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Petroleum Resource Assessment, Peel Plateau and Plain, Yukon Territory, Canada K.G

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Petroleum Resource Assessment, Peel Plateau and Plain, Yukon Territory, Canada K.G Energy, Mines and Resources • Yukon Geological Survey • Oil and Gas Management Branch YGS OPEN FILE 2005-3/GSC OPEN FILE 4841 Petroleum Resource Assessment, Peel Plateau and Plain, Yukon Territory, Canada K.G. Osadetz, B.C. MacLean, D.W. Morrow, J. Dixon and P.K. Hannigan Natural Resources Ressources naturelles Canada Canada YGS OPEN FILE 2005-3/GSC OPEN FILE 4841 Petroleum Resource Assessment, Peel Plateau and Plain, Yukon Territory, Canada K.G. Osadetz1, B.C. MacLean1, D.W. Morrow1, J. Dixon1 and P.K. Hannigan1 1Geological Survey of Canada, 3303 33rd Street NW, Calgary, Alberta T2L 2A7 Published under the authority of the Minister of Energy, Mines and Resources, Yukon Government http://www.emr.gov.yk.ca Printed in Whitehorse, Yukon, 2005. © Minister of Energy, Mines and Resources, Yukon Government This report may be obtained from: Geoscience and Information Sales GSC Calgary Publication Sales c/o Whitehorse Mining Recorder 3303-33rd Street N.W. 102-300 Main Street Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2L 2A7 Box 2703 (K102) phone (403) 292-7030 Whitehorse, Yukon, Canada Y1A 2C6 fax (403) 299-3542 phone (867) 667-5200, fax (867) 667-5150 e-mail [email protected] e-mail [email protected] http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/org/calgary/pub/bookstore_e.php www.geology.gov.yk.ca In referring to this publication, please use the following citation: Osadetz, KG., MacLean, B.C., Morrow, D.W., Dixon, J. and Hannigan, P.K., 2005. Petroleum Resource Assessment, Peel Plateau and Plain, Yukon Territory, Canada. Yukon Geological Survey Open File 2005-3, Geological Survey of Canada Open File 4841, 76 p. Production by K-L Services, Whitehorse, Yukon. Cover photo. Outcropping lower Paleozoic succession, predominantly carbonate rocks, illustrative of the the Ordovician-Silurian Mount Kindle Formation to Devonian Hume Formation succession that occurs in the subsurface of the Peel Plain, at section MTA-82-6 (Morrow, 1999; see his Figure 6, section location #19 and his Figure 41, for details; GSC Calgary photo 4298-13). ABSTRACT The Peel Plateau and Plain in the Yukon is a potentially prospective petroleum province that lies north of the Mackenzie Mountains and east of the Richardson Mountains up to the inter-territorial boundary. The area contains a Lower Cambrian to Upper Cretaceous stratigraphic succession up to approximately 4.5 km thick. Nineteen exploratory wells have been drilled within the region without economic reserves or production, but with some petroleum shows. A probablilistic petroleum resource assessment suggests that there is a significant potential for natural gas throughout the region with a summed mean play potential of approximately 83.428 x 109 m3 initial raw gas in place (~3 Tcf) in approximately 88 pools. The largest expected pool of 3.36 x 109 m3 gas is expected to occur in Mesozoic clastic rocks of the Peel Plain. In general, petroleum potential is inferred to decrease both westward, and with increasing depth and stratigraphic age. The small size of gas pools will be an impediment to their development because of their location. No crude oil potential can be estimated due to an inferred lack of oil-prone sources in strata of suitable maturity. Where previous work speculated that the history of petroleum systems in the Peel Plateau and Plain was distinctive from that of surrounding regions that are suitably characterized, this work finds no justification for such a distinctive petroleum system history. The resulting undiscovered potential is, therefore, considered to be consistent with the results of the exploration history. i Petroleum resource assessment, Peel Plateau and Plain, Yukon Territory, Canada EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Peel Plateau and Plain in the Yukon (Fig. 1) is a potentially prospective petroleum province that lies north of the Mackenzie Mountains and east of the Richardson Mountains up to the inter-territorial boundary (Table 1). The region contains a Lower Cambrian to Upper Cretaceous stratigraphic succession, up to approximately 4.5 km thick, that overlies a poorly described Proterozoic succession that is currently ascribed as “economic basement”. Nineteen exploratory wells have been drilled within the region. None of these wells have established economic reserves or production, but there have been several shows. One surface natural gas seep occurs in the NWT in the contiguous Mackenzie-Peel Shelf geological province. Assessment of this region suggests that there is a significant potential for natural gas throughout the region with a summed mean play potential of approximately 83.428 x 109 m3 initial raw gas in place1 (~3 Tcf) in approximately 88 pools. The largest expected pool of 3.36 x 109 m3 gas is expected to occur in Mesozoic clastic rocks of the Peel Plain. Likely the small size of gas pools will be an impediment to their development because of their location. In general, petroleum potential is inferred to decrease both westward, and with increasing depth