DOCSLIB.ORG

Sex Differences in Tool Use Acquisition in Bonobos (Pan Paniscus)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Sex Differences in Tool Use Acquisition in Bonobos (Pan Paniscus) American Journal of Primatology 75:917–926 (2013) RESEARCH ARTICLE Sex Differences in Tool Use Acquisition in Bonobos (Pan paniscus) 1 1 2 KLAREE J. BOOSE *, FRANCES J. WHITE , AND AUDRA MEINELT 1Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 2Columbus Zoo and Aquarium, Powell, Ohio All the great ape species are known tool users in both the wild and captivity, although there is great variation in ability and behavioral repertoire. Differences in tool use acquisition between chimpanzees and gorillas have been attributed to differing levels of social tolerance as a result of differences in social structure. Chimpanzees also show sex differences in acquisition and both chimpanzees and bonobos demonstrate a female bias in tool use behaviors. Studies of acquisition are limited in the wild and between species comparisons are complicated in captivity by contexts that often do not reflect natural conditions. Here we investigated tool use acquisition in a captive group of naïve bonobos by simulating naturalistic conditions. We constructed an artificial termite mound fashioned after those that occur in the wild and tested individuals within a social group context. We found sex differences in latencies to attempt and to succeed where females attempted to fish, were successful more quickly, and fished more frequently than males. We compared our results to those reported for chimpanzees and gorillas. Males across all three species did not differ in latency to attempt or to succeed. In contrast, bonobo and chimpanzee females succeeded more quickly than did female gorillas. Female bonobos and female chimpanzees did not differ in either latency to attempt or to succeed. We tested the social tolerance hypothesis by investigating the relationship between tool behaviors and number of neighbors present. We also compared these results to those reported for chimpanzees and gorillas and found that bonobos had the fewest numbers of neighbors present. The results of this study do not support the association between number of neighbors and tool behavior reported for chimpanzees. However, bonobos demonstrated a similar sex difference in tool use acquisition, supporting the hypothesis of a female bias in tool use in Pan. Am. J. Primatol. 75:917–926, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Key words: great apes; termite fishing; social tolerance INTRODUCTION ape species [Boesch & Boesch‐Achermann, 2000; Many species of non‐human primates use tools in Galdikas, 1982; Gruber et al., 2010; Goodall, 1986; both captivity [chimpanzee: Kohler, 1927; bonobo: Kano, 1992; McGrew, 1992; Nishida, 1990; Reynolds, Jordan, 1982; orangutan: Galdikas, 1982; sooty 2005; Whiten et al., 2001]. Observations such as these mangabey: Kyes, 1988; capuchin: Visalberghi, 1990; have resulted in the description of and hypotheses gorilla: Fontaine et al., 1995; golden lion tamarin: related to material culture in great apes [Hohmann & Stoinski & Beck, 2001; ring‐tailed lemur and brown Fruth, 2003; McGrew, 1992; van Schaik et al., 2003; lemur: Santos et al., 2005; gibbon: Cunningham Whiten et al., 2001]. et al., 2006; vervet: Santos et al., 2006; mandrill: Addressing these differences, van Schaik et al. Pansini & de Ruiter, 2011] and the wild [chimpanzee: [1999] proposed four conditions that favor the van Lawick‐Goodall, 1970; red colobus: Struhsaker, evolution of material culture: (1) ecological opportu- 1975; bonobo: Kano, 1982; orangutan: van Schaik nity, (2) motor dexterity (3), the cognitive ability to et al., 1996; capuchin: Phillips, 1998, Boinski et al., 2000; gorilla: Breuer et al., 2005; spider monkey: Contract grant sponsor: Office of the Vice President of Research Rodrigues & Lindshield, 2007; long‐tailed macaque: at the University of Oregon. Ã Gumert et al., 2011]. Tool use by great apes is of Correspondence to: Klaree Boose, Department of Anthropology, 1218 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403. particular interest for modeling and identifying E‐mail: [email protected] potential conditions that contributed to the evolution Received 20 November 2012; revised 2 February 2013; revision of hominin tool use [Byrne, 2004; McGrew, 1992; van accepted 1 March 2013 Schaik et al., 1999]. Research on this topic has DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22155 revealed a great deal of behavioral variation in tool Published online 19 April 2013 in Wiley Online Library use behaviors both within and between the different (wileyonlinelibrary.com). © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 918 / Boose et al. solve problems, and (4) a high degree of social uals are routinely separated and reunited and must tolerance as a means to facilitate the social learning be highly socially tolerant to actively reform social of such complex behaviors. In the captive setting, bonds during fusion events. numerous tool use experiments and anecdotal In addition