Morphological Variation of Three Populations of the Veined Rapa Whelk, Rapana Venosa, an Invasive Predatory Gastropod Species
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W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 2001 Morphological Variation of Three Populations of the Veined Rapa Whelk, Rapana venosa, an Invasive Predatory Gastropod Species Rebecca A. Green College of William and Mary - Virginia Institute of Marine Science Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the Marine Biology Commons, Morphology Commons, and the Oceanography Commons Recommended Citation Green, Rebecca A., "Morphological Variation of Three Populations of the Veined Rapa Whelk, Rapana venosa, an Invasive Predatory Gastropod Species" (2001). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539617974. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.25773/v5-tjy7-6d92 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION OF THREE POPULATIONS OF THE VEINED RAPA WHELK RAP ANA VENOSA, AN INVASIVE PREDATORY GASTROPOD SPECIES A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the School of Marine Science The College of William and Mary in Virginia In Partial Fulfillment Of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science By Rebecca A. Green 2001 ProQuest Number: 10632241 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest. ProQuest 10632241 Published by ProQuest LLC (2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 - 1346 This thesis is submitted in partial fulfillment of The requirements of the degree of Master of Science Rebecca A. Green Approved, May 2001 Roger L. Mann, Ph D Committee Chair/ Advisor Mark R. Patterson, Ph.D J David A^varrsfPh.D J. Emmett Duffy, Ph.D -7^ <Q , L M G. Harasewych, Ph.D Smithsonian Institution Washington, D.C. Table of Contents ACKNOWLEDGMENTS...................................................................................v LIST OF TABLES............................................................................................... vii LIST OF FIGURES............................................................................................. viii ABSTRACT.......................................................................................................... x DESCRIPTION OF RAPANA VENOSA...........................................................2 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................8 Evolution of the Gastropod form ...........................................................8 Taxonomy of the Gastropoda ................................................................ 10 Formation of the gastropod shell ...........................................................11 Allometry.................................................................................................. 16 Growth rates and variation in shell form ..............................................19 Phenotypic Plasticity...............................................................................22 Computer technology and morphometries ...........................................29 The non-native species problem ............................................................ 31 Rapana venosa, an invasive gastropod .................................................40 Study Objectives ......................................................................................47 MATERIALS AND METHODS....................................................................... 48 Field sampling ......................................................................................... 48 Image capture ........................................................................................... 50 Image analysis.......................................................................................... 51 Bivariate statistical calculations ............................................................ 53 Multivariate statistical methods ............................................................ 57 Intrapopulational methods........................................................................58 Interpopulational methods ........................................................................60 Interspecific methods ............................................................................. 60 RESULTS.............................................................................................................. 62 Intrapopulational variation - Korea .................................................... 62 Intrapopulational variation - Black Sea ............................................. 63 Intrapopulational variation - Chesapeake Bay ....................................65 Interpopulational variation - Korea, Black Sea, and Chesapeake Bay.......................................................... 66 Interpopulational variation - Asia, Black Sea, and Chesapeake Bay................................................................................75 Interspecific variation ..............................................................................81 iii DISCUSSION........................................................................................................85 Intrapopulational variation ..................................................................... 85 Interpopulational variation ..................................................................... 87 Interspecific variation ..............................................................................93 APPENDIX A The Graph Menagerie..............................................................................97 APPENDIX B Methods of reducing the population of Rapana venosa in the Chesapeake Bay, VA, U.S.A.......................................................................... 123 WORKS CITED....................................................................................................127 iv Acknowledgements I gratefully acknowledge the mentoring of my advisor, Dr. Roger Mann, for his support and patience. Additionally, I would like to thank Roger and the other members of my committee: Drs. David Evans, Mark Patterson, Emmett Duffy, and Jerry Harasewych (Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.) for their critiques, guidance, and senses of humor. Dr. Mike Newman, who served as the moderator of my committee, also jumped in and provided me with assistance in statistical techniques. I would like to thank Dr. Je Jong-Geel, his family, and staff at the Korean Ocean Research and Development Institute and Dr. Choi “Albert” Kwan-Sik, his family, and staff at Cheju National University for assisting me collect Rapana venosa in Korea. These people provided not only assistance in the collection of specimens, but assistance in translation and an introduction into the Korean culture. The assistance of the other participants and organizers of the 1999 NSF/KOSEF Summer Institute in Korea is also gratefully acknowledged. For the collection of Turkish Black Sea specimens of Rapana venosa I would like to thank Arminda Gensler and Dr. Kadir Seyhan. I would like to thank the VIMS Molluscan Ecology laboratory for their help, including Juliana Harding, Missy Southworth, Erica Westcott, and Catherine Ware. Raye Germon and Dr. Ralph Chapman provided me with additional assistance at the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., as did Dr. Yuri Cantor of the Moscow Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia. This project was funded by the National Sea Grant Aquatic Nuisance Species Research and Outreach, American Museum of Natural History’s Lerner-Grey Grant Award, and the NSF/KOSEF Summer Institute in Korea. I am always indebted to the moral support of my friends and family, without whom nothing is possible, but with whom nothing is impossible. In particular, I would like to acknowledge Larry Green, Nancy Green, Susan Green, Karen Harris, David Bew, Rachael Bew, Amanda Bew, and Heather D. Phillips. Thank you to “Grandma Jo” and “Baba” Simonds for introducing me to the Chesapeake Bay and its wonders. I would also like to thank the myriad to teachers and professors who have touched my life along the way. This thesis is dedicated to honor the memory of my grandmother, Marilyn Koff (1916-2000) She showed me my wings and encouraged me to soar. List of Tables T able Page 1. Current classification of Rapana venosa..............................................6 2. Summary of the results of the intrapopulational variation within the Korean data set .......................................................63 3. Summary of the results for the intrapopulational variation within the Black Sea data set .................................................. 64 4. Summary of the results for the intrapopulational variation within the Chesapeake Bay data set.......................................66 5. Allometry in Korean, Black Sea, and Chesapeake Bay populations of Rapana venosa.......................................................