Skin and Soft Tissue Substitutes – Commercial Medical Policy

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Skin and Soft Tissue Substitutes – Commercial Medical Policy UnitedHealthcare® Commercial Medical Policy Skin and Soft Tissue Substitutes Policy Number: 2021T0592I Effective Date: August 1, 2021 Instructions for Use Table of Contents Page Related Commercial Policies Coverage Rationale ....................................................................... 1 • Prolotherapy and Platelet Rich Plasma Therapies Documentation Requirements ...................................................... 3 • Breast Reconstruction Post Mastectomy and Poland Definitions ...................................................................................... 4 Syndrome Applicable Codes .......................................................................... 4 Description of Services ................................................................. 7 Community Plan Policy Clinical Evidence ........................................................................... 8 • Skin and Soft Tissue Substitutes U.S. Food and Drug Administration ........................................... 53 Medicare Advantage Coverage Summary References ................................................................................... 54 • Skin Treatment, Services and Procedures Policy History/Revision Information ........................................... 60 Instructions for Use ..................................................................... 60 Coverage Rationale EpiFix® Amnion/Chorion Membrane (Non-Injectable) EpiFix is proven and medically necessary for treating diabetic foot ulcer when all of the following criteria are met: • Adequate circulation to the affected extremity as indicated by one or more of the following: o Ankle-brachial index (ABI) between 0.7 and 1.2 o Dorsum transcutaneous oxygen test (TcPO2) ≥ 30 mm Hg o Triphasic or biphasic Doppler arterial waveforms at the ankle of affected leg • Glycated hemoglobin test (HgA1c) < 12% (within the last 60 days) • Individual has a diagnosis of Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes • Serum creatinine < 3.0 mg/dL (within the last 6 months) • Ulcer size ≥ 1 cm2 and < 25 cm2 • Ulcer has failed to demonstrate Measurable Signs of Healing with at least 4 weeks of standard wound care which includes all of the following: o Application of dressings to maintain a moist wound environment o Debridement of necrotic tissue, if present o Offloading • EpiFix is used in conjunction with standard wound care • Individual does not have active Charcot deformity or major structural abnormalities of the foot • Individual does not have a diagnosis of autoimmune connective tissue disease • Individual does not have a known or suspected malignancy of current ulcer • Individual does not have an ulcer extending to tendon, muscle, capsule or bone • Individual is not receiving radiation therapy or chemotherapy • Individual is not taking medications considered to be immune system modulators EpiFix Application Limitations • EpiFix is limited to one application per week for up to 12 weeks Skin and Soft Tissue Substitutes Page 1 of 60 UnitedHealthcare Commercial Medical Policy Effective 08/01/2021 Proprietary Information of UnitedHealthcare. Copyright 2021 United HealthCare Services, Inc. Due to insufficient evidence of efficacy, EpiFix is unproven and not medically necessary for all other indications including but not limited to: • EpiFix application more frequently than once a week or beyond 12 weeks TransCyte™ TransCyte is proven and medically necessary for treating surgically excised Full-Thickness Thermal Burn wounds and deep Partial-Thickness Thermal Burn wounds before autograft placement. TransCyte is unproven and not medically necessary for all other indications due to insufficient evidence of efficacy. Other Skin and Soft Tissue Substitutes The