Cursuri Romeo T. Cristina ®® C.8. C.9. /S.II g Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® T. Prof.Romeo Courses medication Antiparasitic Image soure: http://www.colonlove.com/assets/images/Parasites.jp http://www.colonlove.com/assets/images/Parasites.jp Introduction
thethetheantiparasitic therapy isisis based ononon aaa large number ofofof substances, thethethe majority ofofof them areareare syntheticsynthetic.... Most antiparasitic drugs affect thethethe neuromuscular system ofofof thethethe parasite bybyby blocking thethethe neuromuscular junctions, with thethethefinal result ofofof: of ::: paralysis, death and disposaldisposal.... itititisisis known that helminths have also aaa reversible paralysis, sososothat ififif they areareare not eliminated ininin due time, they will recoverrecover. ...
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® The substances ofofof thethethe organophosphorus group areareare known forforfor their effectiveness ononon both helminths and ectoparasites areareare grafted ininin their useuseuse bybyby relative high toxicity ... Their mechanism isisis based ononon blocking thethethe acetylcholinesterase enzyme, which isisis thethethe enzyme necessary forforfor thethethe hydrolysis ofofof acetylcholineacetylcholine. ... ByByByblocking this enzyme, thethethemediator can nonono longer bebebe releasedreleased,,,, thethethestimulus remains open resulting thethethe exhaustion and death ofofof thethethe parasiteparasite. ...
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® Other substances interfere with thethethe processes ofofofATP phosphorylationphosphorylation.... dichlorophenol, niclosamide, benzimidazoles block thethethe incorporation ofofofofofofof phosphorus into ATP molecule and interferes succinate and fumarate reductase enzymatic systems ... The inhibitory effect occurs ononon mitochondriamitochondria. ... Other actionaction: ::: ovigere inhibition function (((benzimidazoles,(benzimidazoles, phenothiazines)phenothiazines)....
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® Currently there areareare fewfewfew substances (avermectin(avermectinssss)))) that act selectively ononon thethethe parasites located ininin thethethe CNS, serouses and musclesmuscles. ... External aaantiparasitic also benefit from uptake ofofof vegetable orororsynthetic contact insecticides, Carbamates and organophosphates arearearethethethe most importantimportant. ... The advisable mode ofofof removing helminths isisis tototo treat pregnant animalsanimals, ,,,atatat calving and then 222 2 3333timestimes/ ///yearyear thethethe young animalsanimals. ...
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® AAAcomplete anthelminticanthelmintic: :::
high therapeutic indexindex; ;;; broad spectrum anthelminticanthelmintic, ,,, onononadult forms and especially ononon young onesones; ;;; absence ofofof side effects and lowlowlow toxicity ;;; short residual timetime; ;;; high retention timetime; ;;; Drugs from thethethe last generation (Ivomec, Abamectin, Closantel) have aaa aaa quite long persistencepersistence, ,,,that’s why two orororthree treatments areareare sufficientsufficient. ...
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_bBqysXGhPys/TVLcNzxDlFI/AAAAAAAACT4/NcJYzxRtYjo/s1600 /intestin%252Billd%252Bwith%252Bround%252Bworms.JPG
Modality of action of the of the anthelminticanthelmintic substances
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® So farSo far,,,, there are known four main mechanisms of actionof action::::
1. 1. 1. Affect1. Affect neurophysiology atatatthethethe interneuronal and neuromuscular synapses levellevel: ::: acetylcholinesterase (O(O(O ...PPP...)))::: neguvon and cuma phphph ososos ,,, couples tototo cholinesterase inhibiting thethethedegradation ofofof acetylcholine ininin choline and acetateacetate. ... Acetylcholine acts ononon thethethe postsynaptic receptors causing spastic paralysis ofofofthethethe nematodes that ininin this case stays nonono longer attachedattached, ,,,being expulsedexpulsed. ...
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® Cholinomimetics iiimidazothiazole imidazothiazolemidazothiazolessss and tetrahydropyrimidinetetrahydropyrimidinessss arearearefixed also ononon thethethe postsynaptic receptorsreceptors: ::: ItItIt produces intense depolarizationdepolarization, ,,, but reversiblereversible, ,,,ofofof thethethe muscular fiber ... AnticholinergicAnticholinergicssss (eg(eg(egpiperazines group) ininin helminths and invertebrates affectaffectssss acetylcholine and gamma amino butyric acid inhibitor (GABA )))neuroneuro transmitterstransmitters causing reversible flaccid paralysisparalysis. ...
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® 222.2... That decouple thethethe oxidative phosphorylation Salicylanilides and substituents ofofof nitrophenols, Act ononon thethethe mitocondrial wall and decouples thethethe oxidative phosphorylation after succinate synthesis which accumulates ininincells, with thethethe production ofofof ATPATP. ...
333.3... AAAffectAffect cell integrity Some anthelmintic components prevent thethethe polymerization ofofof tubulin from which result microtubules (((formations(formations with constitutive role ininin cytoskeleton, present ininincytoplasm and mitochondrial membrane)membrane). ...
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® Benzimidazoles bind tototo tubulin dimers and prevents them from polymerizingpolymerizing.... this action onononmicrotubules isisistranslated bybyby: by ::: inhibition ofofof glucose uptake bybybythethethe parasite and reduction ofofof reserve ofofof glycogen, reduced secretion ofofofacetylcholinesterase bybyby parasitesparasites. ... Depolymerization takes place bybybybinding tototobetabeta tubulintubulintubulin.... this explains thethethe lowlowlow toxicity forforfor thethethe vertebrate cell cytoskeletoncytoskeleton. ...
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® InInInthethethe reactions ofofof phase III thethetheparticipating enzymes areareare:are ::: flavin monooxygenase (catalyses thethethe oxidation ofofof NNN ororor S)S)S);S) ;;; dehdehyyyydrogenadrogenadrogenasesesese;;;; xanthine dehydrogenasedehydrogenase; ;;; glutathione peroxidases from mitochondria ;;; esterases === break thethethe esteric and amidic intermolecular bonds, resulting ininin conjugation (phase II)II)II). II) ... InInIn phase IIIIII isisisnot important only thethethedrug ,,,but also bilirubin, bile acids, steroid hormones occurring from thethethe conjugation reaction inininthethethe endoplasmic reticulum ininin thethethe presence ofofof glucuronyl transferase, acetylacetyl transferase,transferase, sulfo and methyl transferasetransferase. ...
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® The metabolization occurs especially ininin thethethe liver and isisis biphasicbiphasic.... aaa.a...Initial biotransformationbiotransformation: ::: oxidation, reductions and hydrolysis (catalyzed bybyby microsomal enzymesenzymes) ))).... Monooxygenase have mixed functions with catalytic role ofofof oxidation ofofof exogenous lipophilic substancessubstances. ... Cytochrome PPP450 P450 isisis(((usually) (usually) ininin helminths thethetheterminal catalytic element ofofofthethethe oxidant systemsystem. ...
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® The enzymatic induction ofofof anthelmintics Those containing imidazole nucleus areareare inducers ofofof biotransformation enzymes ::: levamisole, benzimidazole, clotrimazole, miconazolemiconazole. ... Antiparasitics areareare subjected ininin particular tototo hepatic oxidative metabolization ::: molecules ororor their metabolites become substrates forforfor flavin monooxmonooxy yyygenagenagenasssseeee and cccycyyytoctoctoctochhhhromromromromeeeePPP450 P450 ...
The toxicity ofofof antiparasitic products New substances have aaabetter electivity against parasites and arearearegenerally well tolerated inininthethethe body ofofof thethethe host animalanimal. ...
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® TetramisoTetramisolelelele === toxicity especially inininhorses (cholinergic)(cholinergic); ;;; Metyridine === local reactions when administered scscsc; sc ;;; The associationassociation: ::: metyridine +++ trovamil === deadly effectseffects. ... RafoxanidRafoxanideeee ===safety average margin, may produce amaurosis even atatat lowlowlow ororor medium doses ... NiclofolNiclofolanananan,,,,bromobromo salycilinidesalycilinidesalycilinide,,,, ininintototo aaa lesser extent oxyclozanide, Nitroxinil should bebebe administered with cautioncaution.... New cestocidal substances generally have lowlowlowtoxicitytoxicity. ... InInInallallall cases, youyouyou must pay aaaspecial attention tototo thethetheanimals that areareare tiredtired, ,,,weakened, cachectic and debilitated, with chronic diseases, tototo pregnant females ororor young groupsgroups. ...
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® Classification of antiparasitic substances
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® Antiparasitics areareare : : : internal and external. The internal ones have action ononon nemathelminthes and platyhelminthesplatyhelminthes....
A. A. A. Affect Affect nematodes (old): nematodes (old):
Santonin Alkaloid from the plant Artemisia cinae. Photosensitive turning from white to yellow. Needs to be conserved into darkness: Separanda ...
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® Acts especially ononon those with well developed muscles, causing their paralysisparalysis.... Good results ininin: in ::: ascaridiosis, ininin swine and dogsdogs. ... Has nonono effect ononon immature ororor larval migrans forms ... Phenothiazines --- synthetic substancesubstance. ... Very sensitive tototo moisture and light, this isisis thethethe reason why isisis kept ininin tightly closed vessels ininin thethethe darkdark. ... Has hemolytic actionaction. ...
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® Phenobent 666666%66 %%%phenothiazine, 333333% 33 %%%bentonite, 111% 1%%%zinc stearatestearate. ... Excellent ononon hematophagous nematodesnematodes. ... Does not act ononon cestodes and trematodestrematodes. ... InInInruminants 100100%%%% effect against adults ofofof Haemonchus and Oesophagostomum and 757575 %%% against thethethe adult form ofofof Ostertagia and Trichostrongylus InInIn birds, very good activity ininin heterakidosis ininin turkey chickens and hens, 505050%50 %%% activity ininin ascaridiosis ininin henshens. ... Mechanism ofofof action === blocking thethetheenzymatic components ofofofadult parasites === paralysis ororor deathdeath....
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® Acts ononon thethethe ovigerous function ofofof nematodes, causing itsitsits enzymatic inhibitioninhibition.... InInIn thethethe body isisis absorbed and then metabolized ininin ttthhhionol causing redness ofofof urine and milkmilk. ... Phenothiazine isisis administered asasas Phenobent and Phenosar (((lighters(lighters with one part phenothiazine and 999 parts salt)salt). ... Phenothiazine and Phenobent arearearepresented asasas: as :::tablets, bowls, pills, suspensionssuspensions. ... Horses areareare highly sensiblesensible. ...
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® Piperazine InInInour countrycountry: ::: piperazine adipate (Ascatrix) and piperazine sulphate (Ascatrix S)S)S). S) ... Crystalline powderpowder, ,,,very hygroscopic, white, saltysalty- ---soursour taste, characteristic odorodor. ... Easily absorbed inininthethethe intestineintestine. ... Acts ononon neuromuscular junctions ofofof worms ,,, causing itsitsits blockingblocking....
Low toxicity ,,, DLDLDL 505050 isisishigh 11 111111,,,,4444/kg,/kg, indicates large limits ofofof safesafe. ... SpectrumSpectrum:::: ascarids, pinworms, strongyles, esophagostomyesophagostomy.... iiininnn:::: ascaridiosis ininin calves, swine, birds and carnivorescarnivores. ... asasaswell asasas ininin other helminthiasishelminthiasis. ...
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® Trovamil diethyl carbamyl derivative of piperazine citrate. asasas: as : : : injectable solution solution (44,5%) (44,5%) (44,5%) associated with xilin associated with xilin (0,43%). Very active in dictyocaulosis in bovine and ovine. Nematocton tablets containing piperazine adipatadipateeee and syrup containing piperazine hidrathidrateeee.... Sodium fluoridSodium fluorideeee crystalline white powdercrystalline white powder, , , , odorless, odorless, odorless, slightly salty taste,slightly salty taste, soluble in water in a ratio of soluble in water in a ratio of 1:25, 1:25, kept at Separanda.
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® very good action ininin ascaridiosis ininin pigspigs. ... disadvantagesdisadvantages::::highly toxic when solubilised ininin waterwater. ... after administration water isisisnot given forforfor 666 6 12121212hhh. h...
Fluorosil preparation based ononon sodium fluorosilicatefluorosilicate. ... white crystalline water soluble powder with high specific gravity, sour taste, slightly soluble ininin water, therefore less toxictoxic. ... kept atatat SeparandaSeparanda. ... Great efficacy ininin ascaridiosis ininin pigs!