to the observed differences in tool evidence have demonstrated that all four species of repertoires between field sites, chimpanzees display great apes posses the motor dexterity and cognitive significant sex differences in complex foraging behav- ability to manufacture and use tools, even though ior. Females use tools to fish for termites more there is great variation in ability and behavioral frequently and for longer time periods than do males repertoires (gorillas: artificial fishing [Boysen [McGrew, 1979]. Females are also more efficient at et al., 1999]; orangutans: digging sticks and rain using stone tools to crack open nuts, whereas males covers [Galdikas, 1982]; chimpanzees and bonobos: hunt for prey and consume meat more frequently artificial fishing, aimed throwing, play, etc. [Gruber [Boesch & Boesch, 1984], although female chimpan- et al., 2010]). Even though chimpanzees and bonobos zees at Fongoli hunt with tools more frequently than differ in their abilities to solve physical and social males [Pruetz & Bertolani, 2007]. A study of tool use cognitive problems [Herrmann et al., 2010], recent acquisition in wild chimpanzees at Gombe found that studies also indicate that all of the great apes have a young females spent more time watching their similar understanding of the functional properties of mothers fish for termites, began fishing at an earlier tools [Herrmann et al., 2008]. age, and used tools more proficiently than did young Although ongoing research is continuing to males [Lonsdorf, 2005]. Although evidence of tool use reveal details and characteristics of tool use in all from bonobo field sites is sparse [Hohmann & of the great ape species, chimpanzees remain the Fruth, 2003; Ingmanson, 1996; Kano, 1982], a recent most prolific and diverse non‐human tool users (e.g.: survey of several captive groups found significant sex Bentley‐Condit & Smith [2010]), showing the highest differences in tool use behaviors where females used degree of behavioral variation and complexity tools more often and showed greater diversity in types [Boesch & Boesch‐Achermann, 2000; Goodall, 1986; of tools used [Gruber et al., 2010]. This raises the McGrew, 1992; Nishida, 1990; Reynolds, 2005; question of whether there are sex differences in tool Whiten et al., 2001]. This behavioral variation in use acquisition in bonobos and whether sex differ- tool use across chimpanzee study sites is thought to ences in tool behavior are similar or different across be the result of distinct cultural differences between the ape species. groups [McGrew, 1992], suggesting that social Differences in experimental methodology can learning, facilitated by having a high degree of social make direct comparisons among studies and species tolerance, plays a critical role in acquiring the tool use difficult. This study, therefore, examines the acquisi- behaviors present in a group [van Schaik et al., 1999]. tion of tool use behavior in bonobos under a Recent research focusing on differences in tool use naturalistic setting using a protocol modeled on the behavior between chimpanzees and gorillas supports experiment comparing tool use acquisition in chim- the hypothesis that social tolerance may play an panzees and gorillas at LPZ [Lonsdorf et al., 2009]. important role during acquisition [Lonsdorf et al., We presented a captive group of bonobos at the 2009]. A comparative study of tool use acquisition in Columbus Zoo and Aquarium (CZA) with an artificial these two species at the Lincoln Park Zoo (LPZ) termite mound and recorded latency to attempt and measured successful retrieval of bait from an artifi- to successfully use tools to extract bait. We first cial termite mound together with the number of predict that, similar to other groups of captive neighbors present during tool use, as a measure of bonobos [Gruber et al., 2010], this group of bonobos social tolerance [Lonsdorf et al., 2009]. They found will readily use tools. Chimpanzees that fish for that chimpanzees used tools more quickly and had a termites are selective in the types of tool material greater percentage of possible neighbors present used as well as the manner in which the raw material than did the gorillas. Later research on chimpanzee is modified [McGrew et al., 1979]. Chimpanzees often tool use acquisition demonstrated that the transmis- choose woody items in the form of tree and bush sion of novel tool use behaviors (the retrieval of bait branches that are modified through the employment from an apparatus called the “Panpipe” at the Yerkes of several behaviors specific to tool‐making, such as Primate Center) was facilitated by the high social detachment of raw material, side‐branch removal, tolerance exhibited by the two model individuals, leave
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Apes and Language: a Chicago Style Sample Paper Karen Shaw English 214 Professor Bell March 22, 2001
