Available Online at http://www.recentscientific.com International Journal of CODEN: IJRSFP (USA) Recent Scientific

International Journal of Recent Scientific Research Research Vol. 11, Issue, 11 (C), pp. 40162-40168, November, 2020 ISSN: 0976-3031 DOI: 10.24327/IJRSR Research Article

CASUARINA- A POTENTIAL CROP FOR KARNATAKA

*Ravi N1., Shilpa Shenoy1., Hegde R2., Durai M.V1 and Shettepanavar V.S1

1Institute of Wood Science and Technology, (ICFRE), Malleswaram, Bangalore, Karnataka -560003 2College of Forestry, Ponnampet, UAHS Shivamogga, Karnataka-571216

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24327/ijrsr.2020.1111.5639

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Casuarina are multipurpose that can be grown in a wide range of environmental conditions. Article History: After its introduction in , there has been remarkable progress in the field of Casuarina tree Received 06th August, 2020 improvement which is focused on improving tree growth, yield, and form. This led to its extensive Received in revised form 14th adoption in various tree-based systems, by the farmers and various other stakeholders mainly in the September, 2020 states of Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh. In Karnataka, the improved hybrids are not tested fully Accepted 23rd October, 2020 thus lacking in its likely wide planting. The current tree-based systems in which it is grown have Published online 28th November, 2020 been presented in this article. The article also discusses the potential of Casuarina as a substitute for Eucalyptus and its scope as a host for Sandalwood, in Karnataka.

Key Words:

Casuarina, tree breeding, agroforestry, host

Copyright © Ravi N et al, 2020, this is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution

License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly

cited.

INTRODUCTION C. equisetifolia was introduced to India from in the second half of nineteenth century mainly to fuel the steam are a versatile group of with wide-ranging locomotives. It was originally planted in Karwar during 1868- adaptability to grow in different environments and provide 69 (Kaikini, 1937), Nilgiris of the then Madras Presidency multiple end uses and services. They are extensively planted in (Kondas, 1983) and Chengalpet and South Arcot districts of the tropics, subtropics and Mediterranean countries because of Tamil Nadu state (Gurumurthi and Subramanian, 1998). The their ready adaptability to a variety of environmental conditions species later spread along the coasts to different parts of Tamil and also for their rapid growth performance (Warrier et al., Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, West Bengal and was also 2014). introduced in the coastal areas of Kerala, Maharashtra and

Casuarina thrives well in areas having an annual rainfall Karnataka. Due to its versatility to grow in different ranging from 250 to 2,500 mm, maximum temperature as high environments, the is grown in many parts of India and as 48°C and tolerates cold up to 0°C, on altitudes up to 1,200 m almost all states in peninsular India. It is now estimated to be or upto 1500m (Kumar, 2011). It is a light demanding tree and under cultivation in around half a million hectares mainly in the grows in almost all types of soil and is highly tolerant to soil Peninsular region. Farmers cultivate it extensively in West salinity (Anon, 1985). Heavy, clayey soils and soils with poor coasts and Northern dry zone of Karnataka, East coasts of drainage are detrimental to its growth. Good plantations can be Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Orissa (Chavan et al., 2011) seen on laterite soils and well drained sandy loams. Casuarinas and India is the largest producer of Casuarina in the world. though do not belong to leguminosae they have the ability to Uses of Casuarina fix atmospheric nitrogen through a symbiotic association with the actinomycetes microorganism, , thus able to survive Fuel on poor soils. The soil on which it can thrive includes coastal Casuarina wood, is called the best firewood in the world and sand, shifting sterile sand, river alluvium, sandy loam with high fuel is its most universal use. Its branches and brushwood are water table, red loam, red gravelly loam and hard laterite etc. also used for fuel, and the needles and cones burn well. Wood Topography ranges from coastal flats to very gently undulating is very dense, with a specific gravity ranging from 0.8 to 1.2. It terrain (Kumar, 2016). Casuarina wood with a high calorific is easy to split, has a high calorific value (about 5,000 kcal per value is a renowned fuel wood in the tropics. kg). It also can be burned when green, an important advantage

