Nurhaci Oboi Names Is Carelessly Done, and the Style Is Crude
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Manchus: a Horse of a Different Color
History in the Making Volume 8 Article 7 January 2015 Manchus: A Horse of a Different Color Hannah Knight CSUSB Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/history-in-the-making Part of the Asian History Commons Recommended Citation Knight, Hannah (2015) "Manchus: A Horse of a Different Color," History in the Making: Vol. 8 , Article 7. Available at: https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/history-in-the-making/vol8/iss1/7 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the History at CSUSB ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in History in the Making by an authorized editor of CSUSB ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Manchus: A Horse of a Different Color by Hannah Knight Abstract: The question of identity has been one of the biggest questions addressed to humanity. Whether in terms of a country, a group or an individual, the exact definition is almost as difficult to answer as to what constitutes a group. The Manchus, an ethnic group in China, also faced this dilemma. It was an issue that lasted throughout their entire time as rulers of the Qing Dynasty (1644- 1911) and thereafter. Though the guidelines and group characteristics changed throughout that period one aspect remained clear: they did not sinicize with the Chinese Culture. At the beginning of their rule, the Manchus implemented changes that would transform the appearance of China, bringing it closer to the identity that the world recognizes today. In the course of examining three time periods, 1644, 1911, and the 1930’s, this paper looks at the significant events of the period, the changing aspects, and the Manchus and the Qing Imperial Court’s relations with their greater Han Chinese subjects. -
Administrative Law and the Making of the First <I>Da Qing Huidian</I>
$GPLQLVWUDWLYH/DZDQGWKH0DNLQJRIWKH)LUVW'D4LQJ+XLGLDQ 0DFDEH.HOLKHU /DWH,PSHULDO&KLQD9ROXPH1XPEHU-XQHSS $UWLFOH 3XEOLVKHGE\-RKQV+RSNLQV8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV '2,ODWH )RUDGGLWLRQDOLQIRUPDWLRQDERXWWKLVDUWLFOH KWWSVPXVHMKXHGXDUWLFOH Access provided by Indiana University Libraries (4 Jul 2016 00:49 GMT) Administrative Law and the Making of the First Da Qing Huidian Macabe Keliher, West Virginia University* In the fall of 1690, after decades of development and deliberation, the Qing court issued the first edition of the collected statutes of the dynasty. This hundred-volume compilation pulled together all organizational stipulations for government personnel, as well as the institutional regulations and codes for administrative procedure and activity. It incorporated rules pertaining to political and administrative actors, including the emperor, and outlined the organization and operations of every office and political station of the Qing state. These compiled regulations were, for all intents and purposes, the administrative law of the Qing Dynasty.1 This was the Da Qing huidian, and it laid the ∗ The idea for this article developed in a conversation with my dissertation advisor, Mark Elliott, whose advice and comments on numerous drafts have been invaluable. Michael Chang read and commented on an early draft as a panel discussant at the 2014 Northeast AAS conference, and continued to provide valuable feedback on subsequent revisions in his role as an editor for this journal. I would also like to thank Michael Szonyi and Ian M. Milller for their detailed comments, as well as John Greggory, Nancy Park, David Porter, Teemu Ruskola, and the two anonymous reviewers. Additional research and final revisions were completed during my year as a Jerome Hall Postdoctoral Fellow at Indiana University Maurer School of Law. -
Nurhaci in Korean Sources, 1594-1622
International Journal of Korean History (Vol.21 No.1, Feb. 2016) 87 · Nurhaci in Korean Sources, 1594-1622 Seung B. Kye* Introduction Korean sources are very useful for the study of early Manchu history. Facing the growth of the Jianzhou Jurchen led by Nurhaci (1559-1626) around the turn of the century in 1600, government officials of the Chosŏn dynasty on the Korean peninsula began to monitor Nurhaci’s movements carefully for national security, subsequently recording Chosŏn’s relations with the Jurchen and their thoughts of Nurhaci. By referring to these Korean sources, which provide a window into southern Manchuria during Nurhaci’s rise as a new military power, we can better understand the balance of power in East Asia within the framework of the four polities, including Chosŏn Korea, Ming China, Nurhaci’s Jurchen (Later Jin), and the Mongols. The dynastic annals (Chosŏn wangjo sillok, Veritable Records of the Chosŏn dynasty) are by far the best of all Korean sources. Two Chosŏn kings witnessed Nurhaci’s remarkable growth and were deeply involved in a series of diplomatic communications with him: King Sŏnjo (r. 1567- 1608), before Nurhaci declared himself khan (a Jurchen/Mongol designa- tion for the supreme ruler, comparable to emperor in Chinese) in a letter sent to Chosŏn in 1607; and King Kwanghae (r. 1608-1623), after Nurha- ci proclaimed the establishment of his own dynasty, Later Jin, in 1616 * Professor, Department of History, Sogang University 88 Nurhaci in Korean Sources, 1594-1622 and began expanding power in all directions. The dynastic annals of those two reigns, Sŏnjo sillok and Kwanghaegun ilgi, are full of information on Nurhaci collected by the Chosŏn government, and thus indispensable to better understand Nurhaci’s diplomatic strategy within the larger context of East Asia, including the Korean peninsula. -