    Apes and Language: A Chicago Style Sample Paper Karen Shaw English 214 Professor Bell March 22, 2001 Shaw 2 Apes and Language: A Literature Review Over the past thirty years, researchers have demonstrated that the great apes (chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans) resemble humans in language abilities more than had been thought possible. Just how far that resemblance extends, however, has been a matter of some controversy. Researchers agree that the apes have acquired fairly large vocabularies in American Sign Language and in artificial languages, but they have drawn quite different conclusions in addressing the following questions: 1. How spontaneously have apes used language? 2. How creatively have apes used language? 3. Can apes create sentences? 4. What are the implications of the ape language studies? This review of the literature on apes and language focuses on these four questions. How Spontaneously Have Apes Used Language? In an influential article, Terrace, Petitto, Sanders, and Bever argued that the apes in the language experiments were not using language spontaneously but were merely imitating their trainers, responding to conscious or unconscious cues. Terrace and his colleagues at Columbia University had trained a chimpanzee, Nim, in American Sign Language, so their skepticism about the apes’ abilities received much attention. In fact, funding for ape language research was sharply reduced following publication of their 1979 article, “Can an Ape Create a Sentence?”1 1. Haley Terrace et al., "Can an Ape Create a Sentence?" Science 206 (1979): 894. Shaw 3 In retrospect, the conclusions of Terrace and others seem to have been premature. Although some early ape language studies had not been rigorously controlled to eliminate cuing, R.
    [Show full text]
  • Living Knowledges: Empirical Science and the Non-Human Animal in Contemporary Literature
    Living Knowledges: Empirical Science and the Non-Human Animal in Contemporary Literature By Joe Thomas Mansfield A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Sheffield Faculty of Arts and Humanities School of English October 2019 ii Abstract In contribution to recent challenges made by animal studies regarding humanist approaches in empirical science, this thesis offers a critical analysis of contemporary literary fiction and its representations of the non-human animal and the human and non-human animal encounters and relations engendered within the scientific setting. This is achieved through a focusing in on four different scientific situations: cognitive ethological field research, long-term cognitive behavioural studies, short-term comparative psychology experimentations, and invasive surgical practices. Sub- divisions of scientific investigation selected for their different methodological procedures which directly dictate the situational circumstance and experience of non-human animals involved to produce particular kinds of knowledges on them. The thesis is divided into four chapters, organised into the four sub-divisions of contemporary scientific modes of producing knowledge on non-human animal life and the distinct empirical methodologies they employ. The first chapter provides an extended analysis of William Boyd’s Brazzaville Beach (1990), using Donna Haraway’s conceptualisations of the empirical sciences as socially constructed to examine how the novel
    [Show full text]
  • Journal of School Violence
    Journal of School Violence eHAWORTH® Electronic Text is provided AS IS without warranty of any kind. The Haworth Press, Inc. further disclaims all implied warranties including, without limitation, any implied warranties of merchantability or of fitness for a particular purpose. The entire risk arising out of the use of the Electronic Text remains with you. In no event shall The Haworth Press, Inc., its authors, or anyone else involved in the creation, production, or delivery of this product be liable for any damages whatsoever (including, without limitation, damages for loss of business profits, business interruption, loss of business information, or other pecuniary loss) arising out of the use of or inability to use the Electronic Text, even if The Haworth Press, Inc. has been advised of the possibility of such damages. EDITOR EDWIN R. GERLER, Jr., Professor, Counselor Education Program, College of Education, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC ASSOCIATE EDITORS PAMELA L. RILEY, Executive Director, National Association of Students Against Violence Everywhere (SAVE), Raleigh, NC JOANNE McDANIEL, Director, Center for the Prevention of School Violence, Raleigh, NC COLUMN EDITOR, E-SITES FOR SAFE SCHOOLS REBECCA R. REED, Ahlgren Associates, Raleigh, NC EDITORIAL BOARD DAVID P. ADAY, Jr., Department of Sociology, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA RON AVI ASTOR, School of Social Work, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA RAMI BENBENISHTY, Paul Baerwald School of Social Work, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel ILENE R. BERSON, Department of Child and Family Studies, Louis de la Parte Florida Mental Health Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL CATHERINE BLAYA-DEBARBIEUX, Universite Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux Cedex, France CHERYL L.
