Propeller Operation and Malfunctions Basic Familiarization for Flight Crews
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CAAM 3 Report
3rd Technical Report On Propulsion System and Auxiliary Power Unit (APU) Related Aircraft Safety Hazards A joint effort of The Federal Aviation Administration and The Aerospace Industries Association March 30, 2017 Questions concerning distribution of this report should be addressed to: Federal Aviation Administration Manager, Engine and Propeller Directorate. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Table of Contents iii List of Figures v I. Foreword 1 II. Background 1 III. Scope 2 IV. Discussion 3 V. Relationship to Previous CAAM Data 7 VI. General Notes and Comments 8 VII. Fleet Utilization 11 VIII. CAAM3 Team Members 12 IX. Appendices List of Appendices 13 Appendix 1: Standardized Aircraft Event Hazard Levels and Definitions 14 • General Notes Applicable to All Event Hazard Levels 19 • Rationale for Changes in Severity Classifications 19 • Table 1. Historical Comparison of Severity Level Descriptions and Rationale for CAAM3 Changes 21 Appendix 2: Event Definitions 39 Appendix 3: Propulsion System and Auxiliary Power Unit (APU) Related Aircraft Safety Hazards (2001 through 2012) 44 • Uncontained Blade 44 • Uncontained Disk 50 • Uncontained – Other 56 iii • Uncontained – All Parts 62 • High Bypass Comparison by Generation 63 • Relationship Among High Bypass Fleet 64 • Case Rupture 66 • Case Burnthrough 69 • Under-Cowl Fire 72 • Strut/Pylon Fire 76 • Fuel Leak 78 • Engine Separation 82 • Cowl Separation 85 • Propulsion System Malfunction Recognition and Response (PSMRR) 88 • Crew Error 92 • Reverser/Beta Malfunction – In-Flight Deploy 96 • Fuel Tank Rupture/Explosion 99 • Tailpipe Fire 102 • Multiple-Engine Powerloss – Non-Fuel 107 • Multiple-Engine Powerloss – Fuel-Related 115 • Fatal Human Ingestion / Propeller Contact 120 • IFSD Snapshot by Hazard Level – 2012 Data Only 122 • RTO Snapshot by Hazard Level – 2012 Data Only 123 • APU Events 123 • Turboprop Events 124 • Matrices of Event Counts, Hazard Ratios and Rates 127 • Data Comparison to Previous CAAM Data 135 [ The following datasets which were collected in CAAM2 were not collected in CAAM3. -
Electronic Governor Device for Internal Combustion Engine for Agricultural
Europaisches Patentamt (19) European Patent Office Office europeenpeen des brevets EP0 814 391 B1 (12) EUROPEAN PATENT SPECIFICATION (45) Date of publication and mention (51) intci.6: G05B 19/00, F02D 41/24 of the grant of the patent: 24.03.1999 Bulletin 1999/12 (21) Application number: 96830588.8 (22) Date of filing: 19.11.1996 (54) Electronic governor device for internal combustion engine for agricultural tractor with plug-in memory card storing typical engine data obtained during factory testing Elektronische Regeleinrichtung fur Verbrennungsmotoren landwirtschaftlicher Traktoren mit steckbarer Speicherkarte, die beim Test in der Fabrik ermittelte typische Daten des Motors enthalt Dispositif de regulation pour moteur a combustion de tracteur agriculturel avec carte de memoire enfichable contenant des donnees typiques du moteur obtenues en test en usine (84) Designated Contracting States: (72) Inventor: Esposito, Giovanni DE FR GB 20044 Bernareggio, Milano (IT) (30) Priority: 17.06.1996 IT TO960518 (74) Representative: Buzzi, Franco et al c/o Buzzi, Notaro & Antonielli d'Oulx Sri, (43) Date of publication of application: Corso Fiume, 6 29.12.1997 Bulletin 1997/52 10133 Torino (IT) (73) Proprietor: SAME DEUTZ-FAHR S.P.A. (56) References cited: 24047 Treviglio (Bergamo) (IT) DE-A- 3 735 005 US-A- 5 056 026 DO O) CO 00 Note: Within nine months from the publication of the mention of the grant of the European patent, any person may give notice the Patent Office of the Notice of shall be filed in o to European opposition to European patent granted. opposition a written reasoned statement. It shall not be deemed to have been filed until the opposition fee has been paid. -
MANUAL REVISION TRANSMITTAL Manual 146 (61-00-46) Propeller Owner's Manual and Logbook
