Islamkritikk – Monolog Eller Dialog?

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Islamkritikk – Monolog Eller Dialog? Islamkritikk – monolog eller dialog? En analyse av Hege Storhaugs Islam. Den 11. landeplage og Sam Harris og Maajid Nawaz’ Islam and the Future of Tolerance. A Dialogue Kristian Plassgård Mastergradsoppgave i religion og samfunn Universitetet i Oslo, Det teologiske fakultet Vår 2017 Veileder: professor Oddbjørn Leirvik © Kristian Plassgård 2017 Islamkritikk – monolog eller dialog? En analyse av Hege Storhaugs Islam. Den 11. landeplage og Sam Harris og Maajid Nawaz’ Islam and the Future of Tolerance. A Dialogue Kristian Plassgård http://www.duo.uio.no/ 1 Forord Når nå arbeidet med masteroppgaven er ferdig, vil jeg gjerne takke de som har vært hjulpet meg i prosessen. Takk til Henrik Rindal for stimulerende fagprat og gode råd med hensyn til oppgaven. Takk også til min kjære Aika for teknisk og moralsk støtte i sluttinnspurten. Sist, men ikke minst, en takk til professor Oddbjørn Leirvik for grundig og klok veiledning gjennom hele prosessen. Oslo, 7. mai 2017 Kristian Plassgård 2 Innholdsfortegnelse Innholdsfortegnelse .................................................................................................................... 3 1 Innledning ........................................................................................................................... 5 1.1 Struktur og innhold ...................................................................................................... 5 1.2 Problemstilling............................................................................................................. 7 2 Metode og teori .................................................................................................................. 8 2.1 Metode og fremgangsmåte .......................................................................................... 8 2.2 Tidligere forskning .................................................................................................... 10 2.3 Religionskritikk ......................................................................................................... 11 2.3.1 Islamkritiske diskurser ....................................................................................... 13 2.4 Analytiske begreper ................................................................................................... 25 2.5 Kommunikasjonsteori ................................................................................................ 28 3 Analyse: Islam. Den 11. landeplage ................................................................................. 31 3.1 Sammendrag .............................................................................................................. 31 3.2 Institusjon: Human Rights Service (HRS)................................................................. 40 3.2.1 Kritikk av HRS (og Storhaug) ............................................................................ 42 3.3 Hovedanalyse ............................................................................................................. 43 3.3.1 Kommunikasjonsform/samtaleform ................................................................... 45 3.3.2 Storhaugs forståelse av islam ............................................................................. 46 3.3.3 Hvilken type islamkritikk utøver Storhaug? ...................................................... 58 4 Analyse: Islam and the Future of Tolerance. A Dialogue ................................................ 61 4.1 Sammendrag .............................................................................................................. 61 4.2 Institusjon: Quilliam .................................................................................................. 70 4.2.1 Kritikk av Quilliam ............................................................................................ 71 4.2.2 Kritikk av Harris og boken: The Waking Up Podcast – den mislykkede dialogen med Omer Aziz ................................................................................................................ 73 4.3 Hovedanalyse ............................................................................................................. 75 4.3.1 Kommunikasjonsform ........................................................................................ 76 4.3.2 Nawaz sin forståelse av islam ............................................................................ 77 4.3.3 Nawaz’ type islamkritikk ................................................................................... 80 4.4 Sam Harris’ religionsforståelse ................................................................................. 82 3 4.4.1 Harris’ type islamkritikk .................................................................................... 