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® Benzimidazoles
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® MethylMethyl cccarbamate carbamate benzimidazoles
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® Thiabendazole (TBZ) Benzimidazoles first appeared ininin thethethe 707070s 70 sss.... wwwhitewhite powder, odorless, insoluble ininin waterwater; ;;; solublesoluble:::: iiininnnDDD. D...MMMM....SSSS....OOOO....and ininin diluted hydrochloric acid, atatat heatheat.... Mechanism ofofof action ::: prevents incorporation ofofof glucoglucosesesese and blocking thethethe enzymatic sssuccinat succinatuccinateeee and fumaratfumarateeee reductaz eee system ininin thethethe body ofofof helminths ... EliminationElimination:::: through faeces, urine and aaa small percentage ininin milkmilk. ... AbsorptionAbsorption:::: rapidly ininin thethethe digestive tracttract. ... ActsActs:::: vermicidvermicidalalalal,,,, larvicidlarvicidalalalal and ovicidovicidalalalal....
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® ActionAction:::: vermicidevermicide:::: adult deathdeath. ... Ireversibile lesionslesions;;;; larvicidelarvicide:::: death ofofof thethethe larvae, generally, ininin higher proportionsproportions; ;;; ovocide ::: lethally ononon allallall evolutionary stages ofofof thethethe eggegg. ... The action inininvitro isisismuch stronger than thethethe one inininvivo ... SpectrumSpectrum:::: Strongyloides, Bunostomum, Trichostrongylus, Ostertagia, Cooperia, Nematodirus, ChabertiaChabertia. ... inininswine ::: efficacy ononon HHH. H...rubidus and SSS. S...ransomiransomi; ;;; ininin horses ::: strongiloidiasis (AM), foals ::: oxyuriasis and ascariasis ;;; inininbirdsbirds: ::: syngamiasis ininin pheasants and ininin amidostomiasis ininin geesegeese;;;; commercialscommercials:::: Cevasol, Nemapal, Tibenzol, Vormguard TiprazolTiprazol:::: ttththhhiabendazoliabendazoliabendazoleeee(((4 (444%%%%))))+++ picadex (piperazin(piperazine eee888% 8%%%)))).... ininin:in ::: humanhuman,,,, birds inininsyngamiasis, amidostomiasis andand, ,,, nematodosisnematodosis....
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® Cambendazole (Cambendazole (CBZCBZCBZ)))) powderpowder, , , , odorless and tasteless, insoluble in water but soodorless and tasteless, insoluble in water but soluluble ble in alcohol; absorptionabsorption:::: reduced reduced in in in in the digestive tract.the digestive tract. ActionAction:::: prevents incorporation ofofof glucoseglucose; ;;; does not interfere thethethe glucose level from thethethe host organism ... ononon:on :::nemathelminthes ininin bovine, great action ononon: on ::: Dictyocaulus (((90 (909090%%%%=== adults and 505050 50 85858585%%%%=== larvae)larvae). ... Very active ininin gastrointestinal nematodosisnematodosis. ... InInInhorses ::: active ononon Habronema muscaemuscae. ... InInInbirds ::: inininrespiratory parasites, ovicidal actionaction. ...
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® MebendazolMebendazoleeee (MBZ) MetabolismMetabolism:::: partial absorption ::: itititisisis absorb less than 101010% 10 %%%ininin plasma, ofofof which 959595% 95 %%% isisiscoupled tototoplasma proteins and isisis metabolized inininthethethe liverliver. ... ExcretionExcretion:::: especially through feces, but also throughthrough: :::urine, bilebile. ... Toxicity isisis not embryotoxicembryotoxic. ... Mechanism ofofof action === inhibition ofofof glucose uptake ... Interferes with thethethe passive diffusiondiffusion. ... Spectrum ::: ggg.g...iiii....nematodenematodes sss,,,,especially ininin: in ::: horses and birdsbirds,,,, but also ininin other speciesspecies, ,,,ononon adults and larvaelarvae, ,,,activity knows asasas antianti filariafilariafilaria.... ininin:in ::: parasitosis with strongyloides and oxyuresoxyures; ;;; birdsbirds:::: syngamiasis, ascaridiasis, uncinariosis, capillariasiscapillariasis. ...
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® CiclobendazolCiclobendazole e e e (CyBZ)(CyBZ) new product used against all nematodes. high toxicity, the product presenting teratogenicity; interdiction period: 20interdiction period: 20 30 30 30 daysdays
OxibendazolOxibendazoleeee (OBZ) best anthelmintic in horses; good activity in good activity in gastric and pulmonary nematodesgastric and pulmonary nematodesgastric and pulmonary nematodes;;;; the excretion is realized through urine; not recommended in stallions during mating.
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® LuxabendazolLuxabendazoleeee (LBZ) great product with good effectiveness; on all young and adults nematodes and trematodes on all young and adults nematodes and trematodes .... AlbendazolAlbendazoleeee (ABZ) most used in combating nematodes, including hypobiotic forms; with good activity on cestodes and nematodes; very rapidly metabolizedvery rapidly metabolized:::: in sulfone and then in sulfoxidsulfoxideeee.... ParbendazolParbendazoleeee(PBZ)(PBZ) known teratogenicity, not in use.
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® FenbendazolFenbendazoleeee (FBZ) broad spectrum with good activityactivity; ;;; against allallall important nematodes and hypobiotic larvaelarvae;;;; thethethemajor metabolites areareare: are ::: sulfones and sulfoxidessulfoxides;;;; over 353535%35 %%% ofofofthethethe dose isisis eliminated through urine ,,,thethethe remainders through fecesfeces.... Oxfendazol eee (OFZ) effective ononon nematodes and inhibited formsforms; ;;; and ononon adult cestodescestodes; ;;; isisispresent also ininin bowlsbowls. ... high dosesdoses: :::embryotoxic effectseffects; ;;; ininin pregnant sheepsheep: ::: enteritis, hyperthermia, mortality === 202020%20 %%% ofofof casescases....
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® Halogenated thiabendazole
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® TriclabendazolTriclabendazoleeee(TcBZ)(TcBZ) one of the best products; excellent activity on trematodes; excreted excreted 40404040 45% 45% 45% through bile and through bile and through bile and 46% 46% 46% through urine;through urine; interdiction period 28 28 days. days. FlubendazolFlubendazoleeee (FlBZ) used more in human therapy and in swine. fluorinated analog of mebendazole fromfrom: : : : reduction of the ketone and hydrolysis of the reduction of the ketone and hydrolysis of the carbamate. Metabolism weakly absorbed. Metabolites: in urine and feces. Interdiction period = 14 = 14 daysdays
Source: http://peticious.com/images/flubenvet_banner.jpg Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® ProProPro Pro benzimidazbenzimidazoleoleoleole
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® The ability tototo cyclize inininvivo and then converting itself ininin benzimidazolesbenzimidazoles.... ThiophanatThiophanateeee(TPT(TPT)) itititisisis rapidly transformed into itsitsits major metabolite lololo bendazol eee,,, good activityactivity: ::: most young and adult nematodesnematodes. ... Febantel (FBT) precursor fenbendazolefenbendazole.... very good activity ononon: on ::: gastrointestinal nematodesnematodes; ;;; commercialscommercials:::: RRRyRyyyntal,ntal, RRRy Ryyyntalntal plus ... rapidly absorbed and metabolizedmetabolized. ...
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® Netobimin (NTB) bybybycyclization ininin thethethe body will turn tototo albendazoalbendazolelelele.... active against allallall gastrointestinal nematodes and ononon cestodes and trematodes, especially ininin adultsadults. ... oraloral:::: netobiminetobiminnnn isisismetabolized bybyby intestinal flora ininin albendazolalbendazoleeee,,,,then isisis converted tototo albendazole sulfoxidesulfoxide. ... will bebebe metabolized inininthethethe liverliver, ,,, inininaaa specific sulfonesulfone. ...
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® Other actions of benzimidazoles
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® Benzimidazoles
high efficiency ininin thethetheintestinal phase (((at(atatat aaaweek after exposure) orororininin thethethemigration phase (((2(222 3333weeks)weeks). ... thethethe treatment isisis difficult when dealing with thethethe encysted larvae stagestage, ,,,ititit can bebebe realized withwith: ::: ttththhhiabendazoliabendazoliabendazoleeee,,,, fenbendazolfenbendazoleeee,,,,albendazolalbendazole eee,,,,oxibendazoloxibendazole eee.... InInIn human medicine, thiabendazole was used successfully against nematodes with percutaneous penetrationpenetration, ,,, inininwhich casecase,,,, thethethetopical application isisis more effective than thethethe oral treatment (((creams (creams 101010 10 15151515%%%%))))....
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® New solutions in the use of benzimidazoles
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® Safe and effective drugs, but due tototo injudicious utilization, thethethe resistance phenomenon appearsappears. ... Two alternativesalternatives: ::: useuseuse combinations ofofofanthelmintics and introduction ofofof slowslow releaserelease and sequential devices (((intraluminal(intraluminal bolus treatment)treatment). ... Combinations ofofof anthelmintics :::
ttththhhiabendazoliabendazoliabendazoleeee++++rafoxanidrafoxanid; ;;; thiophanate +++ brotianid eee;;; tetramisoltetramisoleeee+++ bitbitbith bit hhhiiiioooonolnolnol;;;; levamisollevamisoleeee++++rafoxanid +++ CoCoCo +++ SeSeSe; Se ;;; ttththhhiabendazoliabendazoliabendazoleeee+++ febantel +++ CoCoCo +++ SeSeSe; Se ;;; morantel +++ diethylcarbamazinediethylcarbamazine; ;;; mebendazole +++ triclorfontriclorfon; ;;; pppypyyyrantelrantel +++ oxanteloxantel; ;;; oxibendazoloxibendazoleeee+++ niclosaminiclosamide dedede....
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® Combinaţii uzuale de antihelmintice (după Brander, 1991)
Combination Activity Target species Ivermectin+Clorsulon Nematodes, adult trematodes Ruminants Thiabendazole+Rafoxanid Nematodes, adult trematodes Ruminants Tetramisole+Bithionol Nematodes, adult trematodes Ruminants Tiophanate+Brotianide Nematodes, adult trematodes Sheep Levamisole+Oxiclozanid+Co+Se Nematodes, trematodes adults, micronutrients deficiency Ruminants Oxibendazole+Rafoxanid+Co Nematodes, trematodes adults, micronutrients deficiency Ruminants Albendazole+Co Nematodes, trematodes adults, micronutrients deficiency Ruminants Fenbendazole+Co+Se Nematodes, micronutrients deficiency Ruminants Febantel+Co+Se Nematodes, micronutrients deficiency Ruminants Thiabendazole+Co Nematodes, micronutrients deficiency Ruminants LEV + anti-clostridium vaccine Nematodes, Clostridia Sheep Morantel+Diethylcarbamazine Nematodes, including the pulmonary forms Ruminants Mebendazole+Triclorfon Nematodes, Horse Febantel+Triclorfon Nematodes, Horse Thiabendazole+Piperazine Nematodes, iincluding Ascaris Horse Tiophanate+Piperazine Nematodes, Pig Pyrantel+Oxantel Nematodes, including Ancylostoma Dog Febantel+Praziquantel Nematodes, Cestodes Dog Pyrantel+Epsiprantel Nematodes, Cestodes Dog Toluen+Diclorofen Nematodes, Cestodes Dog Thenium+Piperazine (synergism) Nematodes Dog Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® Dedicated use The active substance Adult hepatic trematodes Bithionol Bromophenophos (ruminants) Bromoxanid Brotianid Carbon tetrachloride Clioxanid Dichlorophenol Hexachlorethane Menichlofolan Metryphonate Resorantel Tribrom Salicylanilide Nematodes (ruminants) Bephenium Methitidine Nematode s (horses, pets ) Coumaphos Fenclorphos Fosfirat Naftalophos Nematodes (dogs and cats) Amidatel Butamisol Nematodes (Trichuris) Diphetarsone Dithiazanine Vincophos Nematodes and cestodes Nidanthel Devoted activity of other Ticarbodin (dogs and cats) Uredophos anthelmintics (after Brander, 1991) Nematodes (Ancylostoma) Thiacetarsamide Cestodes (dogs and cats) Arecoline Cursuri Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® Paromomycin CursuriSource: Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® http://www.crtkyneton.com.au/animalhealth/drench/cydectinfluke0002.jpg 1 .1 .1 . Systems with continuous release
Release systems forforfor ABZ Proftril bolus
bowl ,,, cylindrical corresponding tototo: to ::: 333,3,,,85858585gggg ABZ forforfor ovine and 181818,18 ,,,44444444gggg forforforbovinebovine. ... ininin acid medium thethetheoperculum solubilizes === puts ininin contact thethethe first tablet ofofof albendazolealbendazole. ... three months longevity
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® SustainedSustained release system for release system for morantel tartratmorantel tartrateeee
Paratect Paratect (Pfizer) (Pfizer) first continuous release bolus containing morantel tartrate; gradually slow dissolution of the morantel; protects the animal between 60 and 80 days ...
