells 129, 148 – derivatives, chemical structures of 89 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes isonicotinic acid 85 (KEGG) 28 isonicotinyl hydrazide 85 isotope-labeled ligands 53 l isovolumic systole 214 lacidipine 245 itraconazole 218 lactic acidosis 129 lamotrigine 472 j lapatinib 388 JAK signaling 407 – ditosylate 8 JNK inhibition 376 – -induced, in serum ALT 375 large-molecule inhibitors of kinase pathway, k approved 334 keratin 18 (K18) 112, 116, 117 late (or residual or slow) sodium current kidney 20, 114, 220, 283 (INaL) 259–261 – failure 342 lecozotan 465 – KIs affect 389 left atrial pressure (LAP) 209 – problems 344 left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) – toxicity 389 401 kinase, clinical evidence left ventricular end-diastolic pressure – animal genetics – KO (OMIM) 9 (LVEDP) 215, 216 490 Index

– increase in 216 m – indicator of preload 216 mAb kinase inhibitors 12 left ventricular pressure (LVP) 205, 210 macrophage receptor with collagenous – signal 446 structure (MARCO) 450 lercanidipine 245 macrophages 450 levodopa 461 Macugen 334 levofloxacin 146 major depressive disorder (MDD) 70 Lewy bodies 471 MAO inhibitors 57, 69, 70 life-threatening serotonin syndrome 69 MAPK pathway 414 lipophilic drugs 128 MATLAB computing platform 173 lipopolysaccharide (LPS) 146 maximum tolerated doses 127 lisuride 62, 461 MDL keys 24 liver biopsy 109, 113 MedDRA. See Medical Dictionary for liver damage 125, 127 Regulatory Activities (MedDRA) liver-derived cell lines 135 Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities – HepaRG cells 136 (MedDRA) 4, 46 – HepG2 line 135 – association of ADRs with targets 49 liver failure 87, 88, 94, 108, 110, 113, 117, 127, – correct use of terminology, at different 128, 184, 374 phases 48–50 liver function tests 127 – high level group term (HLGT) 47 – monitoring 127 MEK inhibitor 340, 387, 388, 407 liver injury 128. See also hepatotoxicity melphalan 401 liver-like model, in vivo hepatotoxic meromyosin cross-bridges cycling 206 liability 377 metabolomics 27 liver necrosis 127 MetaCyc 28 liver safety data management tool. See eDISH (±)-3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine programming (MDMA) 466 liver tests 88 methylergonovine 62 logging capability 30 methyl group 420 long QT syndromes (LQTS) 244, 256, microRNA-122 (miR-122) 112, 117, 118 257 microRNAs (miRNAs) 285 – congenital, SCN5A mutations related to midazolam, coadministration 374 256 mitochondrial DNA 129 – sodium channel inactivation 260 mitochondrial toxicity 161, 175, 179–181 –– gain-of-function mutations 260 – troglitazone-induced 161 lorcaserin 62 mitoxantrone 401, 402 low-density lipoprotein cholesterol mitral valve 209 (LDL-C) 444 model compounds 309, 310 lowest level term (LLT) 48 models to mitigate hepatocyte LQTS. See long QT syndromes (LQTS) dedifferentiation 140 L-type Ca channel 447 – liver slices 140, 141 – antagonists 439 – selective engineering of metabolism –– mRNA levels 440 141–144 Lucentis 334 modifying factors, for data interpretation lumiracoxib 143 52, 53 lusitropy 207, 209, 214 molecular descriptors (fingerprints) 23 – definition 207 molecular interactions 20 – importance 207 monoamine oxidase 468 – incompetence 211 – inhibitors (MAOIs) 466 – manifestation(s) of 208 monoamine oxidases A and B (MAO A –– modified Wiggers diagram 208 and B) 57 – negative state 210 monoamine transporters 70 lysine–glutamate pair 418 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) 3, 404 Index 491