following skin and soft tissue substitutes are unproven and not medically necessary for any indication* due to insufficient evidence of efficacy: ® ® Affinity CLARIX FLO ™ AlloGen Cogenex (amniotic membrane and flowable amnion) ™ ™ AlloSkin Coll-e-Derm ® ™ AlloWrap Conexa ® ™ Altiply Corecyte ™ ™ ™ Amnio Wound Coretext or Protext ™ ® Amnio Wrap2 CorMatrix ™ ™ AmnioAMP-MP Corplex ™ AmnioArmor Corplex p ® ™ AmnioBand Cryo-Cord ™ AmnioCore Cygnus ™ ™ Amniocyte Plus Cymetra ® ™ ™ AMNIOEXCEL , AMNIOEXCEL Plus, or BioDExcel Cytal ® ® ® AmnioFix DermACELL *, DermACELL AWM or DermACELL ® ™ AMNIOMATRIX or BioDMatrix AWM Porous (see asterisked note below when ™ ™ Amnio-Maxx or Amnio-Maxx Lite DermACELL is used during breast reconstruction) ® Amniorepair Dermacyte ™ Amniotext Derma-Gide ™ Amniotext patch DermaPure ™ ™ Amnion Bio DermaSpan ™ ® ® AMNIPLY Dermavest or Plurivest ® Architect Derm-Maxx ® ® Artacent Cord EpiCord ® Artacent Wound or Artacent AC EpiFix , injectable ® ® ArthroFLEX Excellagen ™ ® Ascent E-Z Derm ™ ™ ™ AxoBioMembrane FlowerAmnioFlo or FlowerFlo ™ ™ Axolotl™ Ambient or Axolotl Cryo FlowerAmnioPatch or FlowerPatch ™ Axolotl Graft or Axolotl DualGraft FlowerDerm ™ ™ BellaCell HD Fluid Flow ® ™ bio-ConneKt Fluid GF ™ ™ ™ BioDfence or BioDFence DryFlex GammaGraft BionextPatch Genesis Amniotic Membrane ™ ® Bioskin Grafix ® Bioskin Flow GrafixPL ® ® Biovance Grafix PRIME ™ ® BioWound , BioWound Plus, or BioWound Xplus GrafixPL PRIME carePATCH Guardian ™ ™ Cellesta or Cellesta Duo Helicoll ® Cellesta Cord hMatrix ® Cellesta Flowable Amnion Hyalomatrix ® ® CLARIX Integra Flowable Wound Matrix Skin and Soft Tissue Substitutes Page 2 of 60 UnitedHealthcare Commercial Medical Policy Effective 08/01/2021 Proprietary Information of UnitedHealthcare. Copyright 2021 United HealthCare Services, Inc. InteguPly® ProMatrX™ Interfyl™ PuraPly®, PuraPly AM, or PuraPly XT Keramatrix® REGUaRD™ Kerasorb® Repriza® Kerecis™ Omega3 Restorigin™ Keroxx™ Revita™ Matrion™ Revitalon® MatriStem® SkinTE™ Mediskin™ STRATTICE™ Membrane Graft™ Stravix™ or StravixPL™ Membrane Wrap™ Surederm™ MemoDerm™ Surfactor® MIRODERM™ SurGraft™ MyOwn Skin™ SurgiCORD™ NeoPatch™ SurgiGRAFT™ NEOX® SurgiGRAFT-DUAL NEOX FLO® Talymed® Novachor™ TenSIX® Novafix™ TheraSkin® Novafix™ DL Therion™ NuDYN™ TranZgraft® NuShield® TruSkin™ PalinGen® Amniotic Tissue Allograft and PalinGen Flow WoundEx® products WoundEx™ Flow Polycyte™ WoundFix™, WoundFix Plus, or WoundFix Xplus PriMatrix® Xcellerate™ Procenta® XCM BIOLOGIC® Tissue Matrix ProgenaMatrix™ XWRAP™ *Refer to the Coverage Determination Guideline titled Breast Reconstruction Post Mastectomy for information about coverage for skin and soft tissue substitutes used during post mastectomy breast reconstruction procedures. Documentation Requirements Benefit coverage for health services is determined by the member specific benefit plan document and applicable laws that may require coverage for a specific service. The documentation requirements outlined below are used to assess whether the member meets the clinical criteria for coverage but do not guarantee coverage of the service requested. HCPCS Codes* Required Clinical Information Transcyte Q4182 Medical notes documenting the following, when applicable: Documentation of a surgically excised full-thickness thermal burn wound(s) and deep partial- thickness thermal burn wound(s) before autograft placement (include the wound size, location, and measurements) Specific diagnostic image(s) that show the abnormality for which surgery is being requested; consultation with requesting surgeon may be of benefit to select the optimal images o Note: Diagnostic images must be labeled with: . The date taken . Applicable case number obtained at time of notification, or member's name and ID number on the image(s) o Submission of diagnostic imaging is required via the external portal at www.uhcprovider.com/paan; faxes will not be accepted