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® SustainedSustained releaserelease system ofofof ivermectin Enzec and AlzetAlzet OsmoticOsmotic pumppump (MSD) consisting ofofof aaa container containing micellar solution ofofof ivomec and aaa wwwaterwaterater----permeablepermeable vesicle which contains aaa concentrated solution (high osmolarity) under pressure (pump)(pump). ... Entering ofofof water into pump (blister) === will increase thethethe volume === compression onononthethethe ivomec tank === release inininthethethe rumen (((ROP(ROPROP))))ofofof thethethe active substancesubstance. ... DosesDoses:::: determined bybyby thethethe concentration ofofofthethethe vesicle solutionsolution. ... delivered doses during 404040days ranged betweenbetween: ::: 333,3,,,2222 161616, 16 ,,,666 242424,24 ,,,4444 i i i 333333, 33 ,,,7777 µµµg/kgg/kgbbbb////daydayday,,,, corresponding tototoplasma concentrationsconcentrations: ::: 555,5,,,999, 9,,,121212, 12 ,,,171717 mg/ml
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® SustainedSustained release system ofrelease system of oxfendazoloxfendazoleeee (OFZ)
Synanthic multidose bolus (Pitman Moore) similar tototo Proftril (ABZ), providesprovides:::: OFZ 000,0,,,25252525 0000,,,,50505050mgmgmg ///bw /bwbwbw.... forforfor 404040daysdays; ;;; after administration ofofof two bowls atatat ananan interval ofofof 404040 days, thethethe effect lasted 114 days after administration ... using bowls were net favorable forforfor oral administration (drench type) with thethethe same product (SMZ isisis 505050 50 70707070%%%%higher)higher). ...
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® SustainedSustained releaserelease system forforforlevamisollevamisole eee Cronominthic bolus (Virbac)
bowl, cylindrical (((the(thethethewall consists ofofof polymers)polymers); ;;; ensures continuous diffusion ofofofincorporated levamisolelevamisole; ;;; thethetheconcentration ofofof anthelmintic ===ininin relation tototo thethethe amount ofofof antiparasitic daily released and thethethe duration ofofof desired treatmenttreatment.... thethethesystem will bebebe given five weeks before thethethe onset ofofof verminous bronchitis, animals carrying bowls does not require therapeutic intervention during thethethe grazing seasonseason. ...
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® SustainedSustained releaserelease system forforforivomecivomec: :::
Ivomec SRSRSR Bolus ((Merial) thethethe newest sustained release systemssystems; ;;; ensuresensures:::: 121212mgmgmg ivermectin/day, forforfor 135 days, preventive and curative ::: nematodosis, licelicelice and ticks ininin cattle ...
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® SustainedSustained release system release system forforforfenbendazolfenbendazole eee
Panacur Bolus Panacur Bolus (Hoechst Roussel) (Hoechst Roussel) ensures 0,20,20,2 0,2 0,4mg/kg0,4mg/kg0,4mg/kgb/day;b/day; is is is activactiveeee for 140 140 days days after administration; prevention and therapy of nematode infestations in cattle
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® 2.2.2. Periodic scheduled delivery systems
thethethe latest achievements ininin thethethe field, represented bybyby: by ::: Electronic bowl and Repidose system (Autoworm)(Autoworm). ...
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® Electronic bowl Intra Ruminal Pulse Release Electronic Device (IPRED)
composed ofofof aaa undegradable coated and two mini batteriesbatteries. ... has three compartments ,,, each one presenting aaa thermosensible operculum and aaa resistance with two electrodeselectrodes.... each compartment contains 222g2ggg albendazolalbendazoleeee....
bybybyheating thethethe resistance isisis suddenly released COCOCO 222 orororNONONO 222 === explosion ofofof thethetheoperculumoperculum. ...
assures thethethealbendazole release atatat:at ::: 212121,21 ,,,626262 and 909090daysdays. ...
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® Oxfendazole Pulsed Release Bolus Autoworm (Pitman Moore)
isisisbased ononon thethethe progressive erosion principle and cylinder 191919/19 ///2222,,,,5555cmcmcm ofofof 130130gggg consisting ofofof aaa MgMgMg rodrodrod driven onononitsitsits entire length bybyby aaa steel ringring. ... divided ininin five circular compartments ofofofpppolyvinyl polyvinyl chloride === each compartmentcompartment: ::: 750750mgmgmgmgOFZOFZ. ... ononon thethethe effect ofofof thethethe electro discharge pile between thethethe ruminal juice and magnesium axis ,,, after three weeks ofofof contact will open thethethe first ofofof five opercula ,,,allowing access tototothethethe active substance ininin thethethe rumenrumen. ... thethetheerosion continues until day 124124,,,, thethetheoperculum opening atatat average intervals ofofof 232323,23 ,,,5555daysdays. ... determines thethethe decrease ofofof thethethe GGG. G...IIII....parasitism (((95(959595%%%% towards Ostertagia and Cooperia ),),), remarkable weight gaingain. ...
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® Imidazole derivatives (Imidazole derivatives (imidazolesimidazolesimidazoles))))
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® TetramisolTetramisoleeee ononon:on ::: gggastrointestinalgastrointestinal and pulmonary nematodesnematodes. ... white powder ,,, aaa mixture ofofof two optically active isomers ... fast absorptionabsorption.... actionaction:::: blocking thethethe fumaratfumarateeee and succinate reductase enzymesenzymes.... bybyby irreversible paralysis ofofofwormsworms. ... constant effect inininvitro ononon allallalltypes ofofofhelminthshelminths. ...
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® SpectruSpectrummmm:::: InInInbovine activactive eeeononon Ostertagia, Trichostrongylus, Cooperia, Bunostomum ,,,Strongyloides, Oesophagostomum, Dictyocaulus InInInovine Haemonchus, Cooperia, Nematodirus, Strongyloides, Chabertia, TrichocephalusTrichocephalus.... InInInswine ascaridiosisascaridiosis,,,, hyostrongylosishyostrongylosis,,,, metastrongylidosis strongylosis, trichocefalo sississis ,,, esophagostomosis ... InInInbirds capillariasiscapillariasis, ,,, ascaridiosisascaridiosis,,,, heterakidiasis and ininin amidostomiasis inininpalmipedspalmipeds. ... InInInhorses OxOxOxy Ox yyyuris,uris, ParaPara scarisscarisscaris.... InInIndogs &&& cats Toxascaris, Toxocara, Uncinaria, Ancylostoma, TrichocephalusTrichocephalus.... InInInruminants 151515mg/kg 15 mg/kgmg/kgbw,bw, active ononon dictyocaulosisdictyocaulosis. ...
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® LevamisolLevamisoleeee (LEV)
levorotatory form ofofof tetramisole ... soluble, administered both orally and parenterallyparenterally. ... very effective onononnematodesnematodes, ,,,larval and adult formsforms. ... often used inininthethethe form ofofof chlorhydrate saltsalt. ... commercialscommercials:::: Decaris, Paglisol, Nemisol, AnthelsonAnthelson....
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® Tetrahydropyrimidine derivatives
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® Current treatments useuse: ::: morantel, pppypyyyrantel,rantel, oxanteloxantel....
initially, pyrantel was produced under thethethe form ofofof: of ::: tartrate salt (((‘(‘‘‘70707070))))followed bybyby pamoate salt inininruminants, Injectable form === inactive towards pulmonary nematodesnematodes. ...
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® Mode ofofof actionaction: ::: linked tototo affecting thethethe neuromuscular system ofofofworms resulting ininin: in ::: paralysisparalysis,,,, death and expulsionexpulsion. ... Pamoate === more active and used ininincurrent therapytherapy. ... Tartrate ===used ininin nematodesnematodes, ,,, more effective ininin strongylosis and oxyuriasis ininin horses ,,, ascaridiosis ininin swine ... good effects areareare obtained ininin trichinellosis! InInIn ovine and bovinebovine,,,, effect ononon allallallGGG. G...IIII....nematodes with lower efficacy ononon: on ::: Oesophagostomum and ChabertiaChabertia. ... Due tototo itsitsitscholinergic activity (((nicotinic(nicotinic typetype), ),),), thethethetreatment with pamoatpamoateeee isisisnot associated with thethethe organophosphate therapytherapy!!!! ItItItisisis delivered asasas liquid ororor powder ofofof 555%5%%%.... Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® Morantel
methyl derivative ofofofpyrantel, used ininin thethethe form ofofof salts (((fumaratfumarateeee and tartrattartrateeee))),),,, used asasas bowls (Paratect bolus and Paratect flex) providing antiparasitic protection forforforaaa period ofofof 909090days, thethetheproduct does not have toxicity (((xxx303030 times thethethe therapeutic dosedose) ))),,,, there were not found any teratogenic effects, commercialscommercials:::: Ovihelm, Bovhelm, Glyox (((for(forforforswineswine) )))
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® PPPyridine derivativesPyridine derivatives
Cursuri Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® Metyridine colorless liquid miscible ininin water, good organic solventsolvent, ,,,not administered with rubber objects! sterile solutions 909090%90 %%% forforfor sss.s...cccc.... and iii.i...pppp.... administrationsadministrations.... very active ininin ::: nematodes ,,, efficacy ononon adults and larvae ofofof thethethespeciesspecies: ::: Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Ostertagia, Cooperia, TrichocephalusTrichocephalus. ... very active ininincapillariasis ininin birds, preparationspreparations:::: Methyridin, Prominthic
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® AAAntiparasiticAntiparasitic macrolides
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® Avermectins and milbemycins antibiotics produced bybyby actinomycetes, classified asasas macrocyclic lactoneslactones. ... Avermectins exhibit highly efficient activity ononon thethethe parasitic species from nematodes tototoarthropodsarthropods. ... AreAreAreknown 888 major avermectins produced bybyby Streptomyces avermitilis and over 303030 dedede milbemycins produced bybyby different species ofofof Streptomyces ... Natural avermectins areareare known asasas abamectineabamectine.... Ivermectin isisisaaa semisynthetic productproduct. ... Milbemycin ::: Milbermicin D,D,D, MilbermicinMilbermicin oximeoxime ininin SUA and ininin Japan, MoxidectinMoxidectin. ...
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® Avermectins (ivomec, abamectin, doramectin)
GABAGABA ergicergic activity, but will stimulate thethethe production ofofofGABA and will potentialise thethethe acid fixation ononon thethethe postsynaptic receptorsreceptors....
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® AvermectinAvermectinssss === paralysis affecting GABA mediatormediator, ,,,cestodes and trematodes dododonot useuseuse this mediator asasas aaa neurotransmitter! ininin mammals, GABAGABAergicergic neurons arearearelocated inininthethethe CNSCNS. ... avermectinavermectinssss does not cross thethethehematoencephalic barrierbarrier. ... easy tototo explain thethethelowlowlow toxicity forforformammalsmammals. ... some dog breeds (Collie, SSShepherd's) Shepherd's) areareare sensible tototo injectable Ivomec ... IvermectiIvermectinnnn(Ivomec) association ofofof 222222 22 23232323dihydrodihydro avermectinavermectin BBB1 B111aaaaand BBB1 B111bbbb.... usedused::::oral and parenteralparenteral.... effective ininin allallall major nematodesnematodes. ... strong ectoparasiticideectoparasiticide. ...
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® Excretion throughthrough:::: 98% feces and 2%2%2% urine . residues in: liver and fat tissue. Ivermectin is not recommended in dairy cows! Safety index is 3 0 times the dose. do not administer parenteral indo not administer parenteral in:::: horses and some dog breeds! is not embryotoxic , , , but has teratogenic effects in rats. , but has teratogenic effects in rats. therapeutic dosetherapeutic dose= = = = 0,2mg/0,2mg/kgbw.kgbw.