MTD robust PD effects 427 neural-type voltage-gated calcium mTOR inhibitors 388 channel 471, 472 multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor antagonist 285 (MRP2) 161 neurological disorders 458 multikinase inhibitors 19 neuronal nicotinic receptors (nAChRs) multiple kinase nodes 358 469–471 multiscale inquiry, resources for 25 NeuroTox 30 – adverse reactions as drug-induced neurotoxin 259 diseases 29, 30 neurotransmitters 468 – functional and biological annotations new molecular entity (NME) 4 (diseases) 27, 28 niacin 85 – ligands to targets 25 nicardipine 245, 402 – perturbing biological systems nicotinic α4β2 471 (phenotypes) 25, 27 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors multiscale models, of adverse drug – agonists/activators of 470 reactions 30, 31 nicotinic acid 85 multitarget virtual screening 23 nicotinic receptor agonists 470 mutations nifedipine 245, 445 – of BRAF gene 414 nilotinib 346, 401 – BRaf V600E 357 – cardiotoxicity 401 – EGFR 357 – causes anterior chamber 388 – hyperactivated BCR-Abl 357 – CML, treatment of 371 – in K18 117 nimodipine 245 – kinase inhibitors treating resistance 357 nisoldipine 245 – SCN5A mutations related nitrendipine 245 ––to congenital long QT syndromes 256, 257 nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability 442 myocardial contraction 205 nivolumab 358 – mechanism of 204 Nod-like receptors (NLRs) 147 myocardial fibers 205 nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) 117 – contractility estimation 204, 205 nonclinical testing, of drugs 217 – from pressure–volume loop 206, 207 non-dihydropyridines 245 myocardial hypoxia 209 non-kinase target-related promiscuity, of myocardial infarction (MI) 280, 281, 403 selected kinase inhibitors 11 myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO2) 205 non-oncology indications 403 myocyte 236, 239, 256–258, 267, 280, 448 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) 403 – damage 409 nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) 372, 472 n nontoxic diacetylhydrazine 89 NA/5-HT uptake blockers 59 norepinephrine 69, 213, 470 Na–K ATPase 264 – transporter (NET) 468, 470 natriuretic peptides (NP) 282–285 norfenfluramine 53, 62 – ANP and BNP, role in 283 NP. See natriuretic peptides (NP) – in anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity 284 – BNP and NT-proBNP assays 283–285 o – membrane receptors for 283 obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) 70 – role in diagnosis and monitoring of 284, 285 ocular toxicity natural killer T (NKT) cells 148 – mechanistic basis 387–388 nausea 5, 51, 71, 341, 343, 345, 459, 463, – preclinical evaluation of 388 470, 472 OFFSIDES and TWOSIDES datasets 30 NC-IUPHAR Committee 464 “off-target” activity 20 NCX blockers 219 off-target promiscuity 53 NET. See norepinephrine, transporter (NET) olanzapine 58, 67, 70, 466 networks, of known and new target activity 21 oncogenesis 404 492 Index

oncology 358, 360 – warfarin–CYP2C9, 27 Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) pharmacological interaction 3 reports 28 pharmacological proﬁling, in vitro functional opioid 472 tests 221 organic anion transporters 159, 160 pharmacological promiscuity organic anion transporting polypeptide – of antihypertensive drugs 10 (OATP) 159, 160 – of marketed drugs 9 organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1) 161 pharmacology modeling 173 organ transplantation 163 pharmacovigilance analysis 12 oxcarbazepine 472 Phe595, backbone NH 418 oxidative stress 110, 129, 133, 260 Phe583/Gly593, in B-Raf 419 oxytocin 465 phenoxypyridine moiety 422 – receptor 35 phone’s embedded sensors 30 phosphate donor substrate 370 p phosphodiesterases (PDEs) 235 pacemaker 235 – inhibitors 203 PAI-1 inhibitors 220 phospholipase C (PLCγ) pathway 420 palliative medications 358 physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) pancreatic carcinomas 420 model 173 panic disorder 70 – for telmisartan 189 panitumumab 7, 8, 334 PI3K–Akt–mTOR pathway 424 – adverse effects/toxicity 8 pimavanserin 66 ––k-RAS 27 pimobendan 218 – ventricular dysfunction 406 pioglitazone 176, 184, 186, 187 para-aminosalicylic acid 86 PKA-dependent phosphorylation 264 Parkinsonian heart 52 platelet aggregation 32 Parkinson-like syndrome 461 platelet-derived growth factor receptor Parkinson’s disease (PD) 458, 461, 468 (PDGFR) 52

