DOCSLIB.ORG

The Big Four in Angola, Tanzania and South Africa

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Big Four in Angola, Tanzania and South Africa Master’s Thesis 2020 30 ECTS Faculty of Landscape and Society The Power of Consulting: The Big Four in Angola, Tanzania and South Africa Irgen Wiig Sørensen Global Development Studies The Department of International Environment and Development Studies, Noragric, is the international gateway for the Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU). Established in 1986, Noragric’s contribution to international development lies in the interface between research, education (Bachelor, Master and PhD programmes) and assignments. The Noragric Master theses are the final theses submitted by students in order to fulfil the requirements under the Noragric Master programme “International Environmental Studies”, “International Development Studies” and “International Relations”. The findings in this thesis do not necessarily reflect the views of Noragric. Extracts from this publication may only be reproduced after prior consultation with the author and on condition that the source is indicated. For rights of reproduction or translation contact Noragric. © Irgen Wiig Sørensen - June 2020 E-mail: [email protected] Noragric - Department of International Environment and Development Studies P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway Tel.: +47 67 23 00 00 https://www.nmbu.no/fakultet/landsam/institutt/noragric Declaration I, Irgen Wiig Sørensen, declare that this thesis is a result of my research investigations and findings. Sources of information other than my own have been acknowledged and a reference list has been appended. This work has not been previously submitted to any other university for award of any type of academic degree. Signature ...................................... Date…………………………….. II Acknowledgements First of all, I would like to thank my wife Berit, who has supported me through all the ups and downs and who has contributed with continuous good feedback. Secondly, I would like to thank my study group consisting of Jonas and Grant, who have through the whole journey of the master programme shown great support. I would further like to thank my supervisor at NMBU, Morten Jerven for the feedback and support during my research. During this research project, I have also gotten feedback and support from Ingrid Hjertaker in “Tax Justice Network Norway”, who I would also like to share my gratitude with. And last but not the least, thank you to everyone else who has contributed to this research with all their knowledge, expertise and critical questions. This has helped enormously, and I am very grateful for the time you have spent on sharing your thoughts and reflections on my research! Thank you! III Abstract Though the Big Four have been identified in their involvement in reported and leaked data regarding lobbying, tax evasion and misconduct in the western world, the capacity and underlaying interests of the Big Four in development countries have received little focus in executed research. Thereby, while acknowledging the need for further studies on the Big Four, conducting a multiple case study has allowed for the observation of the Big Four in different contexts, and by doing so, improved the understanding of how the operations of these firms affect the development capacities of Angola, Tanzania and South Africa. The thesis has shed light on the ongoing capacity of the Big Four as a result of their global network, size and expertise in their field, which enables the Big Four to operate on a scale much larger than any other accounting and auditing companies in the world. The global network of the Big Four further enables their national entities to gain hold of the richest clients as well as gaining structural access to government employees and politicians. This access and capacity as well as if the Big Four’s national/local offices operate in an illegal or unethical manner can have detrimental outcomes for the states’ development capacities. The findings can provide a theoretical roadmap for further studies on the Big Four, especially in terms of how their operations affect the development capacities in Angola, Tanzania and South Africa. IV V Contents Acronyms ......................................................................................................................... VIII Chapter I Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 1 Research Context .......................................................................................................................... 2 Research Objectives and Questions .............................................................................................. 4 Thesis Structure ............................................................................................................................ 4 Chapter II Background ........................................................................................................................... 5 State Capacity ............................................................................................................................... 5 Tax and Development ................................................................................................................... 6 Interest Groups and Lobbying ....................................................................................................... 8 Theoretical Framework ......................................................................................................... 9 Power: A Radical View .................................................................................................................. 9 Example of Power Relations in Politics........................................................................................ 10 Chapter III Methodology ........................................................................................................................ 13 Research Design .......................................................................................................................... 13 Case study as a method ..........................................................................................................................13 Research Questions and Propositions .....................................................................................................15 Case study selection ...............................................................................................................................16 Data Sampling and Collection ..................................................................................................... 