    [Show full text]
  • Download File
    Your Rights, Your World: The Power of Youth in the Age of the Sustainable Development Goals Prepared by: Rhianna Ilube, Natasha Anderson, Jenna Mowat, Ali Goldberg, Tiffany Odeka, Calli Obern, and Danny Tobin Kahane Program at the United Nations Disclaimer: This report was written by a seven member task force comprised of members of Occidental College at the United Nations program. For four months, participating students interned in various agency or permanent missions to the United Nations. As the authors are not official UNICEF staff members, this report in no way reflects UNICEF's views or opinions. Furthermore, this report in no way endorses the views or opinions of Occidental College. 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS: Foreword ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. p.4 Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………………………………….. p. 5 Executive Summary……………………………………………………………………………………… p. 6 Background ……………………………………………………………………………………………. Why this report is needed …………………………………………………………………… p. 6 Defining Key Concepts ……………………………………………………………………… p. 8 Methodology ……….……………………………………………………………………….. p. 9 The Case Studies …………………………………………………………………………………… High-Income: United Kingdom ………………………………………………………….. p. 11 Middle- Income: Colombia ……………………………………………………………….. p. 15 The Role of Youth to Advance Goal 13 on Climate Action for Colombia ……………… p. 16 Low-Income: Uganda ……………………………………………………………………… p. 21 Refugee Children: Education in Emergencies ……………………………………………. p. 26 Youth Voices: Fresh Ideas ………………………………………………………………………… p. 31 Building Awareness: Opportunities and
    [Show full text]
  • Women Religious
    Women Religious Sisters of St. Benedict Our Lady of Grace Monastery 1402 Southern Ave., Beech Grove, IN 46107-1197 317-787-3287 Fax: 317-780-2368 Sister Jennifer Mechtild Horner, OSB, Prioress Professed Sisters (living/working in the archdiocese): 47 Congregation of the Sisters of the Third Order of St. Francis General Motherhouse and Administration Convent of the Immaculate Conception 22143 Main St., P.O. Box 100, Oldenburg, IN 47036-0100 812-934-2475 Sister Christa Franzer, OSF, Congregational Minister Professed Sisters (living/working in the archdiocese): 137 Discalced Carmelite Nuns Monastery of the Resurrection Theresa Hall 22143 Main St., P.O. Box 260, Oldenburg, IN 47036-0260 812-932-2075 E-mail: [email protected] Sister Jean Alice McGoff, OCD, Prioress Professed Religious: 4 Discalced Carmelite Nuns Monastery of St. Joseph Sisters of Our Lady of Mount Carmel of Terre Haute 59 Allendale, Terre Haute, IN 47802 812-299-1410 E-mail: [email protected] Mother Mary Joseph Nguyen, Prioress Professed Religious: 17 Sisters of Providence of Saint Mary-of-the-Woods Motherhouse and General Administration 1 Sisters of Providence Rd. St. Mary-of-the-Woods, IN 47876-1089 812-535-3131 Sister Dawn Tomaszewski, SP, General Superior Professed Sisters (living/working in the archdiocese): 159 311 Sisters of St. Benedict (OSB) Our Lady of Grace Monastery 1402 Southern Ave., Beech Grove, IN 46107-1197 .................... 317-787-3287 Website: www.benedictine.com Fax: 317-780-2368 Sister Jennifer Mechtild Horner, OSB, Prioress, [email protected] Sister Mary Ann Koetter, OSB, Subprioress, [email protected] Bartoo, Sr. Mary Mark Ludwig, Sr.