Diagnostic image(s) report(s) Treatment plan, including frequency Skin and Soft Tissue Substitutes Page 3 of 60 UnitedHealthcare Commercial Medical Policy Effective 08/01/2021 Proprietary Information of UnitedHealthcare. Copyright 2021 United HealthCare Services, Inc. HCPCS Codes* Required Clinical Information EpiFix (for Treating Diabetic Foot Ulcer) Q4186 Medical notes documenting the following, when applicable: Diagnosis Relevant past medical history including Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes Wound type, size, location and stage Wound care history including but not limited to: o Prior treatments tried and failed or contraindicated. Include the dates and reason for discontinuation o Concurrent therapies, including prescribed medications Adequate circulation ABI, TcPO2 or arterial Doppler Relevant laboratory results (glycated hemoglobin test (HgA1c) and serum creatinine) Relevant diagnostic results (imaging studies) Treatment plan, including frequency *For code description, see the Applicable Codes section. Definitions Acellular Matrix: A Matrix that is derived from sources other than human skin. Acellular Matrices are the most frequently used skin substitute. Acellular Matrices are composed of allogeneic or xenogeneic derived collagen, membrane, or cellular remnants (Debels et al., 2015; Ferreira et al., 2011; Nicholas et al., 2016; Vig et al., 2017). Allogeneic Matrix: A Matrix that is derived from human tissue such as neonatal fibroblasts of the foreskin (Debels et al., 2015; Ferreira et al., 2011; Nicholas et al., 2016; Vig et al., 2017). Composite Matrix: A Matrix that is derived from human keratinocytes and fibroblasts supported by a scaffold of synthetic mesh or xenogeneic collagen. These Matrices contain active cellular components that continue to generate compounds and protein that may accelerate wound healing (Debels et al., 2015; Ferreira et al., 2011; Nicholas et al., 2016; Vig et al., 2017).
Recommended publications
  • Wound Healing: a Paradigm for Regeneration
    SYMPOSIUM ON REGENERATIVE MEDICINE Wound Healing: A Paradigm for Regeneration Victor W. Wong, MD; Geoffrey C. Gurtner, MD; and Michael T. Longaker, MD, MBA From the Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medi- CME Activity cine, Department of Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, Target Audience: The target audience for Mayo Clinic Proceedings is primar- relationships with any commercial interest related to the subject matter ily internal medicine physicians and other clinicians who wish to advance of the educational activity. Safeguards against commercial bias have been CA. their current knowledge of clinical medicine and who wish to stay abreast put in place. Faculty also will disclose any off-label and/or investigational of advances in medical research. use of pharmaceuticals or instruments discussed in their presentation. Statement of Need: General internists and primary care physicians must Disclosure of this information will be published in course materials so maintain an extensive knowledge base on a wide variety of topics covering that those participants in the activity may formulate their own judgments all body systems as well as common and uncommon disorders. Mayo Clinic regarding the presentation. Proceedings aims to leverage the expertise of its authors to help physicians In their editorial and administrative roles, William L. Lanier, Jr, MD, Terry L. understand best practices in diagnosis and management of conditions Jopke, Kimberly D. Sankey, and Nicki M. Smith, MPA, have control of the encountered in the clinical setting. content of this program but have no relevant financial relationship(s) with Accreditation: College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic is accredited by the Accred- industry. itation Council for Continuing Medical Education to provide continuing med- The authors report no competing interests.