18 Data sampling ........................................................................................................................................18 Data collection .......................................................................................................................................18 Methods for analysis ................................................................................................................... 19 Ethical considerations ................................................................................................................. 20 Chapter IV Literature Review & Findings ............................................................................................. 20 The Interests of the Big Four ....................................................................................................... 20 In the context of: ......................................................................................................................... 23 Tanzania.................................................................................................................................................24 Angola....................................................................................................................................................26 South AFrica ...........................................................................................................................................30 Chapter V Analysis and discussion ....................................................................................................... 33 Analysis ....................................................................................................................................... 34 The Big Four as interest groups ...............................................................................................................34 VI Where is the state capacity? ...................................................................................................................35 The development issues .........................................................................................................................37 Power and Relations...............................................................................................................................38 Discussion ................................................................................................................................... 41 Access From the Global Network .............................................................................................................41 Global Code of Conduct ..........................................................................................................................42 The Results and Outcomes .....................................................................................................................43 Chapter VI Conclusion..........................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Intertwined Paths: Portugal and Rising Angola
    OCCASIONAL PAPER NO 89 South African Foreign Policy and African Drivers Programme August 2011 Intertwined Paths: Portugal and Rising Angola Pedro Seabra & Paulo Gorjão s ir a f f A l a n o ti a rn e nt f I o te tu sti n In rica . th Af hts Sou sig al in Glob African perspectives. About SAIIA The South African Institute of International Affairs (SAIIA) has a long and proud record as South Africa’s premier research institute on international issues. It is an independent, non-government think-tank whose key strategic objectives are to make effective input into public policy, and to encourage wider and more informed debate on international affairs with particular emphasis on African issues and concerns. It is both a centre for research excellence and a home for stimulating public engagement. SAIIA’s occasional papers present topical, incisive analyses, offering a variety of perspectives on key policy issues in Africa and beyond. Core public policy research themes covered by SAIIA include good governance and democracy; economic policymaking; international security and peace; and new global challenges such as food security, global governance reform and the environment. Please consult our website www.saiia.org.za for further information about SAIIA’s work. A b o u t t h e S o u t h A f r I c A n f o r e I g n p o l I c y A n d A f r I c A n d r I v e r S p r o g r A m m e Since the fall of apartheid in 1994, South Africa’s foreign policy has prioritised the development of Africa.
    [Show full text]
  • GRANDE ENTREVISTA (THE BIG INTERVIEW) with VÍTOR GONÇALVES, RTP 3 15 January 2020
    GRANDE ENTREVISTA (THE BIG INTERVIEW) WITH VÍTOR GONÇALVES, RTP 3 15 January 2020 A very good evening. In an unprecedented decision, the Angolan courts decided to seize the Angolan bank accounts and company holdings of the businesswoman Isabel dos Santos. In her first interview with Portuguese television, Isabel dos Santos will explain what she thinks is happening in her country, Angola, and how she will respond to this decision by the Luanda Court. She will do this today in a special edition of RTP’s Grande Entrevista recorded in London. First of all, Isabel dos Santos, thank you very much for agreeing to be interviewed. The Provincial Court of Luanda believes that the businesses owned by you and your husband and the Portuguese director of your companies, Mário Leite da Silva, have deprived the Angolan state of an extraordinary amount of money: of $1,136,996,825.56 to be precise. Do you accept this allegation? Good evening, Vítor Gonçalves, and thank you for giving me the chance to answer your questions. As you can no doubt imagine, this is a very difficult time in my life. These allegations are accusations that I take very seriously. I have always worked with the greatest transparency, so all my business is very well known. I have operated in Angola for more than 20 years. I have operated in Portugal since 2005 or 2006. I have always operated transparently. I have always informed the authorities, both in Angola and in Portugal, of my investment plans. As you can imagine, a person in my position, with family connections to the President of the Republic, is subject to a great deal of scrutiny.
