Le Cas De Cyclope Neritea (Nassariidae) Sur Les Cˆotes Fran¸Caises

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Le Cas De Cyclope Neritea (Nassariidae) Sur Les Cˆotes Fran¸Caises Universit´ede La Rochelle Ecole´ Doctorale de La Rochelle Centre de Recherche sur les Ecosyst`emesLittoraux´ Anthropis´es UMR 6217 Evolution´ et G´en´etique des Populations Marines UMR 7144 Expansion d’aire et processus d’introductions biologiques en milieu marin : le cas de Cyclope neritea (Nassariidae) sur les cˆotes fran¸caises. THESE` pr´esent´ee et soutenue publiquement le 4 Juillet 2006 pour l’obtention du grade de Docteur de l’universit´ede La Rochelle (sp´ecialit´ebiologie ´evolutive et ´ecologie) par BenoˆıtSimon-Bouhet Composition du jury Pr´esident: Guy Bachelet Station Marine d’Arcachon Rapporteurs : J´erˆomeGoudet Universit´ede Lausanne Serge Gofas Universit´ede Malaga Directrice : Fr´ed´erique Viard Station Biologique de Roscoff Co-directrice : Pascale Garcia Universit´ede La Rochelle Remerciements J’ai eu la chance de réaliser cette thèse en co-encadrement : deux directrices, deux labo- ratoires, deux environnements. J’ai donc évidemment beaucoup de monde à remercier, mais hélas, j’ai surtout deux fois plus de chances d’oublier quelqu’un ! Je tiens tout d’abord à exprimer ma gratitude à Myriame Valéro et Gérard Blanchard, qui m’ont ouvert les portes de leurs laboratoires respectifs, à Roscoff et La Rochelle. Durant ces quatre années, ils m’ont accordé leur confiance pour mener à bien ce travail et je les en remercie. Merci également à messieurs Guy Bachelet, Serge Gofas et Jérôme Goudet d’avoir accepté de faire partie de mon jury de thèse. Naturellement, ma plus grande reconnaissance va ensuite à mes deux co-directrices, Frédérique Viard et Pascale Garcia, sans qui ce travail n’aurait jamais vu le jour. Elles me suivent et me supportent depuis le stage de D.E.A., au cours duquel j’ai découvert ce qu’était la génétique des populations. Depuis cette époque, elles m’ont énormément appris, et ont su me communiquer leur passion de la recherche. Au-delà de leur expertise dans la discipline, c’est, j’en suis convaincu, leurs qualités humaines qui ont fait de ces quatre années une expérience enrichissante et particulièrement enthousiasmante. Merci infiniment à toutes les deux pour le temps et l’énergie que vous m’avez consacrés au cours de ces quelques années de travail acharné. Si cette thèse s’est bien déroulée et a pu arriver à son terme, c’est également grâce à toutes les “petites mains” qui m’ont accompagné, à Roscoff et La Rochelle. A la technique, applaudissez Vanessa Becquet et Claire Daguin ! Elles ont été là chaque fois que j’ai eu besoin d’elles, c’est-à-dire. fréquemment ! Leur aide à la paillasse a été inestimable, et connaissant leur efficacité et leur rigueur, je me suis reposé sur leurs compétences bien (trop ?) souvent. Merci à toutes les deux de m’avoir aidé quand j’en ai eu besoin. Qu’il me soit ici permis de remercier un homme qui a beaucoup de métier métier (oui oui, deux fois métier). Il aurait pu être boulanger, rémouleur ou encore bourrelier. Mais non. Heureusement pour moi (et pour beaucoup d’autres), Jacques Pigeot a choisi de faire de la Science. Ou plutôt Des Sciences, car ses connaissances et compétences sont diverses, variées, multiples, que dis-je, encyclopédiques ! Jacques m’a été d’une aide indispensable, donnant de son temps sans compter au cours de quelques “manips” terrain mémorables, notamment en Espagne et au Portugal. Toujours sur le coup pour dénicher, à marée basse, les sites où ma bestiole était susceptible de se cacher, et à marée haute, les bouges (pas toujours) fréquentables où la Sangria coule à flot et où la morue est servie. bien salée ! Malgré ton grand âge, tu as su garder ton âme d’enfant (un enfant très au fait des “choses” i de la vie, j’en conviens !). Merci à toi donc, mon maître en tout ( !), pour la multitude de conseils, tes nombreux coups de mains et ta bonne humeur contagieuse ! Ont également contribué à cette thèse, deux personnes que je ne connaissais pas avant de découvrir la Station Biologique de Roscoff et qui sont très rapidement devenues des amis sincères. Couple improbable (la Belle et la Bête !) mais envié, ceux qui les connaissent les auront reconnus : il s’agit bien sûr de Gaëlle et Xavier ! Dés le début, ils m’ont accueilli chez eux comme leur “fils adoptif” (même si je ne suis pas sûr de vouloir d’un père comme Xavier !) et ont su rendre moins cruel l’éloignement de ma douce et tendre lorsque venant de la chaude et ensoleillée La Rochelle, je débarquais dans la froideur pluvieuse du Finistère Nord (j’entends d’ici les Bretons hurler à la calomnie ! ). Merci à tous les deux, pour