    [Show full text]
  • Post-Summer Skin Repair
    36 RIVIERA WELLNESS POST-SUMMER SKIN REPAIR Healthy, radiant skin begins from within season of summer indulgences, whe- Niacin (B3) is found in avocado and turkey and ther it be swimming in chlorinated pools, helps to speed up skin cell regeneration - essen- A several weeks of rosé wine, or too much tial for repairing sun damage, acne hyperpigmen- sun bathing, our skin can look a little worse for tation, and reduces the symptoms of rosacea. wear. Once the summer holidays are over, we Niacin also helps your skin to retain moisture, so can be left with dehydrated and perhaps wrinkly make sure you are properly hydrated! Turkey has skin, sun damage, blocked pores and chapped 30 x more niacin than avocado. lips. So what´s the best remedy? Good nutrition Green Tea - Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), the can help protect the skin not just pre-holiday antioxidant found in green tea has been shown season, but also post-holiday to help the skin re- prevent genetic damage in skin cells exposed to pair. UV radiation. A large mug of green tea (250ml) The skin can be thought of as the window to ove- with a squeeze of fresh lemon juice to add the rall health of the body. It is the largest elimination vitamin C may help achieve that post-summer route for toxins, so an overworked liver from a glow! long summer of excesses can show up on the skin. The simplest step to a fresher complexion DON´T FORGET is to address water intake. Well-hydrated skin LIFESTYLE FACTORS! looks plump and less wrinkled.
    [Show full text]
  • Sweat Glands • Oil Glands • Mammary Glands
    Chapter 4 The Integumentary System Lecture Presentation by Steven Bassett Southeast Community College © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Introduction • The integumentary system is composed of: • Skin • Hair • Nails • Sweat glands • Oil glands • Mammary glands © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Introduction • The skin is the most visible organ of the body • Clinicians can tell a lot about the overall health of the body by examining the skin • Skin helps protect from the environment • Skin helps to regulate body temperature © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Integumentary Structure and Function • Cutaneous Membrane • Epidermis • Dermis • Accessory Structures • Hair follicles • Exocrine glands • Nails © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.1 Functional Organization of the Integumentary System Integumentary System FUNCTIONS • Physical protection from • Synthesis and storage • Coordination of immune • Sensory information • Excretion environmental hazards of lipid reserves response to pathogens • Synthesis of vitamin D3 • Thermoregulation and cancers in skin Cutaneous Membrane Accessory Structures Epidermis Dermis Hair Follicles Exocrine Glands Nails • Protects dermis from Papillary Layer Reticular Layer • Produce hairs that • Assist in • Protect and trauma, chemicals protect skull thermoregulation support tips • Nourishes and • Restricts spread of • Controls skin permeability, • Produce hairs that • Excrete wastes of fingers and supports pathogens prevents water loss provide delicate • Lubricate toes epidermis penetrating epidermis • Prevents entry of
    [Show full text]
  • Genetics of Hair and Skin Color
    11 Sep 2003 14:51 AR AR201-GE37-04.tex AR201-GE37-04.sgm LaTeX2e(2002/01/18) P1: GCE 10.1146/annurev.genet.37.110801.143233 Annu. Rev. Genet. 2003. 37:67–90 doi: 10.1146/annurev.genet.37.110801.143233 Copyright c 2003 by Annual Reviews. All rights reserved First published online as a Review in Advance on June 17, 2003 GENETICS OF HAIR AND SKIN COLOR Jonathan L. Rees Systems Group, Dermatology, University of Edinburgh, Lauriston Buildings, Lauriston Place, Edinburgh, EH3 9YW, United Kingdom; email: [email protected] Key Words melanin, melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R), eumelanin, pheomelanin, red hair ■ Abstract Differences in skin and hair color are principally genetically deter- mined and are due to variation in the amount, type, and packaging of melanin polymers produced by melanocytes secreted into keratinocytes. Pigmentary phenotype is genet- ically complex and at a physiological level complicated. Genes determining a number of rare Mendelian disorders of pigmentation such as albinism have been identified, but only one gene, the melanocortin 1 receptor (MCR1), has so far been identified to explain variation in the normal population such as that leading to red hair, freckling, and sun-sensitivity. Genotype-phenotype relations of the MC1R are reviewed, as well as methods to improve the phenotypic assessment of human pigmentary status. It is argued that given advances in model systems, increases in technical facility, and the lower cost of genotype assessment, the lack of standardized phenotype assessment is now a major limit on advance. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ..................................................... 68 BIOLOGY OF HUMAN PIGMENTATION ................................ 69 by San Jose State University on 10/05/10.
