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Highways in Harmony Grant Siijui: Y Muiiniiiinz I Jaiiau&L Fart

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The Asheville, North Carolina Chamber of Commerce NATIONAL PARK SERVICE AS In an effort to appease both wilderness advocates and DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF promoted construction of a "Skyway" along the crest of road proponents, GRSM Superintendent George Fry Highways in Harmony the Smokies in 1932. The proposed road would run along MEDIATOR proposed six smaller wilderness areas rather than the two GREAT SMOKY MOUNTAINS Q 1 US 5 Si^tS § < -s sit J the ridge of the mountains much like Shenandoah's The debate between road proponents and wilderness larger ones promoted by the Smoky Mountains Hiking ROADS & BRIDGES Skyline Drive. In July of that year GRSM officials advocates continued to influence road building in GRSM Club. Most importantly, Fry situated these six tracts so as Thousand of years of geological change and erosion have Grant Siijui: y announced that the Park would go ahead with this project, during the post World War II era. This is most evident in to leave a swath of undesignated land running up and over shaped the Great Smoky Mountains, which are and in November and December the Bureau of Public the controversy over the proposed Northshore Road that the crest of the Smokies to allow construction of a 32-mile characterized by high mountain peaks, steep hillsides, Muiiniiiinz Roads inspected the proposed route. was to run along Fontana Lake from Bryson City to motor road connecting Townsend, Tennessee with Bryson deep river valleys, and fertile coves. This difficult terrain Fontana Dam. According to a 1943 agreement, the City, North Carolina. This "Transmountain Highway," and underlying bedrock presented numerous challenges i Jaiiau&l Fart In response to such actions, in 1934 a local lawyer named National Park Service agreed to construct a new road Fry believed, would not only relieve congestion along for the designer of the roads in Great Smoky Mountains Harvey Broome invited Marshall and McKaye to within park boundaries along the north shore of Fontana Newfound Gap Road but would also appeal to North North Carolina, Tennessee National Park. J. Ross Eakin, the park's first Knoxville, Tennessee to organize opposition to the Lake in order to replace North Carolina Highway 288, Carolinians by serving as a substitute for the troubled Superintendent, once wrote, "to secure good [road] construction of several proposed highways along the portions of which were flooded when the TVA Northshore Road project. Although this attempt at alignment along our mountain sides will require likirpi IJ-S Sill** Above: Bear Jam in the Great Smokies, ca.1950 (GKSM) Appalachian divide, including the Skyway. At the meeting constructed the dam near Fontana during World War II. compromise between wilderness advocates and road tremendous cuts and fills, "thereby creating " a terrible the three men agreed to mail an "Invitation to Help In October of 1947 the Park Service began building a proponents never got off the drawing board, the mediating KSrHiiS I'ill 1^.:* WILDERNESS HALTS PARK ROAD scar" on the roadsides. Organize a Group to Preserve the American Wilderness" short section of this motorway. influence of the Park Service continued to guide the »- sS ^ o^t •§•§•* I 3 S o = & CONSTRUCTION to those known to be concerned. This mailing resulted in development of GRSM motor roads right down to the Attempting to avoid as much scarring as possible, While the National Park Service was making Newfound the founding one year later of the Wilderness Society, one When Congress passed the Wilderness Act in 1964, the present. Similar controversies between the environment designers like Charles E. Peterson employed the use of Gap Road more scenic, others advocating the of the nation's leading environmental organizations, and it completion of the Northshore Road was thrown into and park access continue to delay the completion of tunnels, bridges, and retaining and revetment walls. preservation of wild areas also began influencing the also led to the defeat of the proposed Skyway along the doubt. According to this law, the federal government Foohthills Parkway, begun in 1951, to relieve park traffic. Tunnels cut through ridges, bridges spanned the numerous motor road system of GRSM. The notion that wilderness crest of the Smokies. could protect public land from all future development, Above: from left; Superintendent .1. Ross Eakin. streams and rivers, revetment was worth preserving emerged in the United States including road construction, by designating such land Arthur P. Miller. Charles E. Peterson. O.G. Taylor, and retaining walls were during the 1920s, largely due to the efforts of Aldo "wilderness" and adding it to the National Wilderness and John Needham on a survey of the park's contracted to hold back Leopold. As an employee of the U.S. Forest Service, Preservation System. Wilderness designation could thus boundary. 