    [Show full text]
  • Genetic Analyses in a Bonobo (Pan Paniscus) with Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy Received: 19 September 2017 Patrícia B
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Genetic analyses in a bonobo (Pan paniscus) with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy Received: 19 September 2017 Patrícia B. S. Celestino-Soper1, Ty C. Lynnes1, Lili Zhang1, Karen Ouyang1, Samuel Wann2, Accepted: 21 February 2018 Victoria L. Clyde2 & Matteo Vatta1,3 Published: xx xx xxxx Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) is a disorder that may lead to sudden death and can afect humans and other primates. In 2012, the alpha male bonobo of the Milwaukee County Zoo died suddenly and histologic evaluation found features of ARVC. This study sought to discover a possible genetic cause for ARVC in this individual. We sequenced our subject’s DNA to search for deleterious variants in genes involved in cardiovascular disorders. Variants found were annotated according to the human genome, following currently available classifcation used for human diseases. Sequencing from the DNA of an unrelated unafected bonobo was also used for prediction of pathogenicity. Twenty-four variants of uncertain clinical signifcance (VUSs) but no pathogenic variants were found in the proband studied. Further familial, functional, and bonobo population studies are needed to determine if any of the VUSs or a combination of the VUSs found may be associated with the clinical fndings. Future genotype-phenotype establishment will be benefcial for the appropriate care of the captive zoo bonobo population world-wide as well as conservation of the bobono species in its native habitat. Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death for both human and non-human primates, who share similar genomes and many environmental and lifestyle characteristics1. However, while humans most ofen die due to coronary artery disease (CAD), non-human primates living in captivity are more ofen afected by hypertensive cardiomyopathy1.
    [Show full text]
  • Key Officers List (UNCLASSIFIED)
    United States Department of State Telephone Directory This customized report includes the following section(s): Key Officers List (UNCLASSIFIED) 9/13/2021 Provided by Global Information Services, A/GIS Cover UNCLASSIFIED Key Officers of Foreign Service Posts Afghanistan FMO Inna Rotenberg ICASS Chair CDR David Millner IMO Cem Asci KABUL (E) Great Massoud Road, (VoIP, US-based) 301-490-1042, Fax No working Fax, INMARSAT Tel 011-873-761-837-725, ISO Aaron Smith Workweek: Saturday - Thursday 0800-1630, Website: https://af.usembassy.gov/ Algeria Officer Name DCM OMS Melisa Woolfolk ALGIERS (E) 5, Chemin Cheikh Bachir Ibrahimi, +213 (770) 08- ALT DIR Tina Dooley-Jones 2000, Fax +213 (23) 47-1781, Workweek: Sun - Thurs 08:00-17:00, CM OMS Bonnie Anglov Website: https://dz.usembassy.gov/ Co-CLO Lilliana Gonzalez Officer Name FM Michael Itinger DCM OMS Allie Hutton HRO Geoff Nyhart FCS Michele Smith INL Patrick Tanimura FM David Treleaven LEGAT James Bolden HRO TDY Ellen Langston MGT Ben Dille MGT Kristin Rockwood POL/ECON Richard Reiter MLO/ODC Andrew Bergman SDO/DATT COL Erik Bauer POL/ECON Roselyn Ramos TREAS Julie Malec SDO/DATT Christopher D'Amico AMB Chargé Ross L Wilson AMB Chargé Gautam Rana CG Ben Ousley Naseman CON Jeffrey Gringer DCM Ian McCary DCM Acting DCM Eric Barbee PAO Daniel Mattern PAO Eric Barbee GSO GSO William Hunt GSO TDY Neil Richter RSO Fernando Matus RSO Gregg Geerdes CLO Christine Peterson AGR Justina Torry DEA Edward (Joe) Kipp CLO Ikram McRiffey FMO Maureen Danzot FMO Aamer Khan IMO Jaime Scarpatti ICASS Chair Jeffrey Gringer IMO Daniel Sweet Albania Angola TIRANA (E) Rruga Stavro Vinjau 14, +355-4-224-7285, Fax +355-4- 223-2222, Workweek: Monday-Friday, 8:00am-4:30 pm.
