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Dogear: Social Bookmarking in the Enterprise David R Millen, Jonathan Feinberg, Bernard Kerr One Rogers Street

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Dogear: Social Bookmarking in the Enterprise David R Millen, Jonathan Feinberg, Bernard Kerr One Rogers Street CHI 2006 Proceedings • Social Computing 1 April 22-27, 2006 • Montréal, Québec, Canada Dogear: Social Bookmarking in the Enterprise David R Millen, Jonathan Feinberg, Bernard Kerr One Rogers Street. Cambridge, MA 02142 {david_r_millen, jdf, bernard_kerr}@us.ibm.com +1-617-693-7490 ABSTRACT Perhaps the most familiar approach to re-finding informa- In this paper we describe a social bookmarking service de- tion on the web has been the use of personal bookmarks, as signed for a large enterprise. We discuss design principles supported by various web browsers. For example, the addressing online identity, privacy, information discovery Mozilla browser supports the creation of collections of (including search and pivot browsing), and service extensi- URLs, which can be annotated using keywords or free-form bility based on a web-friendly architectural style. In addi- text, and then sorted on a variety of dimensions (e.g., time tion we describe the key design features of our implementa- last visited, keyword, location). An early study of book- tion. We provide the results of an eight week field trial of mark use showed that people created bookmarks based on this enterprise social bookmarking service, including a de- the quality of and personal interest in the content, high fre- scription of user activities, based on log file analysis. We quency of current use, and a sense of potential for future share the results of a user survey focused on the benefits of use [1]. Furthermore, the number of bookmarks contained the service. The feedback from the user trial, comprising in an individual collection grew steadily and roughly line- survey results, log file analysis and informal communica- arly, and the use of folders to categorize bookmarks in- tions, is quite positive and suggests several promising en- creased as the size of the collection increased. A single hancements to the service. Finally, we discuss potential level of folders was reported for collections with fewer than extension and integration of social bookmarking services 300 bookmarks, while a multi-tiered hierarchy was used for with other corporate collaborative applications. larger collections. Author Keywords The desire to find and share information among small social software, social bookmarking, tags, folksonomies groups, teams and communities of practice has led, not sur- prisingly, to the development of a number of shared book- ACM Classification Keywords marking systems. Early shared bookmarking systems often used automated techniques to support the creation and cate- H.5.3 Group and Organization Interfaces: Collaborative gorization of collections of web bookmarks [8.9.16]. These computing. innovative systems met with some success, although they INTRODUCTION consistently seemed to fall short of their potential use. Sev- One of the greatest challenges facing people who use large eral explanations for their limited success have been of- information spaces is to remember and retrieve items that fered, including limited privacy protection, little support for they have previously found and thought to be interesting. end-user tailorability and high requirements for active user One approach to this problem is to allow individuals to save participation [7]. particular search strings, in order to recreate the search in the future [2]. Another approach has been to allow people SOCIAL BOOKMARKING SYSTEMS to create personal collections of material, such as the Recently, there has been an emergence of shared book- electronic citation bundles (called binders) in the ACM marking applications. Their tremendous popularity and Digital Library. Collections of citations can be created growth of use have prompted a second look at this kind of manually by readers or through execution (and alerting) of collaborative software. Introduced in 2003, the del.icio.us a saved search. [3] social bookmark manager was one of the first of this kind of application, and has enjoyed an early and large base of committed users. A flurry of similar offerings have since Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for been unveiled, including a recent beta release of Yahoos personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are My Web 2.0 [11]. not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. To copy otherwise, These systems share a number of features. First, these so- or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior cial bookmarking tools allow individuals to create personal specific permission and/or a fee. collections of bookmarks and instantly share their book- CHI 2006, April 22-27, 2006, Montréal, Québec, Canada. marks with others. These centrally stored bookmark collec- Copyright 2006 ACM 1-59593-178-3/06/0004...