1931 (GRSM) fill and prevent stream Leopold worked tirelessly to convince both his superiors kill the Northshore Road project. erosion and the and the nation at large that wilderness was essential to Left: Drawing of the construction stages revegetation of roadsides American culture and thus should be protected from In 1965 GRSM became the nation's first testing ground used to build the Elkmonl Vehicle Bridge. controlled erosion and development. for the Wilderness Act. In that year the federal government held public hearings in Gatlinburg, Tennessee reduced visible road scars. Using all of these methods, Leopold's wilderness philosophy soon found advocates to assess public opinion concerning wilderness designation designers were able to create within the federal government and society at large. Robert in GRSM. Two factions dominated the local hearings. some of the most pleasurable Marshall, Director of the Forestry Division of the U.S. On the one hand were hikers, conservationists and and scenic roads in the national Office of Indian Affairs, and Benton McKaye, a regional Above: Protest sign erected at outdoor enthusiasts represented by the Smoky Mountains the beginning of uncompleted park system. planner for the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) and the Hiking Club. This group proposed the designation of two Northshore Road. 1996 (HAER) Below: Elkmonl Vehicle bridge during originator of the Appalachian Trail concept, both promoted large wilderness areas covering approximately three- Right: Rock slides continue to fourths of the national park. The other contingent hailed construction by the Civilian Conservation the preservation of undeveloped areas during the early plague Foothills Parkway and Corps, ca.1934 (GRSM) 1930s. Such ideas also spread to the Smokies during this from the North Carolina side of the Smokies and opposed other roads, illustrating the Above: The Gatlinburg Spur of Foothills Parkway period, just as the Park Service proposed additional road any wilderness designation for fear that it would end once fragile environmental conditions runs along the Little Pigeon River. 1996 (HAER) construction projects in GRSM. of the area. (GRSM) and for all construction of the Northshore Road. Timeline continued ... &1 Work began on the President Franklin D. U.S. enters WWII. The Fontana Dam is Park Service begins Construction of the National Park Construction of the Wilderness Act Park Service Foothills Parkway Great Smoky Loop Over on Newfound Gap Road from Chimney Tops. Laurel Creek Road in Roosevelt officially National Park Service completed and begins constructing the Foothills Parkway Service begins signed into law recommends all work incomplete, but Mountains National Roaring Fork Motor 1937 (GRSM Monthly Report) October which runs dedicates Great withdraws the CCC operation. Northshore Road and began when Mission 66, a Nature Trail begins. by Congress. on the Foothills planning continues Park Roads and fromTownsend Wye Smoky Mountains from the Great Smokies. completes a one mile engineers broke program to improve One of the major Parkway be halted in for completion. Bridges are to Cades Cove. National Park. section at Fontana ground on the park infrastructure. projects of Mission order to review documented by NPS Dam. "Gatlinburg Spur." 66 in Great Smoky environmental Historic American Mountains National concerns. Engineering Record. Park. had followed into the region. Soon they also began AUTO TOURISM IN GREAT SMOKY While many present-day visitors recognize that PRE-PARK TRANSPORTATION SYTEMS ROAD BOOSTERS PROMOTE A PARK South. Believing that improved motorways would finally SCENIC MOTORWAYS AND Although the Park Service constructed several mountain motorways greatly influence their park experience, most The motor roads of GRSM did not simply materialize with constructing new wagon roads throughout the Smokies so MOUNTAINS NATIONAL PARK The movement to establish a national park in the Great propel the region into the national economic mainstream, roads during the early 1930s in eastern parks such as are unaware that the history of GRSM has always been the establishment of the park in 1934. Long before they could visit with neighbors, attend school and religious NEWFOUND GAP ROAD Smoky Mountains was intimately linked to road Southerners, including members of the Knoxville Skyline Drive in Shenandoah and Cadillac Mountain Road intimately linked to the history of its roads. Not only was tourists began motoring over Newfound Gap and causing services, and transport herds of cattle and wagon-loads of In 1926 the National Park Service entered into a Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GRSM) has boosterism. The so-called "father of the park movement," Automobile Club, advocated numerous road-building in Acadia, none posed the technical challenges of the campaign to establish the park led by road boosters, traffic jams in Cades Cove, American Indians, European produce to distant markets in Maryville, Knoxville, and cooperative agreement with the Department of always been famous for its biological and scenic Willis Davis, was not only on the board of directors of the projects. Although particularly appealing to those living in Newfound Gap Road in the Smokies. BPR engineers but the debate over road construction in the Smokies settlers and logging companies created sophisticated beyond.
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