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® Moxidectin synthetic milbemycin derived from thethethe metabolite ofofof: of ::: Streptomyces aurolacrimosus noncianogeusnoncianogeus. ... similar activity tototoivermectin and with thethethe metabolites potentiating ofofof thethethe GABA inhibitory effecteffect. ... MilbemMilbemyyyycincincincinDDD --- natural product ofofof Streptomyces hygroscopicus ... MilbemycinMilbemycin oximeoxime contains 808080% 80 %%% milbemycin AAA4 A444 and 202020% 20 %%% milbemycin AAA3 A333.... used only ininin dogdog. ... Doramectin (Dectomax) new product studied only ininin pigspigs. ... sustained activity ononon Ascaris and Metastrongylus ...
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® Other antiparasitic substances Other antiparasitic substances ((oldold))
Bephenium (Alcopar) quaternary ammonium derivativederivative, ,,, ininin:in ::: gastrointestinal strongyloidesstrongyloides. ... Oxiuran human product use ininin human nematodesnematodes. ... pioctanin acts ononon thethethe nematodes ofofof thethethe digestive tract ininin animalsanimals.... Turpentine oiloiloil InInInhorseshorses, ,,,administered with thethethe nasonaso oesophagealoesophageal probe 303030 mlmlmlassociated with 202020 mlmlml CCl 444... Lugol solution --- ininindictyocaulosis isisis sheep, calvescalves, ,,,using intratracheal injectionsinjections.... Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Schistosomiasis_Life_Cycle.jpeg
http://lamarck.unl.edu/zoo/lifecycles/Loa.gif Therapy of trematodes and cestodes
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® Old products Old products ((chlorinated derivativeschlorinated derivativesand hydrocarbons) Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) colorless liquidcolorless liquid, , , , sweetsweetsweet, , , , spent tastespent tastespent taste, , , , volatilevolatilevolatile, , , , chloroformchloroformchloroform like like appearance with which is structurally related. toxic , , , especially on the central nervous system. cumulates in the liver leading to serious liver dystrophy. bovines are sensitivebovines are sensitive, , , , therefore the therefore the p.o. administration is Forbidden! are used: iiinjectable formulationsinjectable formulationsnjectable formulations.... Fasciozan ovin , , , gelatin capsules of 1,25 ml, 1,25 ml, respectively respectively 2 g2 g2 g
CCl 444 + + + paraffinic oil.+ paraffinic oil.
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® Vitolin injectableinjectable,,,, photosensitive! 737373%73 %%%CClCCl4 444,,,,xilixilixilin xili nnn111% 1%%%,,,,262626% 26 %%%vaseline oiloiloil. oil ... Avipar inininbirdsbirds, ,,, three dimensions (A,(A,(A,B,B,B, C),C),C), they containcontain: :::000, 0,,,5555,,,,111 and 222ml 2mlmlml CClCCl4444.... HHHexachlorHexachlorexachlorooooethaneethane ethane derivative, white, unpleasant odor, insoluble ininin water, soluble ininin alcohol and oiloiloil ... actsacts::::ononon adult faciolesfacioles. ... FasciozFasciozoneone (ovineeoror (ovin bovinee)) bovin contains 606060 parts Hexachloroethane and 404040 parts bentonitebentonite. ... susceptiblesusceptible::::pregnant cows and those with high milk production! Hexachlorophene white powder, odorless, insoluble ininin water, soluble ininin alkalialkali. ... ininin:in :::nematodes, cestodes, fasciolosis ininin sheep and cattlecattle. ... Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® Diclorphene productproduct: : : : antiparasiticantiparasitic, antiseptic, antifungic., antiseptic, antifungic. ononon:on ::: flat worms, except fasciolosis. commercials: Dicestal, Taeniaphene, Diphentan . . . Het hhhololol white powder, insoluble in water. usageusage:::: ovine and bovine fasciolosisovine and bovine fasciolosis, , , , more active and less toxic.more active and less toxic. HetHethhhholin olin very active on Dicrocoelium lanceolatum. along with diamphenethyl it is the drug of choice when dealing with dicroceliasis.
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® Salicylamide derivates
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® Effectiveness when dealing with trematodes known since '''60'606060ssss.... Has nonono activity onononyoung forms ofofof 666 6 8888weeksweeks. ...
Activity ononon ::: hematophagous nematodes (((Haemonchus sppsppspp and Ancylostoma ))) larvae ofofof thethethe Oestrus and Hypoderma generagenera. ... after absorption (except Niclosamide) areareare tightly coupled affecting phosphorylases participation within thethethe energetic metabolism ofofofparasitesparasites. ... this group ofofof substances may inhibit fumarate reductasereductase. ...
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® Good activity ononon Haemonchus allowed thethethe useuseuse ofofof salicylanilides, asasas ananan alternative medication, ininincases ofofof resistance tototo benzilidazole anthelminticsanthelmintics. ...
Salicylanilides areareareinsoluble ininin water, but areareare also known injectable formulations (((rafoxanid eee and closantel )))... Lower safety index ::: about 444 4 7777time thethethe dosedose. ... The latest analog === Closantel === lowlowlowsafety limits (((only(only sixsixsix times thethethe therapeutic dose)dose). ...
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® RafoxanidRafoxanideeee (Rafoxanid(Rafoxanidee, Flukanide, Ranide), Flukanide, Ranide)
yellowishyellowish whitewhite powder with aaa characteristic odor, insoluble ininin waterwater.... but gives stable suspensions ifififthethethe water has aaa slightly acidic pHpHpH.pH ... actionaction:::: fasciolicidefasciolicide.... destroys ::: adult forms and young forms ofofof 666 weeks 999999 %%%!!! thethetheyounger thethethe parasitic forms are, thethethe proportion will decrease tototo 505050% 50 %%%.... commercialscommercials:::: Rafoxanid, Flukanide, Ranide ,,, Ranidzol dosesdoses:::: 101010 10 12121212,,,,5555mg/mg/mg/bwbwbwbw.... areareareknownknown: ::: incorporable powder suspensionssuspensions, ,,,tabletstablets, ,,,bowls and injectable formulasformulas, ,,, 222,2,,,5555%%%%,,,,101010% 10 %%%,,,, associationsassociations:::: RanidzolRanidzol:::: association ofofof RafoxanidRafoxanide eee+++ TTThThhhiabendazoliabendazoliabendazoleeee ininin suspension ... Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® Closantel formulated asasas: as ::: oral ororor injectable formulationsformulations;;;; activityactivity:::: young and adult forms (((6 (666 10101010weeks), trematodetrematodes sss,,,, hematophagous nematodes, insect larvaelarvae; ;;; some effectseffects: ::: onononcestodescestodes, ,,,scabies and even ticksticks; ;;; metabolism ::: well absorbed ,,, ppp...ooo... doses ::: 101010 mg/ kgbw ,,, reaching after 242424 h,h,h, plasma ,,, value ofofof ::: 555555 mcg/ kgbw ;;; thethethehalfhalf lifelifelifelifetimetime: ::: 151515daysdays; ;;; after thethethe injectable administration thethetheplasma peak isisis achieved atatat: at ::: 242424 24 48484848hhhh.... toxicitytoxicity:::: isisisnot carcinogeniccarcinogenic,,,,teratogenic ororor embryotoxicembryotoxic;;;; thethethesafety limit isisis just over 666 times thethethetherapeutic dosedose; ;;; dosagedosage:::: ovine and bovinebovine: ::: 101010mg/mg/kgbw kgbw ppp. p...oooo.... and 555mg/mg/kgbw kgbw sss.s...cccc....
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® Clioxanide (Tremerad)
very active ininin acute formsforms; ;;; ononon:on ::: adult forms ofofof FFF. F...hepatica (((15(151515mg/mg/mg/bwbwbwbw)))) where these forms areareare 100100%%%% eliminatedeliminated;;;; ininin young forms, doses areareareincreased tototo 130130mg/mg/mg/kgbwkgbwkgbw;;;; signs ofofof intoxication may occur after 222 333 ddd... ofofof treatment ;;; because thethetheusual doses have aaa good tolerance ititit can bebebe used ininin lactating and pregnant sheepsheep. ... much more active inininthethethe treatment ofofof chronic fasciolosisfasciolosis, ,,, being able tototo ascertain health improvementimprovement;;;; ClioxanidClioxanideeeecan bebebe associated with thiabendazolethiabendazole. ...
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® Oxyclozanide Oxyclozanide (Zanil)(Zanil)
absorptionabsorption:::: highhigh,,,,high concentrations ininin: in ::: liver and kidneyskidneys.... eliminationelimination:::: glucuronoconjugation through bilebile. ... actionaction:::: interfering glucuronideglucuronide reductasesreductasesreductases.... fasciolicidfasciolicideeee:::: towards adults ,,,ininin youngyoung: ::: 606060 60 64646464%%%% actionaction.... toxicitytoxicity:::: relatively low, lowlowlowtherapeutic indexindex. ... dose xxx 444 times higher === toxic effectseffects. ... thethethe restriction period ofofof meat === 141414 days ... milk === doesn’t have aaarestriction periodperiod. ... dosedose:::: 101010 10 15151515mg/mg/mg/bwbwbwbw ininin ovine and bovinebovine.... bovinebovine:::: dododonot exceed 100100m mmml,l,l,l, regardless ofofof weightweight. ... rarrarrarerar eee accidents ininin animals with massive acute fasciolosisfasciolosis.... AssociationsAssociations:::: Nilzan === Nilverm (tetramisolee)) (tetramisol +++ Zanil 505050%50 %%%////50505050%%%%((((3333,,,,4444%%%%)))).... Loditac === Zanil +++ oxibendazoloxibendazoleeee,,, 101010 10 15151515mg/mg/mg/kgbwkgbwkgbw....
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® NiclosanidNiclosanideeee (Cestocid, Fenasal, Mansonil, Yomesan, Dogoten, Lintex, Niclocide, Sulqui, Tenizan, Vermitidd,),) Vermiti
excellent againstagainst: ::: Echinococcus sppspp. ...and Taenia sppspp. ...,,,, weaker against ::: Dypilidium spp ...,,, nematodes ininin dogs and cats ininin intestinal trematodestrematodes; ;;; ruminantsruminants:::: inininParamphistomumParamphistomum. ... metabolismmetabolism:::: absorbed very little ininin thethethe digestive tracttract; ;;; thethetheabsorbed amounts will bebebe metabolized ininin aminoclosamidaminoclosamideeee (((amine without pharmacodynamic activity ))).)...
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® actionaction:::: inhibition ofofof glucose uptake === blockage ofofof thethethe Krebs cycle === accumulation ofofof lactic acid === death ofofof trematodestrematodes. ... eliminationelimination:::: particular towards other representatives, niclosamide isisis rapidly eliminatedeliminated. ... Safety limitlimit: ::: High ininin: in ::: bovine and ovine ,,,doses xxx 404040 times, well toleratedtolerated; ;;; Small ininin ::: dogs and cats ... Usual dosesdoses: ::: 150150 200200 mg/mg/kgbw kgbwkgbw:::: dog, cat and horsehorse. ... 808080 80 100100 mg/mg/bw bwbwbw.... inininruminantsruminants. ... most efficientefficient: ::: particle ofofof 222 2 3333µµµmmm.m... ininintreatmenttreatment: ::: diet forforfor 121212h 12 hhh....,,,,does not requires any purgativpurgativeeee.... toxicitytoxicity:::: doses can bebebe exceeded bybyby 555 5 7777timestimes. ...
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® Bromosalicylanilides
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® Includes two substancessubstances: ::: Dibromsalan and Tribromsalan
gray white powder, insoluble ininin water, used ininin thethethe treatment ofofof fasciolosis ininin sheep and cattle, alonealone,,,,ororor often associated ininincccommercial commercial conditioningsconditionings. ... Hilomid association betweenbetween: ::: dibromsalan +++ tribromsalan ininin 111:1:::1111 ratio ... Diafen association 333: 3:::1111 tribromsalan +++ dibromsalandibromsalan.... advantagesadvantages:::: effective ononon adult and young forms, ofofof 666 6 12121212 weeksweeks.... ITITIT=== 333. 3... dose === 303030mg/30 mg/mg/bwbwbwbw,,,, forforforthethethe young forms thethethe dosage isisis doubleddoubled....