    [Show full text]
  • African Women Large-Scale Entrepreneurs: Cases from Angola, Nigeria and Ghana
    chapter 14 African Women Large-Scale Entrepreneurs: Cases from Angola, Nigeria and Ghana Miriam Siun, Akinyinka Akinyoade and Ewurabena Quaye Introduction This paper critically examines the road to prosperity for three African wom- en entrepreneurs of large-scale businesses within male-dominated fields of portfolio – investments, oil production and construction. Angolan Isabel Dos Santos, Nigeria’s Folorunsho Alakija and Ghana’s Dr. Theresa Oppong-Beeko are highly ranked among the wealthiest women in Africa. In fact, Dos Santos and Alakija are positioned as number eight and number thirteen in terms of personal wealth on the continent irrespective of gender, as contained on the African section of Forbes’ annual list of the world’s billionaires.1 Dos Santos, Alakija and Dr Oppong-Beeko have firmly established themselves and their companies in their respective industries, despite the challenges women face to enter these spaces. In some quarters, their individual trajectories to wealth calls meritocracy into question, as claims of patrimonialism and corruption is sometimes used to taint their accomplishments. This necessitates further studies on the obstacles for African women to become large-scale entrepre- neurs without personal connections to influential people/high profile leader- ship. In conclusion, this paper warns against uncritical praise of success stories on the basis of gender and takes a class-based approach to the study of women and entrepreneurship in Africa. In the mid-to-late twentieth century, Africa was afflicted with political and economic turmoil that made the continent unattractive to both domestic and foreign investors. Failure of most of its countries in attracting foreign invest- ment, coupled with capital flight as domestic savers sought investment op- portunities in more stable economies abroad further dampened the economic outlook (Mbaku, 2013).
    [Show full text]
  • Angola Ex-First Daughter Isabel Dos Santos Charged with Fraud
    12 Friday International Friday, January 24, 2020 Angola ex-first daughter Isabel dos Santos charged with fraud Portuguese banker named in probe found dead LUANDA: Angola’s billionaire former first but poor southern African country and moving said Gros. Angola is still reeling from dos San- daughter Isabel dos Santos has been charged it abroad with the help of Western firms. tos’s kleptocratic rule during which key positions with money laundering and mismanagement The “Luanda Leaks” scoop, published on were awarded to his cronies and wealth amassed during her stewardship of state-owned oil firm Sunday by some of the world’s top media out- in the hands of a select few. Lourenco has vowed Sonangol, as Luanda moves to try and bring her lets, has put pressure on the government of Por- to crack down on corruption and launched a home to face trial for looting the country’s cof- tugal, Angola’s former colonial ruler, and some large-scale purge of the dos Santos administra- fers. Documents leaked this week alleged the major corporations to explain what they know tion. He removed Isabel dos Santos from her top daughter of ex-president Jose Eduardo dos and what they did. Dubbed “the princess” by job at Sonangol shortly after he came to power. Santos plundered state revenues to build her Angolans, Isabel dos Santos was named Africa’s Prosecutors last month froze bank accounts fortune, estimated at $2.1 billion. richest woman by Forbes in 2013. She stopped and assets owned by Isabel dos Santos and her “Isabel dos Santos is accused of mismanage- living in Angola after her father stepped down in husband Sindika Dokolo as part of the probe.
    [Show full text]
  • Revitalising Oilfields Luanda's Arts Festival
    SONANGOL UNIVERSO UISSUE 49 | APRILn 2016 iverso www.universo-magazine.com 40 Years of Success UPSTREAM CULTURE SOCIAL ACTION ISSUE 49 – REVITALISING LUANDA’S CHEVRON’S APRIL 2016 OILFIELDS ARTS FESTIVAL CSR EXPERIENCE Board president Francisco de Lemos José Maria at the anniversary event CONTENTS Universo is the international magazine of Sonangol President Francisco de Lemos José Maria Endiama Executive administrators: Anabela Soares de Brito da Fonseca, 4 3 NEWS BRIEFING Ana Joaquina Van-Dúnem Alves da Costa, Fernandes Gaspar Bernardo Mateus, Fernando Joaquim Roberto, A roundup of national and international news concerning Mateus Sebastião Francisco Neto, Sonangol and Angola Paulino Fernando Carvalho Jerónimo Non-executive administrators: Albina Assis Africano, José Gime, 4 André Lelo, José Paiva 10 3 PUMPING IS UP Sonangol Department for Communication & Image Director Angola output reaches 1.78 million bopd José Quarenta Mateus Cristóvão Benza SONANGOL: Shutterstock Corporate Communications Assistants Nadiejda Santos, Paula Almeida, FOUR DYNAMIC DECADES Hélder Sirgado, Kimesso Kissoka 12 3 SONANGOL RETROSPECTIVE Publisher: Sheila O’Callaghan he fortunes of Angola and Sonangol have been intimately Looking back on four decades of success 12 Editor: John Kolodziejski entwined over the past 40 years. Since its foundation on Managing Editor: Mauro Perillo February 25, 1976, the company has been the mainstay of T Shutterstock Art Director: Tony Hill the country’s economy. The oil industry that Sonangol leads so 22 3 WEATHERFORD WATCHING Sub Editor: Brian MacReamoinn dynamically has accounted for more than 90 per cent of export Profile of a leading oil services company Proofreading: Gail Nelson-Bonebrake earnings during the past four decades.