Ming-Qing Transition
Ming-Qing Transition In the mid-17th century, the Manchus, originating from today’s northeastern China, crossed the Great Wall and defeated the Ming and other competing forces. While resistance to the invaders lasted for decades, the Manchu- founded Qing dynasty eventually consolidated its rule over the entirety of China. Kangxi was the second emperor of the Qing dynasty after the Manchus moved their capital to Beijing. He was born in 1654 and enthroned at age of seven. He ruled China for 61 years, making him the longest-reigning emperor in Chinese history. 1 Early Career Before Kangxi was enthroned, the court was administered by four courtiers, Sonin, Suksaha, Ebilun, and Oboi. Kangxi ruled only in name. As a teenager, Kangxi eliminated these powerful courtiers and centralized power in his own hands. The arrest of Oboi took place in the audience chamber, where young wrestlers jumped upon the minister from their hiding place behind the throne, subduing him. Political and Military Achievements Kangxi was soon confronted by the challenge posed by three vassal kings in Southern China. The three kings, Wu Sangui of Yunnan, Shang Kexi of Guangdong, and Geng Jimao of Fujian, had previously assisted the Manchu army in their conquest of China. Since 1673, however, Kangxi had taken measures to deprive the three kings of their military capabilities, prompting Wu Sangui to rebel. This started the civil war known as the “Revolt of the Three Feudatories”. Kangxi’s military genius and political skills helped him to triumph over Wu. In 1681, the Qing army entered the capital city of Yunnan, ending the war against the rebels. -
The Case of Smallpox and the Manchus (1613-1795
Copyright © 2002 Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 57.2 (2002) 177-197 [Access article in PDF] Disease And its Impact on Politics, Diplomacy, and the Military: The Case of Smallpox and the Manchus (1613–1795) Chia-Feng Chang One of the most dramatic events in Chinese history was the rise of the Qing dynasty in 1644. Scholars have suggested various reasons why the Manchus successfully conquered Ming China, but one important reason has long been neglected. An infectious disease, smallpox, played a key role in the story. Smallpox might have served as a barrier, preventing the success of the susceptible Manchus, both during the time of military conquest and in the years that followed. In this essay I explore how the Manchus responded to the danger of smallpox and how smallpox shaped the Manchu military, political, and diplomatic structures during the conquest and the first half of the Qing dynasty (1644–1911). In the late Ming dynasty (1368–1644) smallpox was rare among the peoples who lived beyond the northern borders of China, including the Manchus. For example, Zhang Jiebin (1563–1640), an eminent physician, stated that the northern peoples did not develop the disease. 1 A government official of the time, Xie Zhaozhe, also remarked that the Tartars did not suffer from smallpox. 2 As late as the Qing [End Page 177] dynasty, Zhu Chungu (1634–1718?), who was appointed to practice variolation amongst the Mongols during the Kangxi period (1662–1722), asserted that it was their nomadic lifestyle which protected them. -
The Diary of a Manchu Soldier in Seventeenth-Century China: “My
THE DIARY OF A MANCHU SOLDIER IN SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY CHINA The Manchu conquest of China inaugurated one of the most successful and long-living dynasties in Chinese history: the Qing (1644–1911). The wars fought by the Manchus to invade China and consolidate the power of the Qing imperial house spanned over many decades through most of the seventeenth century. This book provides the first Western translation of the diary of Dzengmeo, a young Manchu officer, and recounts the events of the War of the Three Feudatories (1673–1682), fought mostly in southwestern China and widely regarded as the most serious internal military challenge faced by the Manchus before the Taiping rebellion (1851–1864). The author’s participation in the campaign provides the close-up, emotional perspective on what it meant to be in combat, while also providing a rare window into the overall organization of the Qing army, and new data in key areas of military history such as combat, armament, logistics, rank relations, and military culture. The diary represents a fine and rare example of Manchu personal writing, and shows how critical the development of Manchu studies can be for our knowledge of China’s early modern history. Nicola Di Cosmo joined the Institute for Advanced Study, School of Historical Studies, in 2003 as the Luce Foundation Professor in East Asian Studies. He is the author of Ancient China and Its Enemies (Cambridge University Press, 2002) and his research interests are in Mongol and Manchu studies and Sino-Inner Asian relations. ROUTLEDGE STUDIES -