and stratigraphic age. The result of this study, while differing in detail from previous work (Bird, 2000, 1999) for gas, is generally similar in aggregate potential. This study differs significantly from previous studies with respect to crude oil potential. No crude oil potential can be estimated due to an inferred lack of oil-prone sources in strata of suitable maturity. This difference occurs primarily because of a lack of hard data that could be obtained from the available wells if there were time and resources to perform suitable analysis (Rock-Eval/TOC pyrolysis). Where previous work speculated that the history of petroleum systems in the Peel Plateau and Plain was distinctive from that of surrounding regions that are suitably characterized, this work finds no justification for such a distinctive petroleum system history. The geological outcrop structure is obscured by the monotonous topography and poor outcrop of the Peel Plain physiographic region. Seismic surveys are incomplete and cover only a small portion of the region, with wide spacing. To some degree this means that the lack of exploratory drilling success is not diagnostic of the potential. None of these wells have been characterized geochemically, so that the potential and maturity of petroleum sources must be inferred from regional data, and functioning of the petroleum systems is not known. The unfavourable results of exploratory drilling in this part of the Yukon are part of a larger unsuccessful effort in the adjacent NWT. Most notable has been the lack of success in the Paleozoic carbonate successions of the Mackenzie- Peel Platforms. The lack of additional exploration during the last quarter century, while largely due to economic considerations, must also consider lack of previous success and the unfavourable geological characteristics, including the following. These successions are dominated by carbonate ramp deposition that results in large stratiform porosity zones following a predominantly vertical succession of facies. While internal stratigraphic traps exist, most carbonate ramp settings rely on a structural component of entrapment. Two features invoked by a previous assessment, an abrupt margin carbonate depositional model and a hydrothermal dolomitization event were examined and evaluated. There is a small probability for an abrupt carbonate margin play that could be provided by isolated carbonate build-ups growing off the drowned Hume platform, like the Horn Plateau reefs of the NWT. Such reefs, generally limestone, lack porosity because burial compaction by a thick and largely eroded 1Note: All gas volumes reported in this assessment is initial raw and in-place. ii Executive summary Table 1. Executive summary of the petroleum potenial of the Peel Plateau and Plain. Basin age Proterozoic to Cretaceous with economic basement in the Lower Cambrian Basin area in Yukon 10 300 km2 Depth to target zones Mesozoic: surface to 1000 m Carboniferous: surface to 2500 m Devonian shale: surface to 3500 m Paleozoic carbonate: 1500 m to 4000 m Maximum Phanerozoic ~4500 m stratigraphic thickness, thickened by Cordilleran thrusting and folding thickness Hydrocarbon traces 1. Shell Peel River YT B-06 (gas to surface, too small to measure, gas-cut mud) 2. MCD GCO Northrup Taylor Lake YT K-15 ( gassy fresh water) 3. Pacific et al. Peel YT F-37 (gassy muddy salt water) 4. Gulf Mobil Caribou YT N-25 (gas-cut mud) 5. Shell Peel River YT M-69 (gas to surface, too small to measure) 6. Swan Lake Surface Gas Seepage (106 N4/1) estimated 700 cf/d (Norris, 1997, p. 383) First discovery No discoveries Potential resources Oil: No potential can be estimated due to an inferred lack of oil-prone sources in strata of suitable maturity. Gas: Sum of mean play potentials 83.428 x 109 m3 gas (~3 Tcf) in approximately 88 pools. Largest expected pool of 3.36 x 109 m3 gas is expected to occur in Mesozoic clastic rocks of the Peel Plain. In general, petroleum potential is inferred to decrease both westward and with increasing depth and stratigraphic age. Basin type Coupled Cordilleran (Aptian-Eocene) thick-skinned Foreland Thrust and Fold Belt and Foreland basin overlying a Paleozoic succession of Franklinian (Middle Devonian-Carboniferous) flysch/molasse, Taghanic (Upper Silurian to Middle Devonian) Carbonate Platform and Basin deposited on an Early Paleozoic (Lower Cambrian to Lower Silurian) intra-cratonic rift basin. Depositional setting Shallow- to deep-water Paleozoic carbonate platform, rift basin and orogenic foreland, and Mesozoic orogenic foreland and clastic shelf. Potential reservoirs Basal sandstone and sand bodies within the shale- and siltstone-dominated Mesozoic succession; dolostone and limestone carbonate ramps within the Paleozoic, with possible internal biostromal buildups. There is a slight chance for an abrupt margin carbonate build-up growing off the drowned surface of the Hume Platform, like Horn Plateau reefs. Regional structure Thick-skinned and associated thin-skinned Laramide north- and east-verging thrust and fold belt. In the west, the fold and thrust belt is an inversion of extensional fault structures of an early Paleozoic intracratonic rift basin (Richardson Anticlinorium and Trevor Fault).
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