    [Show full text]
  • Skin 1. Describe the Basic Histological Structure of the Skin, Identifying The
    Skin lecture notes 1 Lecture objectives: skin 1. Describe the basic histological structure of the skin, identifying the layers of the skin and their embryologic origin. 2. Identify the cell layers that constitute the epidermis and the differences between thick and thin skin. 3. Describe the cellular components of the epidermis and their function: keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells and Merkel cells: 4. Describe the structural organization of the dermis and the components of the papillary and reticular layers. 5. Identify other structures present in the skin: vessels, skin sensorial receptors, hair follicles and hairs, nails and glands. 6. Understand the mechanism of skin repair 7. Describe histological findings in common skin diseases. Skin lecture notes 2 HISTOLOGY OF THE SKIN The skin is the heaviest, largest single organ of the body. It protects the body against physical, chemical and biological agents. The skin participates in the maintenance of body temperature and hydration, and in the excretion of metabolites. It also contributes to homeostasis through the production of hormones, cytokines and growth factors. 1. Describe the basic histological structure of the skin, identifying the layers of the skin and their embryologic origin. The skin is composed of the epidermis, an epithelial layer of ectodermal origin and the dermis, a layer of connective tissue of mesodermal origin. The hypodermis or subcutaneous tissue, which is not considered part of the skin proper, lies deep to the dermis and is formed by loose connective tissue that typically contains adipose cells. Skin layers 2. Identify the cell layers that constitute the epidermis and the differences between thick and thin skin.
    [Show full text]
  • Biology of Human Hair: Know Your Hair to Control It
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Universidade do Minho: RepositoriUM Adv Biochem Engin/Biotechnol DOI: 10.1007/10_2010_88 Ó Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 Biology of Human Hair: Know Your Hair to Control It Rita Araújo, Margarida Fernandes, Artur Cavaco-Paulo and Andreia Gomes Abstract Hair can be engineered at different levels—its structure and surface— through modification of its constituent molecules, in particular proteins, but also the hair follicle (HF) can be genetically altered, in particular with the advent of siRNA-based applications. General aspects of hair biology are reviewed, as well as the most recent contributions to understanding hair pigmentation and the regula- tion of hair development. Focus will also be placed on the techniques developed specifically for delivering compounds of varying chemical nature to the HF, indicating methods for genetic/biochemical modulation of HF components for the treatment of hair diseases. Finally, hair fiber structure and chemical characteristics will be discussed as targets for keratin surface functionalization. Keywords Follicular morphogenesis Á Hair follicle Á Hair life cycle Á Keratin Contents 1 Structure and Morphology of Human Hair ............................................................................ 2 Biology of Human Hair .......................................................................................................... 2.1 Hair Follicle Anatomy...................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Growth Factors & Wound Repair
    GROWTH FACTORS & WOUND REPAIR Janel Luu, CEO of Le Mieux Cosmetics February 29, 2016 - online training Make sure you have speakers and the volume is turned up! 1. Shift in mass mentality to CUSTOMIZED & individualized programs 2. Designing the client’s skincare program—new clients are looking for EDUCATION 3. Beauty programs tailored to the GENETIC MAKE-UP of the individual GENETIC MAPPING Genes are responsible for: Cellular energy production Cell junction and adhesion process Skin and moisture barrier formation DNA repair and replication Antioxidant production GENETIC MAPPING Pinpoints skin’s aging process Provides unique “ageless” skin fingerprint of how strongly 2000 genes are expressed in the skin Distinct gene expression changes can