Y Chromosome of Aisin Gioro, the Imperial House of Qing Dynasty
Y Chromosome of Aisin Gioro, the Imperial House of Qing Dynasty YAN Shi1*, TACHIBANA Harumasa2, WEI Lan‐Hai1, YU Ge1, WEN Shao‐Qing1, WANG Chuan‐Chao1 1 Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology and State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China 2 Pen name * Please contact [email protected] Abstract House of Aisin Gioro is the imperial family of the last dynasty in Chinese history – Qing Dynasty (1644 – 1911). Aisin Gioro family originated from Jurchen tribes and developed the Manchu people before they conquered China. By investigating the Y chromosomal short tandem repeats (STRs) of 7 modern male individuals who claim belonging to Aisin Gioro family (in which 3 have full records of pedigree), we found that 3 of them (in which 2 keep full pedigree, whose most recent common ancestor is Nurgaci) shows very close relationship (1 – 2 steps of difference in 17 STR) and the haplotype is rare. We therefore conclude that this haplotype is the Y chromosome of the House of Aisin Gioro. Further tests of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) indicates that they belong to Haplogroup C3b2b1*‐M401(xF5483), although their Y‐STR results are distant to the “star cluster”, which also belongs to the same haplogroup. This study forms the base for the pedigree research of the imperial family of Qing Dynasty by means of genetics. Keywords: Y chromosome, paternal lineage, pedigree, family history, haplogroup, Qing Dynasty This research was supported by the grants from the National Science Foundation of China (31271338), and from Ministry of Education (311016). -
History, Background, Context
42 History, Background, Context The history of the Qing dynasty is of course the history of hundreds upon hundreds of millions of people. The volume, density, and complexity of the information contained in this history--"history" in the sense of the totality of what really happened and why--even if it were available would be beyond the capacity of any single individual to comprehend. Thus what follows is "history" in another sense--a selective recreation of the past in written form--in this case a sketch of basic facts about major episodes and events drawn from secondary sources which hopefully will provide a little historical background and allow the reader to place Pi Xirui and Jingxue lishi within a historical context. While the history of the Qing dynasty proper begins in 1644, history is continuous. The Jurchen (who would later call themselves Manchus), a northeastern tribal people, had fought together with the Chinese against the Japanese in the 1590s when the Japanese invaded Korea. However in 1609, after a decade of increasing military strength, their position towards the Chinese changed, becoming one of antagonism. Nurhaci1 努爾哈赤 (1559-1626), a leader who had united the Jurchen tribes, proclaimed himself to be their chieftain or Khan in 1616 and also proclaimed the 1See: ECCP, p.594-9, for his biography. 43 founding of a new dynasty, the Jin 金 (also Hou Jin 後金 or Later Jin), signifying that it was a continuation of the earlier Jurchen dynasty which ruled from 1115-1234. In 1618, Nurhaci led an army of 10,000 with the intent of invading China. -
Cross-Currents: East Asian History and Culture Review
UC Berkeley Cross-Currents: East Asian History and Culture Review Title Distancing All Around: Post-Ming China Realpolitik in Seventeenth-Century Korea Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0430t6hw Journal Cross-Currents: East Asian History and Culture Review, 1(34) ISSN 2158-9674 Author Lee, Joseph Jeong-il Publication Date 2020-03-01 eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Distancing All Around: Post-Ming China Realpolitik in Seventeenth-Century Korea Joseph Jeong-il Lee, Northeast Asian History Foundation Lee, Joseph Jeong-il. 2020. “Distancing All Around: Post-Ming China Realpolitik in Seventeenth-Century Korea.” Cross-Currents: East Asian History and Culture Review 34: 24– 45. https://crosscurrents.berkeley.edu/e-journal/issue-34/lee. Abstract During the Ming-Qing transition period, Chosŏn Korea (1392–1910) tried to articulate geopolitical change on its own terms by prioritizing state security. The way the Chosŏn court and ruling elites responded to the Revolt of Wu Sangui (1673– 1681) and its aftereffects offers a snapshot of their accommodationist strategy for survival. This article explores how the court and elites maintained a policy of noninvolvement in association with domestic stability for social integration and self- strengthening for border defense. The author reveals the Way the Chosŏn court and ruling elites handled the ongoing unexpected situations caused by Qing China, the anti-Qing force, and the Mongols. This approach helps contextualize the links between the realpolitik of Chosŏn and the longue durée of Pax Manjurica, Pax Mongolica, and Pax Sinica and promotes further inquiry into the international relations of East Asia from a transhistorical perspective. -
A Fun Gongfu: the Story of the Deer and the Cauldron