paroxetine 69, 70, 467 pleural or pericardial pressure (Ppl) 205 patch clamp techniques 258 plexxikon 356 pathogen-associated molecular patterns p38 MAP kinases inhibition 415 (PAMPs) 147 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) 449 pazopanib 375 polychlorinated compounds 449 – coadministration 374 polyfluorinated compounds 449 – hypothyroidism 377 polypharmacological compounds 20 – -treated patients 375 polypharmacology 355 PDE3 inhibition 50 – by serendipity 20 – data 50 polypharmacy 9 – effects of 50 ponatinib 346 PDGFR KI-mediated inhibition of 378 positron emission tomography (PET) 468 PDGFR kinases 371 postmarketing pharmacovigilance 6–8 pegaptanib 334 posttranslational modifications 256, 258 pegaptinib 383 potassium channel openers 203 pergolide 58, 461 potent CETPi vs. halogenated pericardial pressure 205 hydrocarbons 449–451 pericytes 19 pramipexole 461 Perjeta 334 predicting drug off-targets peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ – by statistical chemical similarity 21 (PPARγ)19 –– similarity ensemble approach 21–23 pertuzumab 334 –– structure-based virtual screens 23 pharmacokinetics 27, 45 prediction of mechanisms 33 – data 223 Predictive Safety Testing Consortium – properties 440 (PSTC) 109, 113 Index 493 pregabalin 472 Raf isoforms 415 pregnanc 383 ranibizumab 334 proarrhythmia for drugs 254 ranitidine 145, 146 progesterone metabolites 161 rapamycin 356, 359, 387 prolactin 465 Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK (MAPK) signal Protein Data Bank 20 transduction pathway 414 protein degradation 256 Rauwolfia serpentina 469 protein kinase B (PKB) pathway 420 reactive oxygen species (ROS) 376 protein kinases 365 receiver operating characteristic (ROC) – adenosine triphosphate (ATP) 365 – analysis 285 – inhibitors 413 – curves 98 – mutations and dysregulation 365 – hypothetical biomarker 99 protein P08588, 28 – miR-133a 285 protein phosphatases 235 receptor–drug gaps 22 proteomics 27, 28 receptor kinases 19 prothrombin 96, 112 regulatory guidance, on testing of drugs proton pump inhibitor 33 – animal models focusing on cardiovascular Prozac 22 effects 218 pseudoephedrine HCl 14 – data from nonclinical studies 218 pseudolarix acid B 34 – drug-induced alterations in QT of psychotropic agents 10 infrahuman mammals 218 PTEN-null xenograft models 424 – ICH S7A guidance 218 public databases 29 – in models of general or safety public–private consortia 109 pharmacology 217 PubMed 373 – toxicology studies 218 pulmonary edema 211 renal cell carcinoma (RCC) 346, 371, 403 pulmonary toxicity 388–389 RenalTox 30 Purkinje fibers 258 renal toxicity 389 pyrazinamide 86 renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system pyridinylpyrazoles 414 (RAAS) 442, 443 pyrrolopyridine analogues 426 renin behavioral syndromes in vivo 465 pyrrolopyrimidine template 424 representing drugs, computationally for rapid comparison 23 q reproductive toxicity QTc prolongation 403 – clinical management of 384–385 “quantified self ” movement 30 – developmental 383 quantitatively “fingerprinting” compounds, by – preclinical evaluation of 384 phenotype 34 Rescriptor 22 – HCS data 34 reserpine 469 quantitative structure–activity relationship RET (QSAR) methods 33 – KI-mediated inhibition of 378 quantitative systems pharmacology – kinase inhibitors 19 analyses 28, 36 – proto-oncogenes 52 quetiapine 66, 67 – thyroid toxicity 378 quinazolines 414, 424, 425 retinal vein occlusion (RVO) 388 quinoline 34 rheumatic disease 359 rheumatoid arthritis (RA) 331, 356, 372 r – Janus kinase inhibitors tofacitinib 413 rabeprazole 33 rifampin 86 RADIANCE data rimonabant – post-hoc analysis of 446 – cannabinoid CB1 receptors 463 Raf-1, heart-specific knockdown 407 – FAERS data segment representing Raf inhibitor 407 psychiatric disorders 463 494 Index