tout, et surtout parce que vous êtes comme vous êtes : ne changez rien. Je tiens également à remercier Nathalie et Jean-François pour leur amitié et leur soutien. S’ils ne sont pas directement à l’origine de cette thèse, c’est tout de même un peu grâce à eux si j’en suis là aujourd’hui. Dès le D.E.U.G. (eux diraient au berceau !), ils m’ont dit, avec le bon sens qui les caractérise : “Mais Benoît ! Qu’est-ce que tu fais à Poitiers si tu veux faire de la biologie marine ?. Tu perds ton temps, y a pas la mer ! Viens plutôt à La Rochelle !” Influençable comme j’étais, je les ai écoutés. Pendant un moment, j’ai cru que leur insistance cachait quelque chose : peut-être ont-ils des parts dans l’immobilier Rochelais, ou un intéressement quelconque aux inscriptions de l’université ? Mais non. Ces gens-là ne sont pas comme ça (en dehors de la mainmise de Nathalie sur la cagnote du café bien sûr !), ils ne voulaient que mon bien. Merci donc à tous les deux pour votre bienveillance et votre amitié. Merci également à la fine équipe des sportifs de l’institut : Thierry, Paco, Florence, Gilles, Denis. Que ce soit au badminton ou pour “Mon légionnaire”, ça fait du bien la rigolade entre midi et deux ! Merci aussi aux doctorants de Roscoff et de La Rochelle (Ma- rie, Mélanie, Thomas, Pierre-Yves, JC, Oliv’, Élise, Benoît, Karolina. ) qui, à l’occasion d’un pot, d’un échange de créneau de TD, ou d’une permutation de dernière minute sur le planning du Li-Cor, ont rendu cette thèse plus vivable. Comme le chômeur en fin de droits, le doctorant en fin de thèse est souvent paumé, au bord de la dépression et parfois même, dans la précarité ! Dans ces moments difficiles, ce sont bien sûr les amis et la famille qui, sans le savoir, lui remontent le moral. A ce titre, je tiens en particulier à remercier les copains de lycée ainsi que leurs tendres moitiés (par ordre alphabétique, pour ne fâcher personne !) : Alex, Cécile, Céline, Étienne, Fabienne, Matthieu, Mawy-Cézil, Nico, Patrice et Tifaine. Jérôme et Laurence, ainsi que tous les amis plongeurs avides d’épaves et de réseau karistique (Pierre, Jean-Claude, Marc, Thomas, Flo, Vincent. ) ont aussi joué un grand rôle : rien de tel qu’une semaine de ii plongée entre amis pour se vider la tête (même si ces derniers temps, la fréquence de ces fameuses semaines de décompression est en chute libre). Ma famille proche a également été d’un soutien sans faille. Ma belle-famille tout d’abord, toujours aux petits soins avec moi. Peut-être arriveront-ils un jour à retenir le nom de la bestiole qui m’a occupé pendant plus de quatre ans ! Mes parents bien sûr, qui, chaque fois que je rentrais au pays me demandaient l’air inquiet : “Alors, cette thèse. Ça avance ?” sans trop vraiment comprendre de quoi il pouvait bien s’agir ! Ma sœur et son mari, toujours inquiets (certainement à juste titre) de ma santé physique et morale. Leur adorable Léna, dont le moindre éclat de rire suffit à effacer bien des soucis. Mon frère, épicurien devant l’éternel (sait-il seulement ce que ça veut dire, lui qui a fait des études de sport ? ! !), qui m’a dit un jour depuis l’Australie : “To bigorneau to be. That’s the question !”. Si ça c’est pas de la culture ! Merci à tous pour les ondes positives que vous m’avez envoyées durant tout ce temps, et merci tout simplement d’être là, même à distance. Et enfin, merci à toi Delphine. Même si tu n’as jamais tenu de pipette, enfilé de cuissardes ou fait tourner un logiciel de statistiques, cette thèse est autant la tienne que la mienne. Merci pour tes sacrifices et ton amour. Cette fois ça y est, ta patience va enfin être récompensée : le début de la suite commence. iii iv “Mais à qui qu’ô vous sert mes pauv’ drôles ?. ” (Trad. : mais à quoi cela vous sert-il mes pauvres enfants ?) Odette Triboire, communication personelle “L’Homme de Science le sait bien, lui, que seule la Science a pu, au fil des siècles, lui apporter l’horloge pointeuse et le parcmètre automatique, sans lesquels il n’est pas de bonheur terrestre possible.” P. Desproges, Vivons heureux en attendant la mort v vi Table des matières Remerciements i Table des figures xiii Liste des tableaux xvii Liste des Encadrés xix Introduction générale 1 1 L’aire de distribution des espèces 3 1.1 Généralités ................................. 3 1.2 Expansion et limites d’aires : particularités en milieu marin ...... 5 1.2.1 Dispersion et expansion ...................... 5 1.2.2 Barrières géographiques ...................... 7 1.2.3 Établissement ............................ 9 2 L’influence de l’homme sur l’étendue des aires de distribution 11 2.1 Changements climatiques et déplacements directionnels ........
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