HARTZELL PROPELLER INC. One Propeller Place Piqua, Ohio 45356-2634 U.S.A. Telephone: 937.778.4200 Fax: 937.778.4391 MANUAL REVISION TRANSMITTAL Manual 146 (61-00-46) Propeller Owner's Manual and Logbook REVISION 3 dated June 2012 Attached is a copy of Revision 3 to Hartzell Propeller Inc. Manual 146. Page Control Chart for Revision 3: Remove Insert Page No. Page No. COVER AND INSIDE COVER COVER AND INSIDE COVER REVISION HIGHLIGHTS REVISION HIGHLIGHTS pages 5 and 6 pages 5 and 6 SERVICE DOCUMENTS LIST SERVICE DOCUMENTS LIST pages 11 and 12 pages 11 and 12 LIST OF EFFECTIVE PAGES LIST OF EFFECTIVE PAGES pages 15 and 16 pages 15 and 16 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS pages 17 thru 24 pages 17 thru 26 INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION pages 1-1 thru 1-14 pages 1-1 thru 1-16 DESCRIPTION AND DESCRIPTION AND OPERATION OPERATION pages 2-1 thru 2-20 pages 2-1 thru 2-24 INSTALLATION AND INSTALLATION AND REMOVAL REMOVAL pages 3-1 thru 3-22 pages 3-1 thru 3-24 TESTING AND TESTING AND TROUBLESHOOTING TROUBLESHOOTING pages 4-1 thru 4-10 pages 4-1 thru 4-10 continued on next page Page Control Chart for Revision 3 (continued): Remove Insert Page No. Page No. INSPECTION AND INSPECTION AND CHECK CHECK pages 5-1 thru 5-24 pages 5-1 thru 5-26 MAINTENANCE MAINTENANCE PRACTICES PRACTICES pages 6-1 thru 6-36 pages 6-1 thru 6-38 DE-ICE SYSTEMS DE-ICE SYSTEMS pages 7-1 thru 7-6 pages 7-1 thru 7-6 NOTE 1: When the manual revision has been inserted in the manual, record the information required on the Record of Revisions page in this manual. -
Propeller Aerodynamics CONSTANT-SPEED PROPELLER
Constant-speed propeller Centrifugal twisting force. This is the opposing force to the aerodynamic twist- ing moment. Because this force is greater, it tries to move the blades toward a reduced blade angle. A propeller is designed to withstand the effect of these forces, but the forces are nonetheless important factors in design and operation. The effect of these forces accu- mulates across the length of the blade with the greatest stress at the hub. As the rota- tional speed of the propeller increases, so too do the stresses acting upon it. Given the various forces acting upon a propeller, it is not difficult to understand the serious prob- lem associated with even small nicks or scratches that could weaken the integrity of the propeller. Propeller aerodynamics To understand how a propeller moves an aircraft through the air, it is necessary to look at it from an aerodynamic rather than a mechanical perspective. Figure 5-6 depicts the side view of a propeller detailing the blade path, blade chord, and relative wind. The illustration reveals two types of motion associated with the propeller blades: rota- tional and forward. As a blade moves downward, it simultaneously moves forward. This has a significant effect on the relative wind making it strike the blade at an angle that is between straight ahead and straight down. This angle that the relative wind strikes the blade is called the angle of attack. The relative wind hitting the descending blade is deflected rearward causing the dynamic pressure on the engine side of the blade to be greater than the pressure on the back of the blade. -
DLE-20 Operator’S Manual
DLE-20 Operator’s Manual Specifications Displacement: 20cc [1.2cu. in.] Performance: 2.5HP / 9,000 rpm Idle Speed: 1,700 rpm Ignition Style: Electronic Ignition Recommended Propellers: 14u10, 15 u8, 16u6, 16u8, 17u6 Spark Plug Type: CM6 (Gap) 0.018in.– 0.020 in. [0.45mm –0.51mm] Diameter × Stroke: 1.26in. [32mm] u0.98in. [25 mm] Compression Ratio: 10.5 :1 Carburetor: DLE MP 148 100424 with Manual Choke Weight: Main Engine − 1.43 lb [650g] Muffler − 1.76 oz [50 g] Electronic Ignition − 4.23oz [120 g] ™ Fuel: 87− 93 Octane Gasoline with a 30:1 gas/2-stroke (2-cycle) oil mixture 1 © 2010 Hobbico®, Inc. DLEG0020 Mnl Parts List (1) DLE-20cc Gas Engine w/DLE MP 148 100424 (1) DLE Spark Plug (NGK CM6 size) with additional spring (1) Muffl er with gasket (2) 4 x 14 mm SHCS (muffl er mounting) (1) Electronic Ignition Module with additional tachometer lead (1) Silicone Pick-up Wire Cover / Ignition Wire Cover (1) Red Three Pin Connector Lead with Pig Tail (ignition switch) (1) Long Throttle Arm Extension with installation screw and nut (2) Three Pin Connector Securing Clips (1) DLE Decal (not pictured) Safety Tips and Warnings ● This engine is not a toy. Please place your safety and the safety of others paramount while operating. DLE will not be held responsible for any safety issues or accidents involving this engine. ● Operate the engine in a properly ventilated area. ● Before starting the engine, please make sure all components including the propeller and the engine mount are secure and tight. -