    [Show full text]
  • Luanda Leaks Inhalt
    Paradise Watch Luanda Leaks Inhalt 03 Auf halbem Weg stecken geblieben Dramatis Personae Die Luanda Leaks haben das Ausmaß der Korruption unter dem Regime dos Santos in Angola aufgezeigt. Der Fokus der Anti-Korruptionspolitik des neuen Präsidenten richtet sich bislang nur auf die Familie seines Vorgängers. Von Lothar Berger. 06 Die Selfmade-Prinzessin Ex-Präsidententochter Isabel dos Santos steht im Mit- telpunkt der Luanda Leaks. In die Geschäfte ist auch die staatliche Förderbank KfW verstrickt. Von Daniel Düster. 13 Vertrieben für ein Beachresort Anwohner eines Fischerdorfs mussten einem Projekt von Isabel dos Santos weichen. Von Will Fitzgibbon. 17 Die Macht der zweiten Reihe Ex-Vizepräsident Manuel Vicente und zwei Generäle ha- ben den Staat über ein gigantisches Geldwäschenetzwerk geplündert. Von Daniel Düster. 25 „Deutschland ist ein Geldwäsche-Zentrum in Europa“ Daniel Düster hat mit dem Europaparlamentarier Sven Giegold gesprochen. Impressum Paradise Watch: Luanda Leaks Informationen zu den Luanda Leaks: afrika süd-Dossier Bonn, Juni 2020 • Luanda Leaks, an ICIJ Investigation Redaktion: Lothar Berger (V.i.S.d.P.), Daniel Düster International Consortium of Investigative Journalists https://www.icij.org/investigations/luanda-leaks/ Herausgeber: • Süddeutsche Zeitung Angola-Runde deutscher Nichtregierungsorgani- Luanda Leaks, Themenüberblick sationen https://www.sueddeutsche.de/thema/Luanda_Leaks c/o informationsstelle südliches afrika e.V. (issa), • Maka Angola Königswinterer Str. 116, 53227 Bonn Anti-Korruptions-Portal von Rafael Marques: Tel.: 0228-464369, Email: www.issa-bonn.org, https://www.makaangola.org/en/ www.afrika-sued.org • Khadija Sharife and Mark Anderson, How Angolan Gefördert von Brot für die Welt und Misereor. Elites Built a Private Banking Network to Move Their Für den Inhalt dieser Publikation ist allein der He- Riches Into the European Union rausgeber verantwortlich.
    [Show full text]
  • Anne Pitcher & Edalina Rodrigues Sanches the Paradox of Isabel Dos
    Anne Pitcher & Edalina Rodrigues Sanches The Paradox of Isabel dos Santos: State Capitalism, Dynastic Politics, and Gender Hostility in a Resource-Rich, Authoritarian Country ABSTRACT Throughout the world, the sons and daughters of many state leaders attract media attention for their exploits. Like other famous children of politicians, Isabel dos Santos, the daughter of José Eduardo dos Santos, the former president of Angola (1979-2017), is the object of much media scrutiny regarding her investments and lavish spending habits. We rely on a systematic study of newspaper articles by Angolan and international media, readers’ comments, social media and websites to examine the conflicting portrayals of Isabel from 2010 to 2018. This period covers celebratory depictions of Isabel during the growth of her business empire to her dismissal as head of Sonangol after her father left the presidency. We argue that the change in portrayals of Isabel over time offers insight into the dimensions of dynastic politics in authoritarian settings. Whereas her position as wealthy presidential daughter ironically reinforced patriarchal political oligarchy, her downfall demonstrates the limits of hereditary politics in Angola. Keywords: Angola, West Africa, Isabel dos Santos, dynasties, feminism, gender, media, political economy, politics, wealth. RÉSUMÉ Dans le monde entier, les fils et les filles de nombreux chefs d’État attirent l’attention des médias pour leurs exploits. Comme d’autres enfants célèbres de politiciens, Isabel dos Santos, fille de José Eduardo dos Santos, ancien président de l’Angola (1979-2017), fait l’objet d’un examen approfondi de la part des médias au sujet de ses investissements et de ses habitudes de dépense fastueuses.