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® Substituted phenol derivatives
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® Numerous group with importance forforfor aaa. a...uuuu....vvvv.... compoundscompounds:::: ofofofthiodiphenol, chlorophenoldiolechlorophenoldiole, ,,,acetonitrile, benzonitrilbenzonitrileeee,,,,phenyl thiocyanate and niclopholanniclopholan. ... good effects againstagainst: ::: cestodes and trematodestrematodes. ... ininin general has aaa small safety index, due tototo this considerateconsiderate, ,,, itititisisis replaced with safer drugsdrugs. ... however, their effectiveness, considered good, has ananan important role ininin thethethe current anthelmintic arsenalarsenal. ... asasashalogenated hydrocarbons, substituted phenols act asasas: as ::: inhibitors ofofof phosphorylation phase ininin thethethe mitochondrial cell ofofofthethethe helminths, blocking itsitsits energetic metabolismmetabolism. ...
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® Hexachlorophene (Dermadex, Distolin, Douveoside, Exofene, Hexosan FasciopheneFasciophene,,Surofene)Surofene)
with powder, odorless, insoluble ininin water, soluble ininin alkali ... ininin:in ::: nematodes, cestodes, fasciolosis inininovine and bovinebovine. ... dose ininin sheep and cattle ::: 101010 10 15151515mg/mg/mg/kgbwkgbwkgbw....
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® Diclorophene (Diclor(Dicloroophenephene,,Dicestal,Dicestal,Taeniaphene, Diphentan)
safe cestodicide, used aaa. a...uuuu....vvvv.... antiseptic ororor antifungantifungal alalal with narrow spectrum, moderat ononon Taenia and Dipylidium ininincarnivores, has nonono activity against Echinococcus ... slowly absorbed, activity ininin thethethe intestine === worms areareare disintegrated before removing through fecesfeces. ... toxicitytoxicity:::: very well tolerated bybyby carnivorescarnivores.... inininextremely rare casescases: ::: vomiting ororor diarrhea ininindogdog. ... dog and catcat: ::: 200 mg/mg/bw, bw, with diet prior tototo 242424hhh. h... used also ininin horse with some efficiency ininin fasciolosisfasciolosis. ...
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® Diamphenetide (Coriban)
most effective ononon immature forms, from day 333! 3!!! thethetheactivity decreases proportionally with thethethe increasing ininin age ofofoffasciolosisfasciolosis. ... thethetheadult forms areareare less affectedaffected. ... principal effecteffect: ::: vacuolization ofofof thethethe helminth’s skin and thethethe production ofofof itsitsits irreversible paralysisparalysis. ... spectru mmm::: trematodes ininin sheep ... has nonono activity ononon trematodes ininin cattlecattle. ... ppp.p...oooo.... isisisabsorbed and distributeddistributed, ,,,bybyby circulatory pathpath. ... atatat 333days after treatment === highest concentration :::liver and gallbladdergallbladder.... activityactivity:::: depends ononon thethethe amidic metabolite (((by (bybybythethethe deacetylation ofofof enzymes ofofof thethethe liver cellscells) )))that isisis responsible forforforthethethe anthelmintic activity ofofof thethethe productproduct. ...
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® this metabolite === death ofofof thethethe immature forms ofofof fasciolosisfasciolosis.... ininin:in ::: acute fasciolosisfasciolosis, ,,,bybyby thethethe invasion ofofof young formsforms. ... 100100%%%%effectivenesseffectiveness. ... interdiction periodperiod: ::: 777days forforformeatmeat. ... not recommended ininin: in ::: lactating sheep when milk will bebebe used forforfor consumption ... toxicitytoxicity:::: thethethesubstance isisis safe upupup tototo xxx 444dose visible toxic dosedose, ,,,fromfrom: ::: 111g/kg body weightweight. ... dododosdo ssseeee:::: 100 mg/mg/kgbw kgbw inininsheepsheep, ,,,well tolerated bybyby pregnant females, weak animals and with aaa compromised growthgrowth. ... repeat treatmenttreatment::::after 111weekweek. ...,,,, ininin thethethetemperate zone after 444 weeksweeks. ... diamphenetide isisis irritant forforfor skin and mucosamucosa. ...
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® MenichlopholaMenichlopholanenenene(Niclofolan, Bilevon M)M) Bilevon
crystalline substance, yellowish, insoluble ininin water, great activity ononon ::: adult formsforms. ... weaker ononon: on ::: younger forms, thethethedoses should bebebe gradually increasedincreased.... ininin:in ::: sheep, cattle, swineswine. ... actionaction:::: blocking ofofof glucose uptake +++ decoupling ofofof oxidative phosphorylation, high absorption and maximum blood concentrations ininin 242424 24 48484848hhh. h... after 333mg/3mg/mg/kgbwkgbw === 100100%%%% effectiveness ininin adultsadults.... interdiction periodperiod= === 777 7 14141414daysdays. ... nononoresidues ininin: in :::milk, tissue, organsorgans. ... delivered asasas: as ::: MMM:M::: sheep and goats and RRR:R::: cattlecattle.... Bilevon MMM === 444mg/4mg/mg/bwbwbwbw....,,,, Bilevon RRR === 333mg/mg/bw bwbwbw....,,,, Cursuri Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® toxic and irritating forforfor thethethe one who handles thethethe drugdrug. ... BrotiamidBrotiamideeee (Dirian)
activityactivity:::: active ononon FFF.F...hepatica, adults and larvae and ininin ::: paramfistomosis with immature and adult forms ... dosagedosage:::: 101010 10 15151515mg/mg/kgbw kgbwkgbw.... toxicitytoxicity:::: small safety index 111, 1,,,7777(((retired (retiredretired)))).... weighing thethetheanimal isisis indicated ininin order tototo avoid overdosingoverdosing.... precautionsprecautions:::: dododonot use ininin cattle!
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® Nitroscanate
activityactivity:::: onononallallall cestodes and nematodes specific ininin dogsdogs. ... not recommended ininin cats! inininanimals with emptied digestive tract, thethethemedicine will pass tootootoo fast thethethe intestinal segment === acting only partially ... thethethemaximum effect, contrary tototo thethethe rulesrules: ::: thethethemedicine will bebebe administered after feeding thethetheanimals, when due tototo plenitudeplenitude,,,, thethetheintestinal drug absorption rate will bebebe slowed ===amplified effecteffect. ... side effecteffect: ::: vomitingvomiting.... dosagedosage:::: dog 505050mg/mg/kgbw kgbwkgbw....
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® Nitroxinil (Dovenil and Trodax)
effective fasciolicide only bybyby injectioninjection. ... yellow powder, soluble ininin waterwater. ... administration ::: parenteral, sss...ccc... ororor iii...mmm... existing also ppp...ooo... formsforms.... sss.s...cccc.... onononthethethe sides ofofof thethethe neck ininin cattle and ininin areas without wool ininin sheepsheep. ... parenteral effectiveness isisis several times higher than thethethe local administration, excellent results inininfasciolosis, including young forms, comparable efficiency tototo that ofofof RafoxanideRafoxanide. ... dosedose:::: 101010mg/mg/kgbw kgbw ,,,sss. s...cccc....ininin sheep and cattlecattle....
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® OOOrganophosphoric derivativesOrganophosphoric derivatives
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® act asasas parasiticide, action ::: blocking acetylcholine esterase ,,, thethetheorganophosphorus binds stable tototothethethe enzyme, producesproduces:::: itsitsitsirreversible blockingblocking,,,, thethethechemical mediator, acetylcholine, remains unhydrolyzedunhydrolyzed.... accumulates === paralysis ofofofthethethe neuromuscular system ofofof thethetheparasiteparasite. ...
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® actionaction:::: toxic, ofofofcontact and digestiondigestion. ... actact:::: bybyby combining and neutralizing thethethecholinesterasecholinesterase. ... Elimination ::: bybybyproducts ofofof metabolismmetabolism. ... Toxicity ::: dadada due tototo thethethe cholinesterase activity, areareare more toxic ... The OPOPOP activity can bebebe counteracted bybyby use ofofof atropineatropine.... ItItItisisis not recommended thethethe administration, atatatthethethe same time, ofofofinsecticides and anthelmintics with cccholine choline esterase inhibitory activity!
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® SpectruSpectrummmm Nematodes ininin: in ::: horse, swine, carnivorescarnivores, ,,,tototo some extent, ininin ruminantsruminants.... Triclorfon present ininin: in ::: Dipterex, Neguvon, MetrifonatMetrifonate eee... White powder ininin crystal form, with particular odor, soluble ininin water, ether, chloroform, soluble ininin alcohol ... Official namename:::: MetrifonatMetrifonateeee.... InInInhorse ––– asasasboluses ororor granules ininin parasitism withwith: ::: Gasterophylus, Paraascaris, OxiurisOxiuris. ... Commercial productproduct:::: Dyrex TFTFTF. TF ... InInIncarnivorescarnivores, ,,, good results ininin infection with Toxocara canis, Ancylostoma, fleas, ticks and ininin demodicosisdemodicosis....((((75757575%%%%))))....
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® DicDicDichDic hhhlorvoslorvos (DDVP) volatile ,,,easily decomposed bybyby oxidation and hydrolysishydrolysis.... advantageadvantage:::: thethetheonly OPOPOP anthelmintic that can bebebe incorporated into rezine (((e (eee....gggg....polyvinyl chloride)chloride). ... InInIn swine, thethethe Atgar ddd product with broad spectrum anthelmintic ... Active ononon: on ::: Ascaris, Oesophagostomum, Trichocephalus ,,, onononboth adult and larvae formform. ... InInInhorses isisisused thethethe productproduct: ::: EquigardEquigard.... Contraindicated inininanimals with pulmonary emphysema (produces bronchospasm) ororor enteritis (increase peristalsis)peristalsis). ... Broad spectrumspectrum:::: large and small strongyles, ascarids, pinworms, gasterophilusgasterophilus. ...
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® Haloxon white powder, odorless, insoluble inininwater, soluble inininchloroform, acetone, oiloiloil. oil ... FormulationsFormulations:::: wettable powders, suspensions ororor pastapasta. ... sheep ––– adult formsforms: ::: Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Cooperia, Strongyloides ... Relatively active ononon Ostertagia and Bunostomum ... Less active ononon:on ::: Trichocephalus and ChabertiaChabertia. ... InInIncattle ––– same spectrumspectrum. ... CommercialsCommercials:::: Cevoxon and GalloxonGalloxon.... InInIn horse –––good effectseffects: :::large and small ascarids and strongylesstrongyles.... InInIn cattle –––same spectrumspectrum. ... CommercialCommercial:::: Cevoxon i i i GalloxonGalloxon. ... Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® Coumaphos yellow powder, insoluble in water, sparingly soluble: ether and methanol mainly used in ruminant because does not leave residues in milk. Naftalophos organophosphoric product with average spectrum. used inused in:::: sheep and cattlecattle.... very active onactive on:::: adult and larvae forms of Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Ostertagia, Neoascaris. white powderwhite powder, , , , aromatic odoraromatic odoraromatic odor, , , , insolubleinsoluble:::: waterwater, , , , solublesolublesoluble: : : : chloroform. commercialcommercial:::: Maretin and Rametin ...
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® AAAntiparasitic sulfonamidesAntiparasitic sulfonamides
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® with activity ononon Fasciola sppspp. ... mainly onononadult form and ononon young forms upupuptototo sixsixsixweeks parasitic ininin sheepsheep, ,,,respectively, eight weeks (((cow(cowcow)))).... usually aaasingle injectable administration isisissufficientsufficient. ... fast absorption ,,, couples tototo erythrocytes ... great effectiveness ononon haematophagous trematodestrematodes. ... action ===impaired energy production ofofofenzymes bybyby interfering two important enzymes ::: phosphoglycerol kinase and phosphoglycerolphosphoglycerol----mutase,mutase, essential ininin thethethe glycolytic phase ofofofthethethe carbohydrate metabolism ofofof wormsworms. ...