    [Show full text]
  • Run Date: 08/30/21 12Th District Court Page
    RUN DATE: 09/27/21 12TH DISTRICT COURT PAGE: 1 312 S. JACKSON STREET JACKSON MI 49201 OUTSTANDING WARRANTS DATE STATUS -WRNT WARRANT DT NAME CUR CHARGE C/M/F DOB 5/15/2018 ABBAS MIAN/ZAHEE OVER CMV V C 1/01/1961 9/03/2021 ABBEY STEVEN/JOH TEL/HARASS M 7/09/1990 9/11/2020 ABBOTT JESSICA/MA CS USE NAR M 3/03/1983 11/06/2020 ABDULLAH ASANI/HASA DIST. PEAC M 11/04/1998 12/04/2020 ABDULLAH ASANI/HASA HOME INV 2 F 11/04/1998 11/06/2020 ABDULLAH ASANI/HASA DRUG PARAP M 11/04/1998 11/06/2020 ABDULLAH ASANI/HASA TRESPASSIN M 11/04/1998 10/20/2017 ABERNATHY DAMIAN/DEN CITYDOMEST M 1/23/1990 8/23/2021 ABREGO JAIME/SANT SPD 1-5 OV C 8/23/1993 8/23/2021 ABREGO JAIME/SANT IMPR PLATE M 8/23/1993 2/16/2021 ABSTON CHERICE/KI SUSPEND OP M 9/06/1968 2/16/2021 ABSTON CHERICE/KI NO PROOF I C 9/06/1968 2/16/2021 ABSTON CHERICE/KI SUSPEND OP M 9/06/1968 2/16/2021 ABSTON CHERICE/KI NO PROOF I C 9/06/1968 2/16/2021 ABSTON CHERICE/KI SUSPEND OP M 9/06/1968 8/04/2021 ABSTON CHERICE/KI OPERATING M 9/06/1968 2/16/2021 ABSTON CHERICE/KI REGISTRATI C 9/06/1968 8/09/2021 ABSTON TYLER/RENA DRUGPARAPH M 7/16/1988 8/09/2021 ABSTON TYLER/RENA OPERATING M 7/16/1988 8/09/2021 ABSTON TYLER/RENA OPERATING M 7/16/1988 8/09/2021 ABSTON TYLER/RENA USE MARIJ M 7/16/1988 8/09/2021 ABSTON TYLER/RENA OWPD M 7/16/1988 8/09/2021 ABSTON TYLER/RENA SUSPEND OP M 7/16/1988 8/09/2021 ABSTON TYLER/RENA IMPR PLATE M 7/16/1988 8/09/2021 ABSTON TYLER/RENA SEAT BELT C 7/16/1988 8/09/2021 ABSTON TYLER/RENA SUSPEND OP M 7/16/1988 8/09/2021 ABSTON TYLER/RENA SUSPEND OP M 7/16/1988 8/09/2021 ABSTON
    [Show full text]
  • African Apes Initiative
    African Apes Initiative frica is home to four of the world’s five great ape species, Aincluding the bonobo, chimpanzee and two species of gorilla, the eastern and western. Unfortunately, all four of these great ape species are either endangered or critically endangered. Africa’s great apes face a number of threats, including: • Habitat destruction and fragmentation, • Poaching, • The risk of disease transfer from humans, and • The pet trade. Through the newly launched African Apes Initiative (AAI), the African Wildlife Foundation (AWF) is working through, and with, stakeholders throughout West and Central Africa to protect great apes and their habitat. How It Works The African Apes Initiative leverages the funding strength and conservation expertise of AWF—including our decades of experience conserving mountain gorilla and bonobo populations—to create a holistic conservation program that effectively addresses the range of threats facing great apes. The initiative identifies landscapes with the potential to sustain viable African ape populations over the long term, and then works with partners on the ground to conserve those ecosystems. By combining the expertise of AWF and local stakeholders, we can ensure that great ape populations—not to mention the other critical fauna and flora found in the landscape—stand a much better chance of survival. How the initiative works: • AWF prioritizes those great ape habitats most in need of conservation intervention. The objective of AAI is to work toward conserving at least one population of each of the nine subspecies of African apes. We select target populations based on this and other factors, such as the level of threats to their survival and the viability of working with certain partners on the ground.