Download the Pbs Auxiliary Power Units Brochure
AUXILIARY POWER UNITS The PBS brand is built on 200 years of history and a global reputation for high quality engineering and production www.pbsaerospace.com AUXILIARY POWER UNITS by PBS PBS AEROSPACE Inc. with headquarters in Atlanta, GA, is the world’s leading manufacturer of small gas turbine propulsion and power products for UAV’s, target drones, small missiles and guided munitions. The demonstrated high quality and reliability of PBS gas turbine engines and power systems are refl ected in the fact that they have been installed and are being operated in several thousand air vehicle systems worldwide. The key sector for PBS Velka Bites is aerospace engineering: in-house development, production, testing, and certifi cation of small turbojet, turboprop and turboshaft engines, Auxiliary Power Units (APU), and Environmental Control Systems (ECS) proven in thousands of airplanes, helicopters, and UAVs all over the world. The PBS manufacturing program also includes precision casting, precision machining, surface treatment and cryogenics. Saphir 5 Safir 5K/G MI Saphir 5F Safir 5K/G MIS Safir 5L Safir 5K/G Z8 PBS APU Basic Parameters Basic parameters APU MODEL Electrical power Max. operating Bleed air fl ow Weight output altitude Units kVA, kW lb/min lb ft 70.4 26,200 S a fi r 5 L 0 kVA 73 → Up to 60 kVA of electric power Safír 5K/G Z8 40 kVa N/A 113.5 19,700 output Safi r 5K/G MI 20 kVa 62.4 141 19,700 Up to 70.4 lb/min of bleed air flow Safi r 5K/G MIS 6 kW 62.4 128 19,700 → Main features of PBS Safi r 5 product line → Simultaneous supply of electric -
Propulsion Systems for Aircraft. Aerospace Education II
. DOCUMENT RESUME ED 111 621 SE 017 458 AUTHOR Mackin, T. E. TITLE Propulsion Systems for Aircraft. Aerospace Education II. INSTITUTION 'Air Univ., Maxwell AFB, Ala. Junior Reserve Office Training Corps.- PUB.DATE 73 NOTE 136p.; Colored drawings may not reproduce clearly. For the accompanying Instructor Handbook, see SE 017 459. This is a revised text for ED 068 292 EDRS PRICE, -MF-$0.76 HC.I$6.97 Plus' Postage DESCRIPTORS *Aerospace 'Education; *Aerospace Technology;'Aviation technology; Energy; *Engines; *Instructional-. Materials; *Physical. Sciences; Science Education: Secondary Education; Textbooks IDENTIFIERS *Air Force Junior ROTC ABSTRACT This is a revised text used for the Air Force ROTC _:_progralit._The main part of the book centers on the discussion -of the . engines in an airplane. After describing the terms and concepts of power, jets, and4rockets, the author describes reciprocating engines. The description of diesel engines helps to explain why theseare not used in airplanes. The discussion of the carburetor is followed byan explanation of the lubrication system. The chapter on reaction engines describes the operation of,jets, with examples of different types of jet engines.(PS) . 4,,!It********************************************************************* * Documents acquired by, ERIC include many informal unpublished * materials not available from other souxces. ERIC makes every effort * * to obtain the best copravailable. nevertheless, items of marginal * * reproducibility are often encountered and this affects the quality * * of the microfiche and hardcopy reproductions ERIC makes available * * via the ERIC Document" Reproduction Service (EDRS). EDRS is not * responsible for the quality of the original document. Reproductions * * supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original. -
Epic Performance for Tнe Entire King Air 200 Family