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® The most important representative ofofof thethethe groupgroup: ::: Clorsulon (presented ininin thethethe sulfonamides chapter)
Very good activity ononon young and adult trematodes (((of(ofofof666 6 8888 weeksweeks)))).... metabolismmetabolism:::: well absorbedabsorbed, ,,, 757575%75 %%% ofofofthethethe circulant drug can bebebe found ininin plasma, which isisis 252525 %%% coupled tototo erythrocytes ... forbidden periodperiod: ::: 888days forforformeatmeat. ... thethethedrug cannot bebebe administered ininin dairy cows! toxicitytoxicity:::: isisisnot embryotoxic ororor mutagenicmutagenic.... high dosesdoses, ,,,even 252525times higherhigher, ,,, dododonot induce any side effects ininin animalsanimals. ... dosedose:::: sheep and cow 777mg/mg/bw bwbwbw....,,,, ppp.p...oooo....and 444mg/mg/bw bwbwbw....,,,,sss. s...cccc....
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® Pyrazine isoquinolines isoquinolines and and benzodiazepines
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® thethethemost efficient and reliable cestodicide group ofofof allallall. all ... effective against allallallcestodes ininindog and catcat. ... inclusively Echinococcus ,,, and ononon cestodes ofofof mammals, atatat increased dose destroys thethethe larvae form ofofofthethethe intermediate host and isisis less effective against hydatid cyst ofofof EchinococcusEchinococcus....
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® Praziquantel (Droncit, Drontal, Kuma, Cestal)
oral ororor parenteral formulationsformulations.... best activity ininin dogs and catscats.... activity onononthethethe helminths formform:::: lunglung,,,, intestinintestineeee and bloodblood.... ononon:on ::: allallallspecies ofofofcestodes, adults and larvaelarvae. ... not ononon: on ::: hydatid cyst! ononon trematodes (((but not ononon Fasciola ))) === injectable ... muscle contraction bybyby altering thethethe ionic balance ofofofthethethe cell === bybyby vacuolization and then disruption ofofofworm's cuticlecuticle.... acts bybyby: by ::: blocking thethethecuticular functions ofofofthethethe parasite === itsitsits permeability and high losses ofofofglucoseglucose. ... thethetheparasite will become susceptible tototo thethethe attack ofofof proteolytic enzymesenzymes. ... metabolizationmetabolization:::: quickly absorbed and isisis almost completely metabolized nearly asasas fast === firstfirst passpass effecteffect. ...
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® http://www.vetdepot.com/store/i/is.aspx?path=/images/ Droncit Praziquantel Injectable 10 mL.jpg&lr=t&bw=340&bh=340
ininin dog 606060 60 80808080%%%% ofofofdose isisis excreted ininin thethethe urine, thethethe rest through bile and fecesfeces.... aaa very small part ofofof thethethe drug (((000,,,111 000,,,333%%%))) will bebebe excreted unchangedunchanged.... praziquantel has aaavery good safety limitlimit. ... thethethedose xxx404040 times higherhigher====occasional vomitingvomiting. ... thethethesubstance can bebebe administered safely ininin gestationgestation. ... not recommended tototo puppies under aaa monthmonth, ,,, ororor kittens under 666 weeksweeks. ... injectables can cause allergies and transient algiaalgia. ... dog and catcat: ::: 555mg/mg/kgbw kgbw ... ppp.p...oooo.... and 555,5,,,5555mg/mg/kgbw kgbwkgbw.... sss.s...cccc.... ororor iii.i...mmmm.... Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® Epsiprantel
among thethethelatest cestodicide remedies appeared ononon thethethe marketmarket.... excellent activity against cestodes from dog, cat, sheep and horses ... perhaps better than praziquantel, activity against schistosome isisisrestrictedrestricted. ... dogdog:::: 555,5,,,5555mg/mg/kgbw kgbwkgbw,,,, catcat:::: 222,2,,,25252525mg/mg/kgbw kgbwkgbw.... toxicity === very safesafe. ... nononosigns ofofof toxicity were observed ininin dog ororor atatat 909090times increasing dosesdoses. ...
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® BunamidinBunamidineeee (Buban, Scolaban)
There areareare three salts ofofof bunamidinebunamidine: ::: chloridechloride,,,, toluentoluen sulfonatesulfonate and hydroxynaphthoate, aaa...uuu...vvv...,,, first and last areareare commonly used ... chloride isisis aaa valuable cestodicide ininin carnassierscarnassiers. ... active only ononon cestodescestodes, ,,,including EEE. E...granulosus, very good resultsresults:::: 252525 25 50505050mg/mg/kgbw kgbwkgbw....,,,, ininin dog and catcat....
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® Hydroxynaphthoate yellow powderpowder, ,,,insoluble ininin waterwater. ... remarkable cestodicide effects areareare quite common ... used especially inininsheep and goatsgoats. ... ininininininin monesiasis ininininininin dogs, birds and other species ...... 505050mg/mg/kgbw kgbw inininruminants and birdsbirds. ... 252525mg/mg/kgbw kgbw ininin equineequine.... 505050 50 100100 mg/mg/kgbw kgbw ininin dogsdogs.... oral administration without diet and purgativepurgative. ...
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® Ectoparasiticide (insecticides, pesticides)
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® The ectoparasitic name === attributed tototo those substances active against thethethe parasitic arthropodsarthropods: ::: skin and appendages ororor adjacent areas (((larvae(larvae formsforms) ))).... The ectoparasites ofofof animals include members ofofof thethethe groupsgroups: ::: ►► Arachnida (ticks and scabies) ►► Insecta (((Diptera and hematophagous flies ,,, gasterophilus licelicelice)lice ))).... inininthis groupgroup: ::: oldoldoldmineralsminerals, ,,, OC, OP, carbamatecarbamate,,,, formamidines, piretrinoidpiretrinoidssss fermentation products etcetcetc.etc ... thethethesite ofofof action ofofof ectoparasiticidesectoparasiticides: ::: migrating during their larval stage through thethethe host’s body, that perforates thethethe cutis and itsitsits layers, living ininin thethethe skin and itsitsits depthdepth. ...
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® An ideal ectoparasiticide must:
destroy any parasites regardless of their stage of life, have a quick action, bebebe nonnon----toxictoxic or with low toxicity, bebebe compatible with various excipients, be economical and practicalpractical,,,, not polluting the environment and not present residues in the host’s tissues.
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® Therapeutic strategy against ectoparasitosis The timing and pace ofofof thethethe treatment ItItItwill bebebe based ononon: on ::: acaricide ininin use, target species, season and thethethe objective ofofof thethethe combat program reduces infestation atatat bearable levels, thethethe interval between thethetheacaricides treatments isisis 222 2 4444weeksweeks. ... 111.1...SSSSeasonaleasonal treatments 222.2...Extempore treatment
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® Sulphur and derivatives Sodium sulfide Sulfur sublimatum Sulfur praecipitatum Old inorganic Sulfur pulveratum lotum products Solutio calcii sulfurati Natrium thiosulfuricum, Arsenic and derivatives Calcium arsenate Copper acetoarsenite Copper arsenate Lead arsenate Potassium arsenite Sodium arsenite
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® Organochlorine
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® DDT ((DicophaneDicophane,,Clorophenotane,Clorophenotane,Agritan, Neocid)
Contact toxic and neurotoxic affecting motor and sensitive neurons, with thethethe installation ofofof paralysis and hyperexcitationhyperexcitation.... The knockknock downdown effecteffect::::ininin minutes, aaa half ananan hourhour. ... due tototo thethethe toxic effects, thethethe host may bebebe also affected ... The toxicity isisishigher inininpets due tototo their hygiene habits (licking) that ininin large animals isisis absentabsent. ... possibility ofofof residues ininin milkmilk. ... thethetheintoxicationintoxication: ::: hyperexcitability, convulsions, paralysis and deathdeath.... ToToTocontrol thethethe nervous simptomatologysimptomatology: ::: sedation (((e(eee....gggg.... phenobarbitalphenobarbital))))and detoxificationdetoxification: ::: calcium borogluconate (antidot ininin dogdog) ))) iii.i...vvvv.... inininhigh dose 222 2 3333gggg ///animal ... Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® HCH (Lindan, γBHC, Gammexane, Lindavet, Quelada, Viton) paralysis and death ofofof insects, rapid effecteffect. ... pure gamma isomers, devoid ofofof toxicitytoxicity. ... compared tototo dicophane, xxx444 times less toxictoxic. ... danger ofofof intoxication inininyoung animals === increasedincreased. ... diverse antiparasitic spectrumspectrum: ::: fleas, licelicelice and sarcoptic mangemange. ... dosagedosage:::: 000,0,,,2222%%%% bathing and 000. 0...2222 0000....5555%%%%dusting, animals will bebebe cleaned after aaa contact ofofof 303030 min ... inininsome countries, forforfor petspets,,,, insecticide associations with pyrethrins (((0(000,,,,4444%%%%)))) and conditioning forforfor antiparasitic administrations, parasitic otitis (((0(000,,,,1111%%%%)))),,,antiparasitic ointment (((0(000,,,,2222%%%%)))).... inininbirdsbirds, ,,, fumigations (((7(777,,,,7777mgmgmg izomer gamma/m 333))).)... young cats arearearesensible tototo increasing concentrations (((over(over 000,0,,,2222%%%%)))).... residual effect ofofof 333 3 6666weeks, but depending ononon thethethe environmental conditions this period can increaseincrease. ... Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® Toxaphene (Alltox, Geniphene, Phenatox, Motox, Toxakil)
complex cyclodiene obtained bybyby chlorination ofofof camphencampheneeee... viscous ororor waxy consistence, yellow, pine odorodor. ... insoluble inininwater, but soluble inininorganic solventssolvents. ... thethethe strong alkalies decompose easily toxaphene ... toxic bybyby ingestion and contact but requires association with agents having knockknock downdown effecteffect.... consecrated use against ticks and licelicelice. lice ... thethethe acute toxicity isisis four times higher than dicophanedicophane. ... thethethechronic toxicity isisismuch lesserlesser. ... intoxicationintoxication:::: dyspnea, cyanosis, muscle tremors and convulsionsconvulsions....
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® Historical Bromo-DDT Camphechlor organochlorine DDT - pp ′-DDT - ethyl-DDD HCH - gamma-HCH - Lindan Methoxychlor Pentachlorophenol Cyclodiene Aldrin Bromocyclen Chlorbicyclen Chlordan Chlordecon Dieldrin Dilor Organochlorine a.u.v. Endosulfan Endrin Heptachlor Isobenzan Isodrin Kelevan Mirex
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® Inorganic insecticides
BoraxBorax,,,, Boric acid, Calcium polysulfide, Copper oleate, Diatoms, Mercury chloride, Potassium thiocyanate, Silica gel, Sodium thiocyanate.
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® Organophosphorus
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® represented bybyby: by ::: Azamethiphos (Alfacron;;Snip) (Alfacron Snip) Bromclophos (Bromex, Naled) Cythioate (Proban) Chlorfenvinphos (Supona) Chlorpyrifos (Piridane, Pyrinex, Scout, Stipend) Crotoxyphos (Ciodrin) Coumaphos (Asuntol) Diazinon (Dimpylate, Droplix Dimpygal) Diclorvos (Atgard, Canogard, Equigard, Nogos) Dioxathin (Delvan) Dimethoate (Fostion, Rogor,Roxior) Fenthion (Tiguvon, ProPro Spot) Quintiofos (Oxinothiophos, Bacdip) Neguvon (Metriphonat) Phoxim (Sebacil) Malathion (Cythion, Malamar, Prioderm)
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® Source: http://bayeranimal.com.vn/tiny_mce/plugins/imagemanager/files/Sebacil_491x248.jpg
Phoxim Phoxim (Sebacil)(Sebacil) Very active in sarcoptic and psoroptic mange. Warbex (Fanfur) thiophosphoric compound, well tolerated bybyby organismsorganisms.... with high activity inininhypodermosishypodermosis. ...
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® External applications For these applications aaa. a...uuuu....vvvv....areareare utilized over 202020compounds with activity ononon: on ::: mange, licelicelice and myiasismyiasis. ...