*Corresponding author: Ravi N Institute of Wood Science and Technology, (ICFRE), Malleswaram, Bangalore, Karnataka -560003 International Journal of Recent Scientific Research Vol. 11, Issue, 11 (C), pp. 40162-40168, November, 2020 in fuel- short areas. Casuarina wood is excellent for charcoal Fodder making. While domestic animals will graze seedlings and suckers of Wood casuarinas, the foliage is high in tannin and is astringent and constipating and may interfere with the animal's ability to The wood of most casuarinas are not good source of lumber utilize protein (Anon, 1984). because of its hard, heavy nature and tendency to split, crack, and warp as it dries. Nevertheless, its wood is useful as round Developmental activities in Casuarina wood for fencing, tool handles, pilings, beams, and rafters; as Casuarina improvement programme is focused on improving split wood for fencing, pilings, and roofing shingles; In India it tree growth, yield and form. The tree improvement activity in is used for scaffolding and structural members for buildings, as Casuarina consisted of establishment of orchards, seed well as for masts for country fishing boats. The wood of production area, vegetative multiplication garden, seedling seed Casuarina equisetifolia has been found to make a good paper orchard, development of hybrids and clones. India commenced pulp through use of the neutral sulfite semichemical process. implementation of a breeding plan of C. equisetifolia in 1997 But, the difficulty of breaking up this extremely hard wood setting up large breeding populations in three States complicates pulping. (Nicodemus et al., 2011). IFGTB (Institute of Forest Genetics Shelterbelts and Tree Breeding), Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu is considered as a focal point for Casuarina research in India. One generation of C. equisetifolia is often planted as a windbreak in North Africa, breeding has yielded 13-28% gain in wood production (K. West Africa, Yemen, Somalia, the Middle East, India, and Pinyopusarerk and A. Nicodemus, 2014).Presently 229 clones South China. The abundance of highly branched twigs on of C. equisetifolia are available in the clone bank of IFGTB casuarinas absorbs wind energy amazingly well. In addition to which includes selections by other stakeholders also. The their wind firmness casuarinas have desirable characteristics for newly introduced C. junghuhniana was found to be fast shelterbelts: adaptability to many soils and climates, self- growing and more drought and disease tolerant compared to sufficiency for nitrogen, rapid early growth, adequate height C. equisetifolia, and tested superior clones are also now and longevity, dense crown, and useful wood. It is most available. Intra and interspecific hybrid families of the two unusual for a single tree to have all of these attributes; to reduce species were produced through control pollination. The wind adequately; shelterbelts normally require two or more breeding program in India has progressed to second generation species. which consists of genetic material from the first generation. Erosion Control The best inter-specific hybrid family showed 35 to 53% better height growth than local seedlot and 17 to 21% over orchard Casuarinas are known to reduce soil erosion by reducing wind progenies (Warrier et al., 2014). Seed orchards contribute erosion, and also do it with their network of fine subsurface greatly to the production of quality planting stock of the desired roots and by building up a litter of intertwined needles that species. from IFGTB seed orchards provided 13% more protects against rain and wind. wood under rainfed conditions and 28% with irrigation than C. equisetifolia is much used for stabilizing sandy soils and unimproved local seed (Warrier et al., 2014). C.cunninghamiana is valued for protecting riverbanks. The Further, it (IFGTB) established three clonal tests of copious root suckering of species such as Casuarina glauca C. equisetifolia in the year 2000 with 124 entries (115 clones could be useful in erosion control due to the trees spread and and 9 seedling controls). Four clonal entries viz., IFGTB-CE-1, hold down the land, especially on severe slopes or washed IFGTB-CE-2, IFGTB-CE-3 and IFGTB-CE-4 were found to be areas. In addition, the litter from the trees blows over the bare superior in their growth performance over the seeds of control ground, protecting it from erosion and providing a good clones and the above clones were released as most suitable seedbed for natural reproduction. clones for the States of Tamil Nadu and Karnataka and the Sand Dune Stabilization Union Territory of Puducherry. Five productive clones of C. junghuhniana viz. IFGTB-WBC-6, IFGTB-WBC-8, IFGTB- Due its salt- and drought-tolerant nature and capacity to grow WBC-9, IFGTB-WBC-17 and IFGTB-WBC-18 exclusively and reproduce in sand, C. equisetifolia is used to control suitable for windbreak agroforestry system were identified erosion along coastlines and estuaries. (Warrier et al., 2014). Tanning Growth of orchard progeny from IFGTB was better than that of The bark of C. equisetifolia contains 6-18 percent tannin and the local unimproved seedlot in all planting sites. In the coastal has been used extensively in for tanning purposes. site the C. equisetifolia orchard progeny recorded 50% more The tannins penetrate hides quickly and furnish a swollen, volume growth over the unimproved C. equisetifolia at 3 years pliant, and soft leather of pale reddish-brown colon. Other age. Similarly the C.junghuhniana orchard seed lot produced casuarina species probably could also be used for tanning. more than twice the volume growth than the local C. equisetifolia seedlot at 5 years age. A minimum of 20% better Honey Production growth was obtained in low input plantations raised under Casuarinas furnish no nectar for honeybees. However, rainfed conditions (Warrier et al., 2014). C.littoralis and C.cunninghamiana are rated as having medium Evaluation and characterization of clones of Casuarina with value as pollen sources. reference to yield, tree form, biomass and pulping