risk assessment 219, 221–224 silibinin 160 – matrix 223 similarity ensemble approach (SEA) 21–23, 35 risk management 224, 225 – predictions on human pharmacological risk mitigation 219, 225–227 data 35 risperidone 58, 67, 466 Similarity Metrics 24 rizatriptan 68 SimPopsTM simulation 173, 188 rosiglitazone 19 – ALT elevations 189 ruxolitinib 356 – ATP loss in telmisartan-treated 190 – for bosentan and telmisartan 188 s – minimum average liver ATP 189 Safer and Faster Evidence-Based Translation – PK variability 189 (SAFE-T) consortium 109, 110, 113 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) 27 safety assessment, within drug – gene coding for glycine dehydrogenase 27 development 109 – glycine dehydrogenase SNP’s association SB-204,741, antihypertrophic effect 284, 285 with citalopram 27 SB-216,763, glycogen synthase kinase sinoatrial (SA) node 235 inhibitor 285 sirolimus 384, 388 schizophrenia 66, 458, 470 skin graft 402 – treatment-resistant 466 skin lesions 383 Scitegic’s Extended Connectivity FingerPrint skin physiology 381 (ECFP) 23, 24 SLC6A4 gene 466 SCN5A gene 255 SLC18A2 gene 468 SEA. See similarity ensemble approach (SEA) small-molecule inhibitors of kinases sedation 460 – approved 332, 333 Seldane 279 – phase II and III, late-stage 335–337

selective 5-HT1B/1D receptor agonist 67, – properties, approved 348–353 68 – side effects, approved 341–346 selective platelet-derived growth factor small-molecule KDR inhibitors 47 receptor (PDGFR) inhibition 331 small-molecule kinase inhibitors selective serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake – adverse effects 366–369 inhibitors (SNRIs) 69 smoking cessation 471 selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors smooth muscle contraction 465 (SSRIs) 22, 27, 69, 71, 465 social media 36 SERCA blockers 219 sodium channels 255, 259 serine–threonine kinase 424 – cardiac, evidence for multiple functional serotonergic system 467 types 257, 261 serotonin 57 – heterogeneous distribution 257

– 5-HT1A receptor (HTR1A) 464–465 – neuronal-type 261 – syndrome 60, 466 – noncardiac-type 260 –– symptoms 71 – voltage-gated 261 – transporter 14, 53, 467, 470 sodium homeostasis 255 –– polymorphism 467 sodium taurocholate cotransporting –– SLC6A4, 466–467 polypeptide (NTCP) 159, 160 sertraline solubility 45 – suicidal ideation in teenagers 467 Sonic hedgehog 379 serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) sorafenib 356, 407 87, 88 Sprague-Dawley rats 377, 444 serum hepatocellular enzyme 88 Src family kinases 377 SH2 peptides 391 SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake sibutramine 5-HT reuptake inhibitor 468 inhibitors) 57 Side Effect Resource (SIDER) 29 staurosporine 359 SIDER’s prevalence data 30 steatohepatitis 129 signal transduction 28 sterile inﬂammation 129, 147 Index 495 steroid hormone mimetic (SHM-1121X) 443 – components 211, 212 steroid hormones 439 – importance 211 Stevens–Johnson syndrome 374 system organ class (SOC) 45, 46 stiffness 205 systolic function 205 streptomycin 86 – and inotropy 205, 206 stroke volume (SV) 205 systolic pressure 212 structure–activity models 128 structure-activity relationship (SAR) 221, t 359, 414 tacrine 112 – methods 45 TALE proteins 220 structure-based pharmacophores 23 Tanimoto coefﬁcient (Tc) 24 structure-based virtual screens 23 tardive dyskinesia sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) 254 – D2 agonists 460 suicidal behavior 457 – tetrabenazine 469 – serotonergic system 467 target–ADR network 47, 48 suicidal ideation, with D1 and D5 target interactions 53 antagonists 460 targets associated suicidal intent 458 – with possible ADRs, in particular organ – in adolescent class 48 –– ADHD (atomoxetine) 467 – with suicidality 459, 460 – G-protein-coupled receptors 458 T-cells 129, 144