BEECHCRAFT KING AIR B200GT EPIC PERFORMANCE FOR THE B200 ENTIRE KING AIR 200 FAMILY... 200 ...utilizing Swept Blade Technology Simply more of what you bought your King Air for! THE ELEMENTS OF RAISBECK’S 200-SERIES EPIC PERFORMANCE PACKAGE (Elements available separately) SWEPT BLADE TURBOFAN PROPELLERS RAM AIR RECOVERY SYSTEM ENHANCED PERFORMANCE LEADING EDGES DUAL AFT BODY STRAKES HIGH FLOTATION GEAR DOORS OPTIONAL CROWN WING LOCKERS Diaphragm Seal Particle Separator with flap Ice Shedder Turning Vane Flap Bypass Door Seal Benefits Benefits Benefits Benefits Benefits Benefits • Stunning ramp presence • Significantly increases climb and cruise • Cruise speeds and range are increased • Passenger ride quality is improved • Climb and cruise performance of standard- • FAA-certified to carry 600 pounds total cargo in • Quiet and virtually vibrationless operation performance in both normal and anti-ice • Stall speeds and characteristics are improved • Pilot control and handling qualities are gear King Airs is restored 17 cubic feet of luggage space from takeoff to touchdown operating modes • Air conditioning and cooling are more efficient enhanced • Cruise speed is increased 8 to 12 knots • Returns your cabin to your passengers • Certified around the world to meet the most • Protects against FOD—deployable for all • Outboard wing fatigue life is inherently • Air Minimum Control Speed is inherently depending on altitude • Handles skis, snowboards, camping and stringent regulations and noise requirements ground, takeoff and landing operations -
Comparison of Helicopter Turboshaft Engines
Comparison of Helicopter Turboshaft Engines John Schenderlein1, and Tyler Clayton2 University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80304 Although they garnish less attention than their flashy jet cousins, turboshaft engines hold a specialized niche in the aviation industry. Built to be compact, efficient, and powerful, turboshafts have made modern helicopters and the feats they accomplish possible. First implemented in the 1950s, turboshaft geometry has gone largely unchanged, but advances in materials and axial flow technology have continued to drive higher power and efficiency from today's turboshafts. Similarly to the turbojet and fan industry, there are only a handful of big players in the market. The usual suspects - Pratt & Whitney, General Electric, and Rolls-Royce - have taken over most of the industry, but lesser known companies like Lycoming and Turbomeca still hold a footing in the Turboshaft world. Nomenclature shp = Shaft Horsepower SFC = Specific Fuel Consumption FPT = Free Power Turbine HPT = High Power Turbine Introduction & Background Turboshaft engines are very similar to a turboprop engine; in fact many turboshaft engines were created by modifying existing turboprop engines to fit the needs of the rotorcraft they propel. The most common use of turboshaft engines is in scenarios where high power and reliability are required within a small envelope of requirements for size and weight. Most helicopter, marine, and auxiliary power units applications take advantage of turboshaft configurations. In fact, the turboshaft plays a workhorse role in the aviation industry as much as it is does for industrial power generation. While conventional turbine jet propulsion is achieved through thrust generated by a hot and fast exhaust stream, turboshaft engines creates shaft power that drives one or more rotors on the vehicle. -
2 Review of Composite Propeller Developments
'HIHQFH5HVHDUFKDQG 5HFKHUFKHHWGpYHORSSHPHQW 'HYHORSPHQW&DQDGD SRXUODGpIHQVH&DQDGD Review of Composite Propeller Developments and Strategy for Modeling Composite Propellers using PVAST Tamunoiyala S. Koko Khaled O. Shahin Unyime O. Akpan Merv E. Norwood Prepared By: Martec Limited 1888 Brunswick Street, Suite 400 Halifax, NS B3J 3J8 Team Leader, Reliability & Risk Engineering Contractor's Document Number: TR-11-XX Contract Project Manager: Tamunoiyala S. Koko, 902-425-5101 Ext 243 PWGSC Contract Number: W7707-088100 Task 10 &6$/D\WRQ*LOUR\ The scientific or technical validity of this Contract Report is entirely the responsibility of the Contractor and the contents do not necessarily have the approval or endorsement of Defence R&D Canada. Defence R&D Canada – Atlantic &RQWUDFW5HSRUW '5'&$WODQWLF&5 6HSWHPEHU Review of Composite Propeller Developments and Strategy for Modeling Composite Propellers using PVAST Tamunoiyala S. Koko Khaled O. Shahin Unyime O. Akpan Merv E. Norwood Prepared By: Martec Limited 1888 Brunswick Street, Suite 400 Halifax, NS B3J 3J8 Team Leader, Reliability & Risk Engineering Contractor's Document Number: TR-11-XX Contract Project Manager: Tamunoiyala S. Koko, 902-425-5101 Ext 243 PWGSC Contract Number: W7707-088100 Task 10 &6$/D\WRQ*LOUR\ The scientific or technical validity of this Contract Report is entirely the responsibility of the Contractor and the contents do not necessarily have the approval or endorsement of Defence R&D Canada. Defence R&D Canada – Atlantic Contract Report DRDC Atlantic CR 2011-156 6HSWHPEHU © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of National Defence, 201 © Sa Majesté la Reine (en droit du Canada), telle que représentée par le ministre de la Défense nationale, 201 Abstract ……. -
Turbofan Engine Malfunction Recognition and Response Final Report
07/17/09 Turbofan Engine Malfunction Recognition and Response Final Report Foreword This document summarizes the work done to develop generic text and video training material on the recognition and appropriate response to turbofan engine malfunctions, and to develop a simulator upgrade package improving the realism of engine malfunction simulation. This work was undertaken as a follow-on to the AIA/AECMA report on Propulsion System Malfunction Plus Inappropriate Crew Response (PSM+ICR), published in 1998, and implements some of the recommendations made in the PSM+ICR report. The material developed is closely based upon the PSM+ICR recommendations. The work was sponsored and co-chaired by the ATA and FAA. The organizations involved in preparation and review of the material included regulatory authorities, accident investigation authorities, pilot associations, airline associations, airline operators, training companies and airplane and engine manufacturers. The FAA is publishing the text and video material, and will make the simulator upgrade package available to interested parties. Reproduction and adaptation of the text and video material to meet the needs of individual operators is anticipated and encouraged. Copies may be obtained by contacting: FAA Engine & Propeller Directorate ANE-110 12 New England Executive Park Burlington, MA 01803 1 07/17/09 Contributing Organizations and Individuals Note: in order to expedite progress and maximize the participation of US airlines, it was decided to hold all meetings in North America. European regulators, manufacturers and operators were both invited to attend and informed of the progress of the work. Air Canada Capt. E Jokinen ATA Jim Mckie AirTran Capt. Robert Stienke Boeing Commercial Aircraft Van Winters CAE/ Flight Safety Boeing Capt. -
Aircraft Service Manual
Propeller Technical Manual Jabiru Aircraft Pty Ltd JPM0001-1 4A482U0D And 4A484E0D Propellers Propeller Technical Manual FOR 4A482U0D and 4A484E0D Propellers DOCUMENT No. JPM0001-1 DATED: 1st Feb 2013 This Manual has been prepared as a guide to correctly operate & maintain Jabiru 4A482U0D and 4A484E0D propellers. It is the owner's responsibility to regularly check the Jabiru web site at www.jabiru.net.au for applicable Service Bulletins and have them implemented as soon as possible. Manuals are also updated periodically with the latest revisions available from the web site. Failure to maintain the propeller, engine or aircraft with current service information may render the aircraft un-airworthy and void Jabiru’s Limited, Express Warranty. This document is controlled while it remains on the Jabiru server. Once this no longer applies the document becomes uncontrolled. Should you have any questions or doubts about the contents of this manual, please contact Jabiru Aircraft Pty Ltd. This document is controlled while it remains on the Jabiru server. Once this no longer applies the document becomes uncontrolled. ISSUE 1 Dated : 1st Feb 2013 Issued By: DPS Page: 1 of 32 L:\files\Manuals_For_Products\Propeller_Manuals\JPM0001-1_Prop_Manual (1).doc Propeller Technical Manual Jabiru Aircraft Pty Ltd JPM0001-1 4A482U0D And 4A484E0D Propellers 1.1 TABLE OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................................................. 3 1.2 LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................................................