Concentration Protection Insecticide (%) (weeks) Bromophos 0,02 8 Diclorfent hion 0,025 8 Carbofenthion 0,045 8 bathing 0,002 12 spraying Organophosphorus used Chlorfenvinphos 0,04 26 in bathing and spraying Diazinon (bathing) 0,025 6 8 (after Brander, 1991) Phosmet (both) 0,02 8
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® Concentration Insecticide (%) Coumaphos 0,05 Clorfenvinphos 0,05 Dioxathion 0,15 Organophosphorus used against ticks (after Brander, 1991) Ethion 0,075
Applied dose Insecticide (mg/kgcorp) Organophosphorus used against mange is sheep Coumaphos 10 (after Brander, 1991) Deltamethrin 1% Concentration Fenclorphos 150 Insecticide (ppm) Fenthion 7,5 Diazinon 100 125 Organophosphorus and Ivermectin 0,5% Flumethrin 55 associations used pour on Trichlorfon 50 Propetamphos 125 (after Brander, 1991) Permethrin 1% Phosmet 20 Spot on products applied on the dorsal line of the back
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® Administration ininin feed ininin combating systemic ,,, lowlowlowdose (((75(757575 125125 ppm)ppm). ... usedused:::: Dichlorfenthion DimethoatDimethoate eeeand TrichlorTrichlorph phphphonononon.... effective ininin: in ::: gasterophilus inininhorseshorses, ,,,administered with thethethe nasonaso oesophagealoesophageal probeprobe, ,,,ininin single dosesdoses. ...
Organophosphorus used in gasterophilus in horse (after Brander, 1991)
Administered with the Organophosphates used in necklaces in carnivores Insecticide probe (after Brander, 1991) (mg/bw) Diclorvos 50 Concentration Insecticide Animal (%) Ruelen 100 8,9 Dog Trichlorphon 75 Diclorvos 4,65 Cat Fospirate 15 Dog Propoxur 9,4 Dog
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® Group ofofof carbamates
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® The group contains about 252525basic compounds classified into several subgroups ...
Action –––similar tototo organophosphorus also based ononon cholinesterase blockingblocking. ...
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® Carbaryl (Arylam, Dicarbam, Ravion, Seffein, Sevin)
excellent external acaricide asasassuspension ororor emulsions 111 1 5555%%%% and powders 555%5%%%.... carbaryl used massively ininin conditionings asasas powders, spray, collars forforfor dogs and cats === good contact insecticide ...... thethethecarbarylcarbaryl’s ’s’s’sactivity ininin collars forforfor dogs and cats inininlonglong termterm,,,,even reaching over 444monthsmonths. ... againstagainst:::: fleas, ticksticks, ,,,mosquitoes, lice, mangemange. ... concentrations ofofof 000,0,,,1111 0000,,,,2222%%%%,,, inappropriate utilization may cause resistanceresistance. ... signs ofofof intoxicationintoxication: :::nosea, vomiting, diarrhea, bronchoconstriction, salivation, cyanosis, convulsions and comacoma....
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® ClorphenamidClorphenamideeee (Clordimephorm, Galeron)
very active against resistant arthropods atatat 000, 0,,,5555 1111‰‰ OPOPOP; OP ;;; three days remanence ,,, toxic and even has aaa carcinogenic potential ... can bebebe associated ininin lowlowlow concentrations with OPOPOP and pyrethrins where inhibits itsitsitsdegradation bybyby esterases and oxidases ofofofarthropods ...
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® CymiazolCymiazole e e e (Tifatol)(Tifatol) aaa carbamylcarbamyl----methylmethyl naphthylnaphthyl- ---carbamatecarbamatecarbamate.... used ininin: in ::: bathing orororincorporated into medallionsmedallions. ... thethetheaction isisis based ononon cholinesterase blockingblocking. ... nonnon systemicsystemic ectoparasiticide ::: contact and respiratory good action ononon ticks and eggs ofofofticksticks. ... BeBeBe nnndiocarb (Ficam Dycarb, Garvox, Multamat, Multimet, Niomil, Rotate, Seedox, Tattoo, Turcam) contact insecticidinsecticideeeewith thethethe same indicationsindications. ... spectruspectrummmmand toxicity asasascarbarylcarbaryl. ... againstagainst::::mosquitoesmosquitoes, ,,, fleasfleas,,,, licelicelice and ticksticks....
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® Methomyl (Acinate, Agrinate, Flytek, Kipsin, Lannate, Lanox, Methavin, Methomex, Nudrin, NuBait, Pillarmate)
introduced ininin 1966 asasaspesticide and asasas insecticide ininin19981998, ,,, does not determine risks tototo humans, animals and environment, until now areareare known 151515base products ofofofmethomyl, soluble powder, ofofofpulverization, emulsifiable ororor baitsbaits, ,,, can bebebe conditioned ininin :::necklaces, with permethrin, activityactivity:::: contact ororor sssy syyystemicstemic insecticideinsecticide.... great against ticks and fleasfleas. ... toxicitytoxicity:::: moderatmoderateeeetototo high forforforhuman and high forforforfish and beesbees....
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® Propoxur (Aprocarb, Baygon, Bifex, Blattanex, Brifur, Bolfo, Pillargon, Prentox Carbamate, Propogon, Propyon, Rhoden, Suncide, Sendran, Tendex, Unden, Undene) introduced ininin thethethe 606060s 60 sssasasas pesticidpesticideeee,,,and then asasas insecticidinsecticideeee.... broad spectrum especially against insects and itsitsits larvaelarvae. ... contact insecticide, asasas well asasas sssysyyystemicstemicstemic.... activity ::: aaa very fast knock down effect and aaa broad residual spectrum === aaa means tototo control mites highly appreciatedappreciated. ... wide variety ofofof formulations forforforveterinary useuseuse: use ::: emulsifiable concentrates, soluble powder, forforfor pulverizations, granules, aerosols, baits, and fumigationfumigation. ... moderate toxicitytoxicity: ::: inhaled ororor swallowedswallowed. ... but less toxic :::topical applicationsapplications. ... dddodooonot useuseuse ininincombination with carbamates :::phenothiazines, morphine, neostigmine, pyridostigmine, succinylcholine!
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® Formamidine (TriazopentadieneFormamidine (Triazopentadienessss))))
Cursuri Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® halide salts ofofof formamidinformamidineeee and fenamidfenamidoneoneone,,,, activity ininin cases ofofof resistance tototo OPOPOP and carbamate compoundscompounds.... octopamine receptor agonists ininin thethethe NSNSNS ofofof arthropodsarthropods. ... activityactivity:::: increased nerve activityactivity, ,,, feeding reduction ofofof muscle cell and disruption ofofof thethethe contraction mechanism ... may actact: :::inhibiting thethethe monoamine oxidase enzyme ,,, responsible forforfor thethethe degradation ofofof specific neurotransmitters (((norepinephrine(norepinephrine and serotonin )))=== accumulation (((biogenic (biogenic amines)amines).... thethethetoxicity ononon insectsinsects, ,,, different compared tototo other ectoparasitic structuresstructures, ,,,thethethe affected insects become quiescent, their death isisis fast installedinstalled. ...
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® Amitraz (Taktic, Mitaban, Mitac, Ovasyn, Ridd, Triatox,,Ectodex Triatox Ectodex))
actionaction:::: contact and ononon respiratory pathpath; ;;; ininin:in ::: 555%5%%%impregnated collars, retain their effectiveness 444monthsmonths. ... ininin:in ::: Sarcoptes, Chorioptes, Psoroptes, Demodex and ticksticks. ... metabolizationmetabolization::::organism and ononon skinskin: ::: 444 4 aminoaminoamino methylbenzoicmethylbenzoic acidacid.... toxicitytoxicity:::: lowlowlow,low ,,, broad safety limits ininin mammals,mammals,, ,,, signs ::: sedation ,,, associated with activity ononon ααα222 receptors ... asasas:as ::: bathing solutions and sprinklingsprinkling. ... sheep 000,0,,,05050505%%%%,,,, cattle 000,0,,,075075075%%%%,,,, swine 000,0,,,005005005%%%%,,,, bees (Varrescens) amitraz isisis contraindicated ininin horses! isisisnot carcinogen and does not accumulate into thethethe bodybody. ... one ofofof thethethe metabolites (BTS(BTS 272712727127271)))) === biological activity ononon amitrazamitraz.... amitraz isisis considered aaa: a::: propropro pro iiiinsecticinsecticinsecticidededede and propropro pro acaricidacaricidacaricideeee.... interdiction period === 141414days14 days meat ,,, 242424hhh. h... milkmilk.... Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® CCChlorChlorhloroooodimeformdimeform (Acaron(Acaron;;Carzol Bellotion Especial;; Especial Bermat Fundal, Galecron Ovatoxion Spanon) SynonymsSynonyms:::: Chlorophedine, Chlorophenamide, Chlorophenamidine
Interferes thethethe amine regulatory mechanisms ... ToxicityToxicity:::: moderatmoderateeee––––highhighhigh.... Signs ofofof intoxicationintoxication: ::: miosis, vomiting, bronchoconstriction, which limits thethethe useuseuse ofofofthethethe product forforfor dogs ofofof less than 333 monthsmonths.... inininintoxicationsintoxications: ::: lavage with activated charcoal, atropinatropine eee 000,0,,,2222mg/mg/mg/kgbwkgbw diazepam, PAMPAM. ...
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® Source: http://www.vetlearn.com/Media/images/2009vf/05_09/VF_0509_22.png Fenamidone isethionate isisis444, 4,,,4444''' ' ooox oxxxyyyydibenzamidindibenzamidindibenzamidineeee isethionicisethionicisethionic,,,, heheheproduct was initially used asasasantianti infective,infective, then against Babesia sppspp.... was enshrined ininin demodectic mangemange. ...
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® Antiparasitic macrolides
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® InInInthis classclass, ,,,with ectocid activityactivity: :::
Doramectin, Eprinomectin, Ivermectin, Selamectin, Milbemycin oxime, MoxidectinMoxidectin.... The modality ofofof action ofofofthethethe group === GABA agonistic activity modulationmodulation,,,, Major targettarget: ::: binding glutamate tototothethethe chlorine channels, and causing thethethe paralysis ofofof thethethe insectsinsects....
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® ►► ivermectin and abamectiabamectin nnn=== avermectineavermectinessss,,,, ►► first endectocide structuresstructures. ... Ivermectin (Ivomec) potent insecticide and acaricide with contact activity and orally introduced ininin 1981 asasas anthelmintics and then asasas insecticidinsecticideeee.... Abamectin first introduced asasas ananan injectable formulation aaa.a...uuuu....vvvv.... ininin:in ::: nematodes and licelicelice ininin cattlescattles. ... formulationsformulations::::injectable pourpour on,on, spotspot on,on, even asasas bowlsbowls. ... thethetheforbidden period forforfor meat and milkmilk, ,,, considered prolonged ::: 202020 20 28282828daysdays. ... Excreted through fecesfeces= === toxic tototo coprofagic insects!
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® MilbemycinMilbemycin oximoximoximeeee (Interceptor) insecticidinsecticideeee,,,, acaricidacaricideeeeand nematodicidnematodicide eeewith contact and digestive action, produced bybyby Streptomyces hygroscopicushygroscopicus. ... MoxidectiMoxidectinnnn endectocide resulting from fermentation and synthesis, from StrStrStr.Str ...cyanogriseus nocynogenusnocynogenus. ... Selamectin (Revolution, Stronghold) semisynthetic producproduct tttanalogues tototo doramectindoramectin. ... used inininthethethe newest conditionings asasas spotspot ononononand pourpour onononon inininthethethe prevention and treatment ofofofticks and fleasfleas. ...
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® DoramectinDoramectineeee broad spectrum insecticidinsecticideeeeand acaricidacaricide, e,e,e, action bybybyingestion and contact, produced bybyby thethethe fermentation ofofofaaa mutant strain ofofof StrStrStr.Str ... aaavermitilisavermitilisvermitilis,,,, asasas systemic endectocide with ectoparasitic activity against many insects and ticks, including multi resistant strains ... Eprinomectin (Eprinex) introduced ininin 19971997, ,,,ininin parasites ininin thethethe cattle including thethethe lactating ones, thethetheonly representative ofofof thethethe group ofofof avermectinsavermectins milbemycins which can bebebe placed ininin thethethe strategic programs against endo and ectoparasites! lowlowlowrisk ofofof residues, without withdrawal conditioncondition. ...