    [Show full text]
  • Isabel Dos Santos
    FILIPE S. FERNANDES ISABEL DOS SANTOS SEGREDOS E PODER DO DINHEIRO Abertura Angola apresenta um paradoxo terrível e chocante: uma das maiores concentrações de recursos em África tem sido associada, não ao desenvolvimento e a alguma pros- peridade, mas a anos de conflito, declínio económico e miséria humana. Poucos países apresentam um contraste tão acentuado entre o potencial económico e a situação do seu povo. É notável o conjunto de recursos de Angola: petróleo, diamantes, muitos outros minerais, terra em abundância e um clima geralmente favorável, além de enormes recursos hidroelétricos1. Angola e o seu sistema político, por mais calamitoso que seja, é um problema dos angolanos, faz parte do drama do seu povo e só a ele diz respeito, ninguém tem o direito de interferir2. Hoje a mulher mais importante, rica e poderosa de Por- tugal é a angolana Isabel dos Santos. Há mulheres portuguesas importantes, outras que são ricas, e umas quantas que são poderosas, mas só Isabel dos Santos é as três coisas.3 Em 2012, surgiu na lista das grandes fortunas da Forbes e no ano 9 FILIPE S. FERNANDES seguinte torna-se a primeira bilionária africana, segundo a mesma revista norte-americana, com uma fortuna avaliada em 3,7 mil milhões de dólares. Por sua vez, o jornal El País diz que o valor da sua riqueza «é difícil de contabilizar – entre 6,4 mil milhões a 12,8 mil milhões de reais, segundo pesquisas – já que, por mais que falem, da boca da “menina dos olhos” de seu pai nunca saiu nada.»4 Mas, «para angolanos zangados e pobres, ela é a epítome de um sistema que concentra o poder e a riqueza nas mãos de poucos.
    [Show full text]
  • The Anatomy of the Resource Curse: Predatory Investment in Africa’S Extractive Industries
    ACSS SPECIAL REPORT A PUBLICATION OF THE AFRICA CENTER FOR STRATEGIC STUDIES The Anatomy of the Resource Curse: Predatory Investment in Africa’s Extractive Industries J.R. Mailey May 2015 The Africa Center for Strategic Studies The Africa Center is an academic institution established by the U.S. Department of Defense and funded by Congress for the study of security issues relating to Africa. It serves as a forum for bilateral and multilateral research, communication, and the exchange of ideas. The Anatomy of the Resource Curse: Predatory Investment in Africa’s Extractive Industries ACSS Special Report No. 3 J.R. Mailey May 2015 Africa Center for Strategic Studies Washington, D.C. Opinions, conclusions, and recommendations expressed or implied within are solely those of the contributors and do not necessarily represent the views of the Defense Department or any other agency of the Federal Government. Cleared for public release; distribution unlimited. Portions of this work may be quoted or reprinted without permission, provided that a standard source credit line is included. The Africa Center would appreciate a courtesy copy of reprints or reviews. First printing, May 2015. For additional publications of the Africa Center for Strategic Studies, visit the Center’s Web site at http://africacenter.org. Table of Contents Executive Summary ........................................................................................1 Part 1: Africa’s Natural Resource Challenge ...........................................5 Natural Resource Wealth and
    [Show full text]
  • Angola's Strategic Co-Operation with the Bric Countries
    OCCASIONAL PAPER NO 85 South African Foreign Policy and African Drivers Programme May 2011 Angola’s Strategic Co-operation with the BRIC Countries Carine Kiala & Nomfundo Ngwenya s r i a f f A l a n o ti a rn e nt f I o te tu sti n In rica . th Af hts Sou sig al in Glob African perspectives. ABOUT SAIIA The South African Institute of International Affairs (SAIIA) has a long and proud record as South Africa’s premier research institute on international issues. It is an independent, non-government think-tank whose key strategic objectives are to make effective input into public policy, and to encourage wider and more informed debate on international affairs with particular emphasis on African issues and concerns. It is both a centre for research excellence and a home for stimulating public engagement. SAIIA’s occasional papers present topical, incisive analyses, offering a variety of perspectives on key policy issues in Africa and beyond. Core public policy research themes covered by SAIIA include good governance and democracy; economic policymaking; international security and peace; and new global challenges such as food security, global governance reform and the environment. Please consult our website www.saiia.org.za for further information about SAIIA’s work. A B O U T T H E S O U T H A FR I C A N F O R E I G N P O L I C Y A N D AFRICAN DRIVERS PROGRAMME Since the fall of Apartheid in 1994, South Africa’s foreign policy has prioritised the development of Africa.