    [Show full text]
  • The Art of Being Human First Edition
    The Art of Being Human First Edition Michael Wesch Michael Wesch Copyright © 2018 Michael Wesch Cover Design by Ashley Flowers All rights reserved. ISBN: 1724963678 ISBN-13: 978-1724963673 ii The Art of Being Human TO BABY GEORGE For reminding me that falling and failing is fun and fascinating. iii Michael Wesch iv The Art of Being Human FIRST EDITION The following chapters were written to accompany the free and open Introduction to Cultural Anthropology course available at ANTH101.com. This book is designed as a loose framework for more and better chapters in future editions. If you would like to share some work that you think would be appropriate for the book, please contact the author at [email protected]. v Michael Wesch vi The Art of Being Human Praise from students: "Coming into this class I was not all that thrilled. Leaving this class, I almost cried because I would miss it so much. Never in my life have I taken a class that helps you grow as much as I did in this class." "I learned more about everything and myself than in all my other courses combined." "I was concerned this class would be off-putting but I needed the hours. It changed my views drastically and made me think from a different point of view." "It really had opened my eyes in seeing the world and the people around me differently." "I enjoyed participating in all 10 challenges; they were true challenges for me and I am so thankful to have gone out of my comfort zone, tried something new, and found others in this world." "This class really pushed me outside my comfort
    [Show full text]
  • Wildlifenews Your Support at Work in Africa’S Landscapes
    African SUMMER 2018 wildlifeNEWS Your support at work in Africa’s landscapes Protecting “the forgotten ape” ildlife enthusiasts generally know great apes “hippie chimps” — the primates adults — so much, that some researchers a lot about our closest cousins in that make love, not war. think the bonobo is the most playful the natural world, chimpanzees. species of all. WBut often they know less about a primate What about physical differences between that is equally close and just as fascinating bonobos and chimps? To an untrained In recent decades, bonobos have shed new — the bonobo (Pan paniscus). eye, it can be hard to distinguish them. light on human evolution and the cognitive But there are differences — bonobos are capacities of nonhuman animals. In studies Like chimpanzees, bonobos share more slender, with longer legs. Their faces are they demonstrate cooperation, sharing than 98 percent of DNA with humans. But usually black, and their lips are bright fruit treats and helping other bonobos bonobos, though sometimes violent, are pink as opposed to dark. Their hair is — even strangers — access treats for no more peaceable. They live in matriarchal relatively long and often frames their faces apparent reason other than helpfulness. groups and famously use sex as a social from a natural middle part. They’re also Such findings help fill in our picture of tool — to manage conflict and tension or distinguished by tail tufts. wild animal capacities and teach us about even just say “hello.” This behavior aligns ourselves, since we share an evolutionary bonobos with humans, who also notably Bonobos’ vocalizations are higher-pitched ancestor with bonobos.
    [Show full text]
  • Quarterly Fall 2011 Volume 60 Number 4
    AW I Quarterly Fall 2011 Volume 60 Number 4 AWI ABOUT THE COVER Quarterly ANIMAL WELFARE INSTITUTE QUARTERLY A wary deer peers out from a February forest. As deer flourish in the absence of natural FOUNDER predators, and suburbs extend tendrils into formerly wooded areas, deer-human conflicts Christine Stevens inevitably arise. In the past, these conflicts most often have been resolved through culling of deer populations. Immunocontraception drugs offer a way to keep deer populations in check DIRECTORS Cynthia Wilson, Chair through nonlethal, relatively nonintrusive means. Scientists, citizens, and many animal welfare John W. Boyd, Jr. advocates are increasingly supportive of immunocontraception as a humane method of Barbara K. Buchanan controlling wildlife populations in lieu of traditional lethal methods. On page 6, AWI examines Charles M. Jabbour the benefits of immunocontraception as well as the resistance to such methods by some. Mary Lee Jensvold, Ph.D. On page 28, we tell you about two upcoming conferences that address immunocontraception. Cathy Liss 10 Michele Walter Photo by Jon/Flickr.com OFFICERS Cathy Liss, President Cynthia Wilson, Vice President Charles M. Jabbour, CPA, Treasurer Barbara K. Buchanan, Secretary PRESIDENT OBAMA CHALLENGES SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE ICELAND OVER WHALING Gerard Bertrand, Ph.D. Roger Fouts, Ph.D. In July, the Secretary of Commerce certified to President Obama that Iceland Roger Payne, Ph.D. was undermining the International Whaling Commission (IWC) and its treaty Samuel Peacock, M.D. because of its rogue whaling (AWI Quarterly, Spring 2011). The certification, made 12 14 Hope Ryden Robert Schmidt, Ph.D. under the Pelly Amendment of the Fishermen’s Protective Act (22 U.S.C.
    [Show full text]