$5.00. tions bring immediate personal benefit by providing a col- 111 CHI 2006 Proceedings • Social Computing 1 April 22-27, 2006 • Montréal, Québec, Canada lection that can be browsed from any web-accessible ma- DESIGN PRINCIPLES chine. Identity and transparency A second, and significant, enhancement in these systems is The first significant design decision was whether user the use of keywords or tags that are explicitly entered by identity in the application would be based on real names, the user for each bookmark. These tags allow the individual or whether pseudonyms would be allowed and supported. user to organiZe and display their collection with labels that We decided to require the use of real-world identity in the are meaningful to them. Furthermore, multiple tags allow bookmarking application for the following reasons. First, bookmarks to belong to more than one category, avoiding one of the expected benefits of the system was to allow one of the limitations of the hierarchically organized folders users to make inferences about the interests and expertise of found in most web browsers. The use of tags to create an others based on informal browsing of bookmark collections. emergent classification system has been controversial and is This discovery of people with shared (or complimentary) likely to spawn significant research in the short term [15]. interests would help to nurture the communities of practice within the enterprise, and potentially allow searching for The final distinguishing characteristic of these social and finding experts on specific topics to help solve business bookmark applications is the social nature of their use. problems. Real name identity would also allow users to There is a bias towards increased transparency in these look up additional information about other users in various tools. While bookmark collections are personally created corporate databases (e.g., corporate online directory and and maintained, they are typically also visible to others. A enterprise web). In addition, real name identity would fa- number of user interface elements allow social browsing of cilitate communication between users of the application the bookmark space. For example, user names are click- since the various corporate collaboration tools (e.g., corpo- able links, and, when a name is clicked, the bookmark rate directories, email, chat,) all use real name identities. collection for that user is presented. This allows someone to Finally, there is a strong cultural norm within the organiza- get a sense of the topics of interest for a person. Tags are tion to use more formal names within the corporate applica- also clickable, and when selected will result in a list of all tions. bookmarks that share that tag. This is a useful way to browse through the entire bookmark collection to see other It should be noted that while creating personal bookmark information sources of interest. We call this ability to reori- collections requires authentication of real name identity, it ent the view by clicking on tags or user names, pivot is possible to browse the enterprise bookmark collection browsing; it provides a lightweight mechanism to navigate anonymously. This invisible participation is a form of the aggregated bookmark collection. lurking and allows the benefits of bookmark sharing to extend to the entire enterprise. Lurker behavior is counted SOCIAL BOOKMARKING FOR THE ENTERPRISE in application statistics (e.g., number of times a bookmark While internet social bookmarking services, like del.icio.us, is clicked to access a particular information resource). are of great benefit for publicly accessible web resources, While lurking in online environments has been character- they are problematic for web resources on most corporate ized as a form of free riding, it has been shown to provide intranets. While services like del.icio.us do allow book- a important supportive role in the sociability of online envi- marking of intranet pages, corporate firewalls prevent ac- ronments [12]. cess to these resources to anyone outside the organization. A second important design decision concerned the degree Furthermore, public sharing of bookmarks to intranet re- of support for access control within the application. While sources may be of concern as proprietary information, al- the early public internet bookmarking services (e.g., beit limited in nature, could be leaked. del.icio.us) have provided open access to everyones book- Nevertheless, the apparent success of internet-based social marks, there are valid reasons to consider limiting access to bookmarking services begs the question of whether large some set of bookmarks. For example, a group may want to enterprises or organizations would also benefit from a so- create a collection of information sources in support of a cial bookmarking system. We have been investigating this project that may be extremely confidential or bound by con- question by designing and deploying an enterprise-scale tract to restricted access. Teams may want to create shared social bookmarking system. In this paper we describe the bookmarks that are visible only to the group. We could also important design decisions we made for the dogear social see a need for role or job-based collection of information bookmarking service (henceforth referred to as dogear).
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