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® Pyrethrins
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® AreAreAreinsecticides ofofof contact, aaa little toxic forforfor animalsanimals. ... Divided ininin two groupsgroups: :::
nnnaturalnatural pyrethroidspyrethroids; ;;; derived synthetic pyrethroidspyrethroids. ... Pyrethrins (((n (nnnaturalatural pyrethroidspyrethroids; ;;;)))) Pyrethrum powder from thethethe dried calatides ,,, pulverized bybyby thethethe Chrysante mmmumumum speciesspecies.... inininthethethe powder areareare found esters (((0 (000,,,,5555 3333%%%%)))):::: pyrethrin III and IIIIII ;;; cinerin III and IIIIII colorless liquid, oily, immiscible ininin water, liposolubleliposoluble. ... Pyrethrins can bebebe combined with organochlorine, organophosphorusorganophosphorus,,,,which have aaa slower action but areareare more toxictoxic.... Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® Pyrethrins ((synthetic derivativessynthetic derivatives))
with chemical compounds similar tototo pyrethrins, not photosensitive !!! some have even aaa repellent actionaction. ... combating cockroaches, ants, lice, bybybyprinkler and pulverization, againstagainst:::: Stomoxys calcitrans, Musca autumnalis, onononscabiesscabies: ::: Psoroptes bovis, Sarcoptes suissuis. ...
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® Pyrethroid esters FenvaleratFenvalerateeee (Acadex 6060,,Pydrin,Pydrin,Sumicidin, Belmark), Permethrin (Ambush, Ectiban, Pounce, Exspot), Flumethrin (Bayticol), AcrinathrinAcrinathrin,,,, Cyhalothrin (Grenade), Cypermethrin (((Barricade, (Barricade,Ripcord), Flucythrinat eee (Pay off), FluvalinatFluvalinateeee TauTau fluvalinatfluvalinatfluvalinateeee Products and associations aaa. a...uuuu....vvvv.:.:.:.: Stomosan ECECEC ((permethrinpermethrin));; NeoNeo StomosanStomosan ((tetramethrintetramethrin ++permethrinpermethrin));; Butox BBB 1212,,55((deltamethrindeltamethrin )).. Chemotox ((tetramethrintetramethrin));;
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® Rotenone
from thethethe plant Lonchocarpus nicou (fam(fam.... Leguminosae ),),), known asasas thethetheDerris powder (((5 (555%%%%rotenonrotenone eee),),),), insoluble inininwater, but soluble ininin organic solventssolvents. ... under thethethe influence ofofof light and airairair oxidizes ... from transparency, becomes yellow ,,, orange, then red, can crystallize ininin: in ::: dehydro rotenone and rotenone toxic forforfor insects, acting faster than hexachlorocyclohexane but slower than thethethe Pyrethrum powderpowder. ...
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® act asasas toxictoxic: ::: ofofofsurface and ingestioningestion.... used asasas: as ::: powder (((1 (111%%%%),),),), orororasasas oily solution (((2 (222%%%%)))).... inhibiting thethethe transport activity ofofof mitochondria ofofof thethethe arthropodsarthropods.... ininin:in ::: demodectic mange ininin dogs and good antiprotozoalantiprotozoal.... administrations will bebebe made atatat intervals ofofof777 7 10101010daysdays. ... thethethe massive ingestion ororor inhalation ::: nose aaa,,, vomiting ,,, tachypneatachypnea,,,,esthesia loss and muscle tremorstremors. ... deathdeath:::: respiratory spasm, preceded bybyby convulsionsconvulsions. ... fish areareare very sensitive tototo rotenone poisoning! chronic toxicity === modification ofofof fatfatfat deposits inininthethethe liver and kidneyskidneys.... thethethedirect contact ofofof thethetheskin and mucosa === moderate irritationsirritations.... inhalation === more harmful than ingestioningestion. ... Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® BBBiopesticidesBiopesticides these substances constitutes thethethe therapy ofofof future, these substances does not influence other organismsother than insects,
AdvantagesAdvantages:::: arearearenot toxic and does not seem plausible that insecticides can adapt and create forms ofofof resistance ininin thethethe coming yearsyears. ...
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® JJJuvenileJuvenile hormones
delay thethetheonset ofofof sexual maturity ininin arthropodsarthropods. ... developmentdevelopment:::: egg –––larvae –larvae –––pupa –pupa –––imago –imago ofofofthethethe insects === directed bybyby hormoneshormones. ... aaasustained treatment === death ofofof thethethe insectsinsects. ... hormones produced bybyby thethethe neurosecretory cells reach through circulation atatat thethetheendocrine glands from prothorax activating thethethe secretion ofofof aaa hormone, ecdysone which determines thethethe rapid growth and development ofofofinsectsinsects. ... InInIn corpus allatum isisissecreted thethethejuvenile hormone which prevents precocious sexual maturation and impupationimpupation. ...
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® MethopreMethoprenenenene(Altosid, Viodat)
stimulates the juvenile hormone of larvae from animal feces. prevents the formation of chitin coating. ininin:in ::: combating the populations of flies from peacocks. slightly toxic, cattlecattle:::: 0,020,02 0,03 mg/kg0,03 mg/kg0,03 mg/kgbwbwbwbw././././daydayday.... ininin 101010 10 14 14 14 daysdays = = = 959595 95 98%98% decrease of flies populationdecrease of flies population.... indirect: prevent the infectious keratoconjunctivitis produced by Moraxella bovis. Substances that mimic juvenile hormonesSubstances that mimic juvenile hormones: : : : EpofenonanEpofenonaneeee Fenoxycarb HydroprenHydropreneeee KinoprenKinopreneeee Pyriproxyfen TriprenTripreneeee Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® Repellents
external antiparasitic substances that repel insectsinsects. ... does not produce death ofofof insectsinsects. ... sanitarsanitar::::aaa good repellent worth asasasananan insecticideinsecticide. ... preventsprevents:::: transmitting diseases bybyby insectsinsects. ... ensuresensures:::: thethethepeacefulness ofofof animalsanimals. ... Representatives ::: diethyl toluamide, dimethyldimethyl toluamidetoluamide (Protect B,B,B, Moszkito, Szuku) dimethyl phthalate (Szura)(Szura). ... dibutyl phthalatephthalate. ... 555 5 40404040%%%%,,,, asasas:as ::: ointments, solutions ororor aerosolsaerosols.... onononskinskin: ::: aaafewfewfew hours protectionprotection.... impregnation ofofof textiles ===longlong termterm actionaction....
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® Other modern means
Cursuri Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® Sterilization of insects ApholatApholateeee PheromonePheromones s s s (attractors)(attractors) Dimethoxybenzamide (DEET) Citrus extracts (Citronella) TricosenTricoseneeee
Chitin inhibitors Flufenoxuron CyromazinCyromazineeee (Neporex, Larvadex) Fluazuron (Akatak) ClofentezinClofentezineeee DiflovidazinDiflovidazineeee (Pestanal)
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® IIInsecticidal bacteriaInsecticidal bacteria ThuringiensiThuringiensin nnn Alosamidin
Image source: http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v1/Cursuri Prof. Romeon3/images/nrg1200 218a f4.jpg T. Cristina® http://image.absoluteastronomy.com/images /encyclopediaimages/n/np/npv life_cycle.jpg Baculovirus vibrions assembled in in in protein formations: super virion capsida (SPVC). ActionAction:::: The baculovirus enters the insect by ingestion. from herefrom here:::: reaches the medium intestinemedium intestine, , , , under the action of enzymesaction of enzymes,,,, will proteinizes releasing virions which will develop in the epithelial cells of insects on which they will destroy which they will destroy ....
Cursuri Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® Acaricidal fungus
produced bybyby: by ::: penetrating thethethe host bybyby thethethe pathogenpathogen. ... dual actionaction: ::: mechanical and enzymaticenzymatic. ... StagesStages:::: 111... penetration ofofof thethethe cuticular tegument ... 222.2...fungi will penetrate thethethe insect hemocellhemocell. ... 333.3...Quick multiplicationmultiplication. ... 444.4...Insect colonizationcolonization, ,,, bybybyproliferation ofofof blastoporeblastopore. ... 555.5...continued growth thethethe micelles ofofof fungus, 666.6...thereby blocking thethethe circulation ofofof thethethe haemolymph, 777.7...will totally disintegrate tissuestissues. ...
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® Insecticide synergists PPPiperonylPiperonyl butoxidebutoxide(Butancide, (Butancide,Launol)
synergistically associated with ::: pyrethrinspyrethrins,,,,OC, OPOPOP === increased efficiencyefficiency.... nononoside effectseffects. ... lowlowlowtoxicity when administered ononon skinskin. ... toxictoxic:::: bybybyinhalation ororor swallowing large quantitiesquantities. ... does not exercise pollutant effects ononon environment ::: desintegrates inininthethethe environmentenvironment. ... thethethemore thethethe proportion ofofof piperonyl butoxide isisishigher, thethethe lower will bebebe thethethe concentration ofofof thethethe associated pyrethrinspyrethrins. ... thethethe knockknock downdown classic effect ,,, will bebebe significantly amplifiedamplified. ... inhibitsinhibits:::: thethethemicrosomal enzymatic system ofofof arthropods and mange Other representativesrepresentatives: ::: sesamex (Sesoxane), piprotal, propylisompropylisome eee,,,,sesamolinsesamolin. ...
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® Fermentation products Spinosad (Entrust, Spintor, Comfort) mixturemixture:::: spinosyn AAA +++ spinosyn DDD. D... MetabolitesMetabolites::::Sacharopolyspora spinosa great contact activity, most toxic when ingestedingested. ... Spectrum ::: dipterdipteraaaa,,,, thysanopterthysanopteraaaa,,,, syphonaptersyphonapteraaaa and best resultsresults: ::: lepidopterlepidopteraaaa.... seems more effective against immature stages (larvae, nymphs) than against adult forms present ononon thethetheanimalanimal. ...
Source: http://www.animal health online.de/gross/wpCursuri Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® content/uploads/2008/07/spy_nerven.gif Phenylpyrazoles Fipronil (Frontline, Top spot)
nonnon systemicsystemic insecticide and acaricide ofofof next generationgeneration. ... broad spectrumspectrum: ::: contact and digestive actionaction. ... actsacts:::: onononthethethe GABA inhibitor receptors ofofof insectsinsects. ... inhibit thethethe flow ofofof ClClCl Cl ionsions inininthethethe nervous cellcell. ... will resultresult: ::: neuromuscular hyperexcitability, paresis, paralysis and death ofofof insectsinsects. ... broad spectrum ::: fleas, ticks and licelicelice ... arearearenot yetyetyet known fipronil resistance phenomenaphenomena. ... Fipronil isisis toxic forforfor bees (((direct (direct contact and ingestioningestion)! )!)!)!
Source: http://www.vetrxdirect.com/images/358 1.jpg
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® Currently areareare known three formulations ofofoffipronilfipronil: ::: aerosols 000. 0...25252525%%%%,,,, solution 101010% 10 %%%,,,, spotspot on,on, associated with (methopren(methoprene) e)e)e).... Rapidly and well absorbed ,,, concentration dependent ininin allallall species ofofof mammals and will accumulate ininin thethethe sebaceous glandsglands.... AAA single dose isisis efficient! ExcretionExcretion:::: fecesfeces,,,,both biotransformed and conjugatedconjugated.... Restricted urinary excretionexcretion: ::: only conjugated metabolitesmetabolites. ... ToxicityToxicity:::: considerated lowlowlow. low ...
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® Recent phenylpyrazoles: AcetoprolAcetoproleeee EEEhEhhhtiproltiproltiproleeee PyrafluproPyrafluprolelelele
Other known structures: Pyrachlophos PyriprolPyriproleeee Tebufenpyrad Tolfenpyrad VaniliprolVaniliproleeee
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® New acaricide structures (synthesis Cristina)
Structural group Substance Pyrimidinamine Pyrimidifen Pyrrole Chlorfenapyr Quinoxaline Chinomethionat; Thioquinox Sulfate esters Propargite Tetrazine Clofentezine; Diflovidazin Tetronic acid compounds Spirodiclofen Thioureas Chloromethiuron; Diafenthiuron Orphan acaricides (unclassified) Acequinocyl; Amidoflumet; Bifenazate; Crotamiton
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® Conclusions
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® Internal therapy
diet, weighing the animal, weigh the heaviest animal in the flock. in large herds, performing a sample group group . ... cheese is not fermented by benzimidazoles. when administering Ivomec be careful in dogs and horseshorses!!!!
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® External therapy
volume of water for bathing should be know exactly is done a test on animals (the weakest). after bathing , , , animals are not kept in sunlight ororor stream of air ... the completing water for bathing is more concentrated than the initial one. forforfor dog and cat there are different antidifferent anti flea collars.flea collars.
Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina® Thanks for your attention !! Image source: http://www.zooplus.es/bilder/1/109211_karlie_hundespielzeu_1.jpg Courses Prof. Romeo T. Cristina®