85 5 Konklusjoner .................................................................................................................... 88 5.1 Første problemstilling ................................................................................................ 88 5.2 Andre problemstilling ................................................................................................ 90 5.3 Tredje problemstilling ............................................................................................... 94 Litteraturliste ............................................................................................................................ 96 4 1 Innledning Etter å ha fulgt den internasjonale religionsdebatten i lang tid, har jeg i de siste årene blitt mer oppmerksom på det norske debattklimaet, nærmere bestemt islamkritikk i Norge. En generell observasjon har vært at Hege Storhaug har fremstått som en kontroversiell aktør i den norske islamkritiske diskursen. Jeg merker meg at det er sterke meninger for og mot Storhaugs engasjement, men jeg har ikke hatt nevneverdig kunnskap om hva Storhaugs synspunkter har vært, utenom at hun har blitt oppfattet som islamkritisk. Når hun så i 2015 vender sin fulle oppmerksomhet mot islam med boken Islam. Den 11. landeplage, samme år som undertegnede startet på sin mastergrad i Religion og samfunn ved Universitet i Oslo, grep jeg muligheten til å få en bedre innsikt i Storhaugs kritikk av islam. For å sette hennes kritikk inn i en større sammenheng fant jeg det hensiktsmessig å sammenligne hennes islamkritikk med andre aktører i den internasjonale islamkritiske diskursen. Til alt hell ga ateisten Sam Harris og muslimen Maajid Nawaz ut en bok sammen samme år kalt Islam and the Future of Tolerance. A dialogue. Ved å sammenligne de islamkritiske uttrykkene i den sistnevnte boken med Islam. Den 11. landeplage, er tanken at man får en bedre forståelse av Storhaugs islamkritikk, og hvordan den eventuelt kan kategoriseres i lys av andre islamkritiske diskurser. Harris og Nawaz sin bok gir oss dermed den nødvendige bredden – tatt i betraktning at den representerer både en innenfra-kritikk fra en muslim, og en utenfra kritikk fra en ateist – til å sette Storhaugs bok inn i en større sammenheng. Denne betoningen av Storhaug gjenspeiles også i oppgavens prioriteringer, ved at Storhaug er blitt gitt mest plass i analysen. Høsten 2015 tok jeg faget Moderne religionskritikk (RESA4203), som en del av mastergraden ved Teologisk fakultet. Dette faget har vært sentralt i å gi meg en økt kunnskap om moderne religionskritikk. Oddbjørn Leirviks forelesning Moderne religionskritikk (2015) har blitt brukt som inspirasjon for å gi oppgaven en nødvendig oversikt over forskjellige islamkritiske diskurser. 1.1 Struktur og innhold 5 I slutten av dette kapittelet (1) kommer oppgavens problemstilling. Denne er delt opp i tre mindre problemstillinger som vil bli besvart mot slutten av oppgaven i kapittel 5. I oppgavens kapittel 2 vil oppgaven ta for seg metode og teori. Metode vil bli knyttet til diskursanalyse, og i teoridelen tar for seg tidligere forskning, analytiske begreper og kommunikasjonsteori. I oppgavens kapittel 3 vil Islam. Den 11. landeplage (2015) bli oppsummert og analysert. Sammen med dette gis det også et sammendrag av et intervju Storhaug gjorde i Aftenposten i etterkant av bokutgivelsen kalt: Hege Storhaug mener ekstrem islam truer Norge. Her er hennes forslag for å stoppe det. (Ruud, S. og Stokke, O. 2016) Dette fordi man kan se boken som Storhaugs analyse av islams tilstedeværelse i Norge, og på bakgrunn av analysen hun gjør i boken kommer hun i det påfølgende intervjuet i Aftenposten med diverse forslag på tiltak mot de problemene hun legger ut i boken. Det er også kombinasjonen boken og intervjuet som har skapt mest reaksjoner i offentligheten. Det er derfor hensiktsmessig for oppgaven å se de to som en helhetlig islamkritikk fra Storhaug. Etter å ha lagt frem et sammendrag av boken og intervjuet, kommer det en analyse av disse. Her vil oppgaven benytte seg av teoretisk perspektiver som legges frem i kapittel 2. Kapittel 4 følges samme mønster, med et sammendrag av Islam and the Future of Tolerance. A Dialogue, før oppgaven går løs på hovedanalysen av boken. Utdrag fra den påfølgende debatten og kritikken av boken og dens forfattere vil også bli behandlet. Nawaz vil bli viet størst oppmerksomhet av de to. Harris er i denne sammenheng som en «bonus» å regne, fordi han – i likhet med Storhaug – har et utenfra-blikk på islam. Det er også praktiske grunner til å fokusere mer på Nawaz i forhold til Storhaug: Nawaz er i likhet med Storhaug tett tilknyttet en institusjon. Disse er Human Rights Service (Storhaug) og Quilliam (Nawaz). Harris sin tilknytning til noen institusjon er ikke
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