    [Show full text]
  • Comprovativo De Entrega De Peça Processual
    COMPROVATIVO DE ENTREGA DE PEÇA PROCESSUAL REFª: 34258494 Data e Hora de entrega (Hora Legal): 9 de dezembro de 2019, 18:23:57 (a hora legal é obtida directamente do servidor do Observatório Astronómico de Lisboa, através de sincronização automática) CARACTERIZAÇÃO Finalidade: Juntar a Processo Existente Tribunal Competente: Sintra - Tribunal Judicial da Comarca de Lisboa Oeste Unidade Orgânica: Juízo Local Cível de Sintra - Juiz 3 Nº Processo: 16964/19.8T8SNT MANDATÁRIO SUBSCRITOR Nome: Francisco Teixeira da Mota Cédula: 5070L Morada: Rua Rodrigo Fonseca, 24 - 4º Dto Localidade: Código Postal: 1250-193 Lisboa Telefone: 213863771/2138 Email: [email protected] 63786 Fax: 213862621 NIF: 158786947 ATENÇÃO Nos termos do art.º 148.º nº 6 do C.P.C. "A parte que apresente peça processual por transmissão electrónica de dados fica dispensada de oferecer os respectivos duplicados ou cópias, bem como as cópias dos documentos." Peça Processual entregue por via electrónica na data e hora indicadas junto da assinatura electrónica do subscritor, aposta nos termos previstos na Portaria n.º 280/2013, de 26 de Agosto CONTESTAÇÃO REFª: 34258494 MANDATÁRIO SUBSCRITOR Nome: Francisco Teixeira da Mota Cédula: 5070L Morada: Rua Rodrigo Fonseca, 24 - 4º Dto Localidade: Código Postal: 1250-193 Lisboa Telefone: 213863771/2138 Email: [email protected] 63786 Fax: 213862621 NIF: 158786947 CARACTERIZAÇÃO Finalidade: Juntar a Processo Existente Tribunal Competente: Sintra - Tribunal Judicial da Comarca de Lisboa Oeste Unidade Orgânica: Juízo Local Cível de
    [Show full text]
  • Source of the Wealth of Isabel Dos Santos a Politically Exposed Person (Pep)
    SOURCE OF THE WEALTH OF ISABEL DOS SANTOS A POLITICALLY EXPOSED PERSON (PEP) From the bar business into the diamond trade 1. Isabel dos Santos - daughter of President of Angola, Mr. José Eduardo dos Santos - had her first business venture as a "fake" partner of the Miami Beach bar in Luanda. She was brought into the business in 1997, since "the owner, Rui Barata, was having issues with health inspectors and taxmen. His solution: bringing in Isabel dos Santos, then 24, as his partner, with the idea, contemporaries say, that her name would keep pesky government regulators at bay. Her initial investment was negligible, according to a source with knowledge of the deal, and the restaurant thrived: Sixteen years later it’s still a weekend hot spot."1 2. Isabel dos Santos' subsequent venture into the diamonds business is contextualised in the following paragraphs. 3. In 1992 the government in Angola, led by MPLA, hired a group of former South African soldiers, who styled themselves as Executive Outcomes (EO), to at first advise, and later, assume operational command of the military campaign against UNITA during the civil war. At that time, UNITA controlled large territories of Angola's hinterland, including the diamond-rich Lundas region, which was their most important source of financing. MPLA turned to Russian-Israeli arms and diamond dealers to buy weapons and specialised tracking technology to bring an end to the murderous campaign of Jonas Savimbi, the leader of UNITA.2 They were, at different times and circumstances, Arkadi Gaydamak, Lev Leviev, Pierre Falcone, Sylvain Goldberg and Ehud Laniado.
    [Show full text]