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Viral Ethics: Media, Ecology, Debt

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Viral Ethics: Media, Ecology, Debt VIRAL ETHICS: MEDIA, ECOLOGY, DEBT by STEPHEN MCNULTY A Dissertation submitted to the Graduate School-Newark Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of American Studies Graduate Program in written under the direction of Dr. Frances Bartkowski and approved by ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ Newark, New Jersey May, 2017 Copyright page: ©2017 Stephen McNulty ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Viral Ethics: Media, Ecology, Debt By STEPHEN MCNULTY Dissertation Director: Dr. Frances Bartkowski This dissertation charts the manifold ways in which contemporary ethics has divided humans from other forms of life. It offers an alternative to anthropocentricity through an ethics of virality. Utilizing the image, architecture, and dissemination of the virus as a model, it explores a vibrant ontological borderlands human-oriented ethics has abandoned. Where humanist ethics seeks purity, individuality, and normativity, viral ethics opts for infection, entanglement, and weakness. Though the discipline of animal studies has critiqued dominant discourses of taxonomy, consciousness, and ability, those studies often fail to move beyond our closest animal brethren. This work, instead, foregrounds the virus as a being which both straddles the scientific divide between life and non-life and revels in radical difference, espousing a form of ethics that embraces dissimilarity over resemblance. Thus, when life becomes a stand-in for human and vice versa, anything that falls outside the parameters of human has no ethical recourse to justice. To explode the dynamic of humanist ethics is to reorient being and politics towards a more expansive notion of life. To accomplish this, the first chapter defines viral ethics in its relations to assemblages of affect, debt, and capacity. The second chapter addresses embodiment and the various ways that interiority and exteriority are mobilized to reaffirm normative notions of being. The third chapter looks to the overlaps between organic and digital territories, interrogating the biopolitical architecture of viral objects. Lastly, the final chapter traces the division between human and animal and the division between life and death as mutually constitutive undertakings. iii Acknowledgements In the beginning, a dissertation seems an almost insurmountable task. You are charged with conjuring long-form research ostensibly from the ether, all across several years besieged by teaching responsibilities, supplementary labor, and the harsh realities of everyday life. As a work on entanglement it should be known that it has only been through the gracious help of others that any of this could have been accomplished. Along the way I have had the privilege and good fortune to work with some of the most innovative and insightful scholars working in the academic world today. It is largely through their inspiration and assistance that the project was able to come to fruition. First and foremost, therefore, I am indebted to my makeshift multi-year cohort of Sara Grossman, Molly Rosner, and Erica Tom. Marooned as humanities PhD’s at an institution hardwired for lab research, I believe, only made our mutual aid stronger. I am confident this project would be nowhere near as refined without their invaluable critiques, camaraderie, and kind words. I also want to thank my expanded Rutgers-Newark kin: Julian Gill-Peterson, Addie Mahmassani, Shana Russell, Keishla Rivera-Lopez, Katie Singer, Amy Lucker and all the others with whom I shared ideas, laughs, and frustrations over drinks at McGovern’s. These scholarly debts also extend to the faculty who kindly provided the time and effort to shape me into the academic I am today. In particular, I want to thank Whit Strub, Susan Carruthers, Timothy Stewart-Winter, Kornel Chang, Mark Krasovic, Genese Sodikoff, Georgia Mellos, and Rob Snyder for their guidance throughout my time at Rutgers-Newark. I also want to extend a special acknowledgement to Jason Cortés. The germinal ideas for this dissertation came out of our numerous theory-laden conversations. Without his help I would be nowhere near the scholar I am today. Lastly, I want to express my deep appreciation for the unparalleled assistance that Fran Bartkowski brought to this work. She has been a beacon of hope in otherwise unforgiving terrain and a mentor in the greatest sense of the word. In closing, I extend a special thanks to my family and friends for putting up with my endless jargon-laced diatribes and above all to Jackie for her love, support, and companionship through this entire ordeal. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................................. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................................ iv LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ................................................................................................................ vi INTRODUCTION Anti-Economicus .................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1 Affect Ethics: On Debt, Interdependence, and Capacity ................................................................. 16 CHAPTER 2 Eating the Other: Enjoyment, Parasitism, and Topography ............................................................ 57 CHAPTER 3 Viral Desire: Biopolitics, Memes, and Medial Becoming .................................................................. 104 CHAPTER 4 Entanglements: Vitality, Responsibility, and Expenditure ................................................................ 162 CONCLUSION I’m Wide Awake, It’s Mourning ............................................................................................................ 207 REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................................... 213 v List of Illustrations Figure 1: Jewel Wasp .............................................................................................................................. 23 Figure 2: Animals With Arthrogryposis, oil on canvas, 2009, 72“ x 108”. ........................................... 47 Figure 3: Kate Clark, Untitled (Black bear), 2008 ............................................................................... 68 Figure 4: Invasion of the Body Snatchers (1978) .................................................................................... 76 Figure 5: The Thing (1982) ................................................................................................................... 69 Figure 6: Francis Bacon, Three Studies for Figures at the Base of a Crucifixion, c.1944 ......................... 70 Figure 7: Francis Bacon, Three Studies for a Crucifixion, March 1962 .................................................. 70 Figure 8: Francis Bacon, Crucifixion, 1965, Oil on canvas, each panel 197.2 x 147 cm. ....................... 70 Figure 9: Francis Bacon, Figure with Meat, 1954, Oil on canvas, 129.9 x 121.9 cm. ........................... 72 Figure 10: Keith Haring, “Ignorance = Fear, Silence =Death”, 1989. ................................................. 74 Figure 11 : Kane's Stomach (Alien, 1979) ............................................................................................. 83 Figure 12: Marilyn J. Roossinck, “The good viruses: viral mutualistic symbioses” .................................. 100 Figure 13: Pepe the Frog: To Sleep, Perchance to Meme ........................................................................ 105 Figure 14: Neo-Nazi Richard Spencer Punched in the Face (2017) ...................................................... 107 Figure 15: Google Search Trends for 'Harambe' (July 2016 – October 2016) ...................................... 134 Figure 16: dat boi (2016) ..................................................................................................................... 137 Figure 17: Viral Activity for #BlackLivesMatter, #ICantBreathe, and #HandsUpDontShoot .......... 148 Figure 18: Meme Metrics for DARPA ................................................................................................ 143 Figure 19: Leftist Memes from Lettuce Dog .......................................................................................... 147 Figure 20: Clusters of Cholera Cases in London 1854 (Drawn by Charles Cheffins) ............................ 157 Figure 21: 2014 Ebola Outbreaks Timeline ......................................................................................... 159 Figure 22: “Watch What Cecil the Lion Did to Twitter” ..................................................................... 176 Figure 23: Faces of Irresponsibility: Cecil and His Hunters ................................................................... 179 vi Figure 24: ‘Cage Free’ Chickens and Swarm Ethics ............................................................................. 180 Figure 25: Autocannibalism ................................................................................................................. 195 Figure 26: Transference ......................................................................................................................... 195 Figure 27: What a joy to be eaten ........................................................................................................
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