–– dopamine D1/2 receptors (DRD1/2) – function 387 458–464 telemetry 214

–– 5-HT2A (HTR2A) 465–466 telmisartan 12, 14, 176, 184, 187–190 –– serotonin (5-HT1A) receptor temsirolimus 388 (HTR1A) 464–465 terfenadine 279 – neural-type voltage-gated calcium test validation, and qualiﬁcation 100, 101 channel 471, 472 tetrabenazine 469 – neuronal nicotinic receptors – extrapyramidal disorders 469 (nAChRs) 469–471 δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) – norepinephrine transporter (NET) 468 – CB1 receptor 463 – serotonin transporter (SLC6A4) 466–467 – sensory perception 463 – targets 458 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline scaffold 440 – vesicular monoamine transporter tetrodotoxin (TTX) 259 (VMAT2) 468–469 – -sensitive (non-Nav1.5) isoforms 257 suicidality, targets associated 459, 460 TGZ-mediated hepatotoxicity 186 sulfanilamide 86 thiosemicarbazones 86 sumatriptan 58, 68 THLE cell lines 142 sunitinib 11, 19, 47 – parental 141, 142 – antithyroid autoantibodies 378 Thr211 Akt1 possesses 425 – hypothyroidism 377 thrombotic microangiopathy 47 – renal cell carcinoma 408 thyroid gland 378 symptoms thyroid hormones 378 – determination, associated with a target – replacement therapy 377 50–52 thyroid toxicity 377 – organ-based classiﬁcation – clinical management of 378–379 –– and biomarker behavior 46, 47 – mechanistic basis of 378 synergy 53, 355 Timothy syndrome 247 synthetic behaviors 35 TLR4 receptors 147 systemic arterial pressure 211 tofacitinib 356, 359, 387 – afterload 212, 213 tolcapone 143 –– estimated by 213 toll-like receptors (TLRs) 146, 147 –– important for 213 tooth toxicity 379–380 496 Index

torcetrapib 439 u – on aldosterone production in vitro UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 374 439 ulcerative colitis 372 – blood pressure, effect of 437, 438, 441 unselective RET kinase inhibitors 19 – chemical structure, and physicochemical urodilatin 282 properties 438 – ILLUMINATE study 438, 441 v – in vitro studies 438 validation compounds 143 – in vivo cardiovascular safety studies 444 Valine 600 414 torcetrapib-induced BP valproate 472 – molecular mechanisms of 444–447 valproic acid 138 torsade de pointes arrhythmia (TdP) vandetanib 11, 20, 388 arrhythmia 295 varenicline 471 total bilirubin (TBL) 87, 88, 92, 96, 99, 100, 102, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1-3 111–113 (VEGFR1-3) 52 Tourette’s disease 469 – KI-mediated inhibition of 378 Tourette’s syndrome 458 vascular insufficiency 203 Tox21 4 vascular necrosis 203 ToxCast 4 vasopressors 402 toxicity profiles 30 Vectibix 7, 8, 334 toxicology 355 vemurafenib 356, 407 trametinib 340, 356, 388 venlafaxine 70 – hematopoietic effects 387 veno-occlusive disease 129 transformation, of antitarget effect into clinical ventilation 211 phenotype 51 ventricular action potentials 235 translational medicine 358 ventricular conduction 258 translation of effects on INaF 268, 269 ventricular function 204 – relation to conduction velocity and ventricular repolarization 254, 261 proarrhythmia 268, 269 ventricular tachycardia 247 translation of nonclinical findings, to verapamil 52, 53 humans 217–219 vesicular dopamine 468 translation safety biomarkers (TSBM) 110 vesicular monoamine transporter transmembrane crystallography 23 (VMAT2) 468–469 transportation optimization 36 – inhibition 53 trastuzumab 9, 334, 404, 406, 407, – knockout mouse 468 420, 423 vilazodone 70 – ventricular dysfunction 404 viral hepatitis C 98 tremor 5, 29, 32, 53, 459, 460, 466, 469 viral infections 96 triazolopyridine 422 visual disturbance 388 tricyclic antidepressants 59 voltage clamp-based approaches 258, 259 triglyceride 129 voltage-dependent block 262 triptans 58, 68, 69 voltage-gated sodium channels 255, 258 troglitazone 160 voltage-gated T-type Ca channel – induced liver injury 161 antagonism 439 – inhibiting BSEP 161 vomiting 5, 51, 64, 341–345, 459, 460, 467 – mediated hepatotoxicity 186 vortioxetine 70 troponins. See cardiac troponins v-wave 209 trovafloxacin 145, 146 tuberculosis 87 w Tversky index 24 warfarin 27 tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) 202 web search prioritization 36 – congestive heart failure (CHF) 402 whole-organism model systems 33, 34 – hepatotoxicity of 373 Wnt signaling 137, 379 Index 497 x – with an orthogonal ligand 35 xenobiotics 141 – in cardiotoxicity studies 410 – clearance mechanisms 130 ––CNS compounds 35 xerosis 381 – as a model organism 35 ximelagatran 127, 375 ziconotide 472 zinc finger proteins 220 z ziprasidone 67 ZD6126, in preclinical models 225, 226 zolmitriptan 68 zebrafish 35 Zucker diabetic fatty rat (ZDFR) 442