be identified for each decade we age... In 20’s: Decline in Antioxidant Response Increased need for vitamin infusion In 30’s: Decline in Skin Bioenergy Rate of new cells being produced slows down, making skin drier and duller More fine lines around eyes and mouth Loss of skin tone Weakened elastic support from lymph glands (responsible for flushing out toxins) leads to puffiness around eyes Overall complexion becomes less bright In 40’s: Increase in Cellular Senescence Decrease in a cell division and growth Decrease in Growth Factor Lymphatic system slows down Lymphatic drainage slows down Breakdown in fibers supporting lymph glands Increased puffiness around the eyes In 50’s: Decline in Skin Barrier Function Patches of pigmentation are likely to appear - age spots Spider veins start to show - often a
    [Show full text]
  • Cosmetic Dermatology Pricing and Procedures
    PROCEDURES CONSULT A chemical peel is one of the most cost-effective ways to improve the Book a consult at UAB’s Cosmetic Dermatology and Laser Clinic and we can appearance of your skin. The potential results depend on the type of create a personalized plan for your improvement goals. The consult fee is ingredients and technique used. At the UAB Cosmetic Dermatology and waved if you have, or book, a procedure that same day. Laser Clinic, we can pick the best ingredients for your particular skin type n Consult .......................................................$100 and condition. n Medium-depth peel ............................................$500 NEUROMODULATORS n Superficial peels ...............................................$125 Botox, Dysport, and Xeomin are neuromodulators that temporarily relax n Dermaplaning add-on prepeel ...................................$75 specific muscles by blocking the nerve impulses to those muscles. As n Hydrafacial . .$150 the treated muscles relax, wrinkles and lines created by their contraction n VI Precision Plus ................................................$300 gradually fade and sometimes even disappear completely. n VI Purify Precision Plus ..........................................$300 n Botox ...................................................$13 per unit n Hydrafacial x 4 .................................................$400 n Dysport .................................................$13 per unit n Vitalize ........................................................$155 n Botox Hyperhidrosis.
    [Show full text]
  • Skin Substitutes for Treating Chronic Wounds: Technical Brief
    Technology Assessment Program Skin Substitutes for Treating Chronic Wounds Technical Brief Project ID: WNDT0818 February 2, 2020 Technology Assessment Program - Technical Brief Project ID: WNDT0818 Skin Substitutes for Treating Chronic Wounds Prepared for: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 5600 Fishers Lane Rockville, MD 20857 www.ahrq.gov Contract No. HHSA 290-2015-00005-I Prepared by: ECRI Institute - Penn Medicine Evidence-Based Practice Center Plymouth Meeting / Philadelphia, PA Investigators: D. Snyder, Ph.D. N. Sullivan, B.A. D. Margolis, M.D., Ph.D. K. Schoelles, M.D., S.M. ii Key Messages Purpose of Review To describe skin substitute products commercially available in the United States used to treat chronic wounds, examine systems used to classify skin substitutes, identify and assess randomized controlled trials (RCTs), and suggest best practices for future studies. Key Messages • We identified 76 commercially available skin substitutes to treat chronic wounds. The majority of these do not contain cells and are derived from human placental membrane (the placenta’s inner layer), animal tissue, or donated human dermis. • Included studies (22 RCTs and 3 systematic reviews) and ongoing clinical trials found during our search examine approximately 25 (33%) of these skin substitutes. • Available published studies rarely reported whether wounds recurred after initial healing. Studies rarely reported outcomes important to patients, such as return of function and pain relief. • Future studies may be improved by using a 4-week run-in period before study enrollment and at least a 12-week study period. They should also report whether wounds recur during 6-month followup.