This is a repository copy of Survival through Laughter: A Fun Gongfu: The Story of the Deer and the Cauldron. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/137875/ Version: Accepted Version Book Section: Ma, H (2016) Survival through Laughter: A Fun Gongfu: The Story of the Deer and the Cauldron. In: Ruru, L, (ed.) Staging China: New Theatres in the Twenty-First Century. Chinese Literature and Culture in the World . Palgrave Macmillan , Basingstoke, Hampshire, UK , pp. 141-158. ISBN 978-1-137-56747-5 https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137529442 Selection and editorial content © Li Ruru 2016. Individual chapters © their respective contributors 2016. This is an author produced version of a paper published in Staging China: New Theatres in the Twenty-First Century. Uploaded in accordance with the publisher's self-archiving policy. Reuse Items deposited in White Rose Research Online are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved unless indicated otherwise. They may be downloaded and/or printed for private study, or other acts as permitted by national copyright laws. The publisher or other rights holders may allow further reproduction and re-use of the full text version. This is indicated by the licence information on the White Rose Research Online record for the item. Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing [email protected] including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. [email protected] https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ Chapter 7 Survival through Laughter-- A Fun Gongfu: The Story of the Deer and the Cauldron Ma Haili The Story of the Deer and the Cauldron (Lu ding ji, 2009; Deer and Cauldron hereafter), set in the early Qing dynasty, is a theatrical adaptation of a gongfu (or “Kung Fu”) story. -
Chinax Course Notes
Part 6: The Manchus and the Qing 23: The Qing Vision of Empire Professor Mark Elliot taught most of this section, allowing us to benefit from his personal focus on the Qing and the Manchus. Professor Bol stepped in for one week to teach The Scholars and Prosperous Suzhou, which must have been his special interest. It was one of the most fascinating weeks of the course129 and by far the toughest. Historical Overview The origins of the Qing dynasty date back to the 1630s with a peasant rebellion led by Li Zicheng, a former postal official. Indeed, this may be the first recorded instance of an individual 'going postal.' 130 Li's rebellion spread through central China, drawing upon the anger of farmers, clerks, and soldiers who were devastated by, among other things, the inflation of copper currency against the silver required for tax payments.131 By the 1640s, the rebel army was moving toward Beijing. Meanwhile, the Manchus, descendents of the Jurchens of the Jin dynasty, were uniting tribal groups northeast of China, forging alliances with the eastern Mongols and raiding the Ming, all under the leadership of Nurhaci. By the late 1620s, the Ming had lost control of the northeast. Hong Taiji, Nurhaci's son and successor, re-organized and strengthened the Jin state, and in the 1630s conquered Korea, bolstering Manchu security and prestige. In 1636, Hong renamed his dynasty the Great Qing (da qing). In 1644, Li's rebels captured Beijing, leading the Ming emperor to hang himself. Shortly after that, the Ming general Wu Sangui, who was guarding the Great Wall at the Shanhai Pass, allied with the Manchus against Li Zicheng, deciding that he preferred the organized armies of the Manchus to the pillaging forces of the rebellion. -
Analysis of the Shamanic Empire of the Early Qing, Its Role in Inner Asian
THE SHAMANIC EMPIRE AND THE HEAVENLY ASTUTE KHAN: ANALYSIS OF THE SHAMANIC EMPIRE OF THE EARLY QING, ITS ROLE IN INNER ASIAN HEGEMONY, THE NATURE OF SHAMANIC KHANSHIP, AND IMPLICATIONS FOR MANCHU IDENTITY A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI’I AT MANOA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN HISTORY May 2020 By Stephen Garrett Thesis Committee: Shana Brown, Chairperson Edward Davis Wensheng Wang Keywords: Qing Dynasty, Manchu, Mongol, Inner Asia, Shamanism, Religion and Empire Acknowledgments: I would like to first and foremost show my deepest gratitude to my master’s thesis advisor, Dr. Shana Brown, whose ongoing uplifting support and instrumental advice were central to my academic success, without which I couldn’t have reached the finish line. I would also like to extend deepest thanks to my master’s thesis committee members Dr. Edward Davis and Dr. Wensheng Wang, who freely offered their time, efforts, and expertise to support me during this thesis project. Additionally, I would like to extend thanks to Dr. Mathew Lauzon and Dr. Matthew Romaniello, who both offered a great deal of academic and career advice, for which I am greatly appreciative. Special thanks to my peers: Ryan Fleming, Reed Riggs, Sun Yunhe, Wong Wengpok, and the many other friends and colleagues I have made during my time at the University of Hawaii at Manoa. They have always been a wellspring of academic advice, discussion, and support. While writing my master’s thesis, I have had the pleasure of working with the wonderful professional staff and faculty of the University of Hawaii at Manoa, whose instruction and support were invaluable to my academic success.