    [Show full text]
  • The Potential of a Hair Follicle Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Conditioned Medium for Wound Healing and Hair Follicle Regeneration
    applied sciences Article The Potential of a Hair Follicle Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Conditioned Medium for Wound Healing and Hair Follicle Regeneration 1,2,3,4,5 6, 7,8 4,9,10 Keng-Liang Ou , Yun-Wen Kuo y, Chia-Yu Wu , Bai-Hung Huang , Fang-Tzu Pai 4,8, Hsin-Hua Chou 11,12, Takashi Saito 13 , Takaaki Ueno 3, Yung-Chieh Cho 4,11 and Mao-Suan Huang 1,14,* 1 Department of Dentistry, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City 235, Taiwan; [email protected] 2 Department of Oral Hygiene Care, Ching Kuo Institute of Management and Health, Keelung 203, Taiwan 3 Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Osaka Medical College, Osaka 569-8686, Japan; [email protected] 4 Biomedical Technology R & D Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan; babyfi[email protected] (B.-H.H.); [email protected] (F.-T.P.); [email protected] (Y.-C.C.) 5 3D Global Biotech Inc. (Spin-off Company from Taipei Medical University), New Taipei City 221, Taiwan 6 Division of Prosthodontics, Department of Dentistry, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan; [email protected] 7 Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Dentistry, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan; [email protected] 8 School of Dental Technology, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan 9 Asia Pacific Laser Institute, New Taipei City 220, Taiwan 10 Implant Academy of Minimally Invasive Dentistry, Taipei 106, Taiwan 11 School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; [email protected] 12 Dental Department of Wan-Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 116, Taiwan 13 Division of Clinical Cariology and Endodontology, Department of Oral Rehabilitation, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan; [email protected] 14 School of Oral Hygiene, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan * Correspondence: [email protected] Co-first author: Yun-Wen Kuo.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 4 Histology: the Study of Tissues
    Chapter 04 APR Enhanced Lecture Slides See separate PowerPoint slides for all figures and tables pre-inserted into PowerPoint without notes and animations. 1-1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter 4 Histology: The Study of Tissues 4-2 4.1 Tissues and Histology • Tissue classification based on structure of cells, composition of noncellular extracellular matrix, and cell function – Epithelial – Connective – Muscle – Nervous • Histology: Microscopic Study of Tissues – Biopsy: removal of tissues for diagnostic purposes – Autopsy: examination of organs of a dead body to determine cause of death 4-3 Epithelial Tissue Connective Tissue Muscular Tissue Nervous Tissue 4-4 4.2 Embryonic Tissue • Germ layers – Endoderm • Inner layer • Forms lining of digestive tract and derivatives – Mesoderm • Middle layer • Forms tissues as such muscle, bone, blood vessels – Ectoderm • Outer layer • Forms skin and neuroectoderm 4-5 4.3 Epithelial Tissue • Consists almost entirely of Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. cells Free surface • Covers body surfaces and Lung Pleura Epithelial cells with little extracellular forms glands matrix – Outside surface of the body LM 640x Surface view – Lining of digestive, respiratory Nucleus and urogenital systems Basement membrane – Heart and blood vessels Connective tissue Capillary – Linings of many body cavities • Has free, basal, and lateral LM 640x Cross-sectional view surfaces b: © Victor Eroschenko;
    [Show full text]
  • Nitric Oxide: a Newly Discovered Function on Wound Healing
    Acta Pharmacologica Sinica 2005 Mar; 26 (3): 259–264 Invited review Nitric oxide: a newly discovered function on wound healing Jian-dong LUO1,2, Alex F CHEN1,3 1Departments of Pharmacology and Neurology and the Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1317, USA; 2Department of Pharmacology, Guangzhou Medical College, Guangzhou 510182, China Key words Abstract angiogenesis; inflammation; nitric oxide; Wound healing impairment represents a particularly challenging clinical problem proliferation; wound healing to which no efficacious treatment regimens currently exist. The factors ensuring appropriate intercellular communication during wound repair are not completely 3 Correspondence to Alex F CHEN. understood. Although protein-type mediators are well-established players in this Phn 1-517-432-2730. process, emerging evidence from both animal and human studies indicates that Fax 1-517-353-8915. E-mail [email protected] nitric oxide (NO) plays a key role in wound repair. The beneficial effects of NO on wound repair may be attributed to its functional influences on angiogenesis, Received 2004-08-14 inflammation, cell proliferation, matrix deposition, and remodeling. Recent find- Accepted 2004-12-14 ings from in vitro and in vivo studies of NO on wound repair are summarized in doi: 10.1111/j.1745-7254.2005.00058.x this review. The unveiled novel mechanisms support the use of NO-containing agents and/or NO synthase gene therapy as new therapeutic regimens for im- paired wound healing. Introduction oxide (NO) in wound repair[3]. In this review, we summarize Wound repair is a well orchestrated and highly coordi- the current knowledge of the modulating functions of NO on nated process that includes a series of overlapping phases: wound repair.
    [Show full text]