characteristics and have resulted in identification of superior 40163 | P a g e Ravi N et al., Casuarina- A Potential Tree Crop For Karnataka clones. Fifteen clones have been identified as superior to be In a long term agroforestry experiment involving Eucalyptus, selected for further breeding programme, five monoecious Casuarina and Leucaena in Forest College & Research clones which were found to be productive and divergent, could Institute, Mettupalayam, Tamil Nadu found that in the initial be used as pollen parents in breeding programmes. Twenty years the agricultural crop cowpea exhibited the least reduction eight clones have been identified for wide row intercropping in yield under C. equisetifolia. Biomass production and and 27 clones were identified for the purpose of poles and productivity of Casuarina under various agroforestry systems scaffolding. Among the clones lignin content varied widely revealed that Casuarina growth was better in wide row from 11.21 to 29.25% and ten clones with low lignin content (< interplanting systems in farmlands, pure plantation and 18 percent) were identified as ideal for pulping. Nine clones shelterbelts in coastal tracts. with a lignin content of more than 25 per cent have been found Forest College & Research Institute developed a agroforestry to be suitable for poles (Warrier et al., 2014).Tropical Forest model in which agricultural crops such as cowpea, groundnut Research Institute (TFRI), Jabalpur has established seed and bhendi are grown along with Casuarina clones (Divya et orchards, Clonal seed orchards, Seedling seed orchards and al., 2011). The intercrop grown with Casuarina was cotton in Vegetative multiplication gardens of Casuarina spp. for its an agroforestry practice of Cauvery delta region of Tamil research programme (Katwal et al., 2003). Nadu(Saravanan et al., 2012) and crops like wheat and paddy Wood based industries have established their own improvement were grown in agrisilvicultural system of Northern India activities to meet their demand. ITC Bhadrachalam (Kumar et al., 2017). Paperboards Limited is taking up research work for the The farmers of Tamil Nadu, are cultivating annual food crops development and deployment of genetically superior Casuarina along with C. equisetifolia. Farmers grow groundnut or melons clones for making rapid progress since 1994. More than 175 on sandy soils. The intercrops being Sesame in red soil, Casuarina CPTs have been successfully cloned and gene banks Turmeric in heavy soil with Casuarina in the first year. When have been established. Field trials are under way for the banana (Musa sasapientum) and tapioca (Manihotesculenta) are evaluation of the comparative genetic superiority of these raised as intercrop under irrigated condition Casuarina added clones, with a view to selecting disease-resistant clones with more nitrogen to soil, such intercropping is not possible beyond high productivity (Lal et al., 1996). Based on field trials, 10 the first year of Casuarina growth due to over shading Casuarina clones have been released with a productivity range (Kondas, 1983). On the other hand, with Moringa olifera as an of 8.6 to13.9 m3.ha-1.yr-1 have been selected to supply farmers intercrop it can be grown up to the age of 3 years. Vinaya Rai with clonal planting stock. International Paper APPM is and Suresh (1988) showed that some fodder grasses registered developing high yielding, genetically superior clones of an increase in growth when intercropped with C. equisetifolia. Casaurina and Eucalyptus to maximize plantation productivity and revenue generation for the farmers (Anon., 2020) Agroforestry experiments involving forestry tree species such as C.equisetifolia and Leucaena leucocephala and arable crops Existing Casuarina based systems like sunflower, sesame and groundnut resulted in significant Casuarinas are planted under wide range of wood based reduction in intercrop yields primarily due to reduced light planting systems depending on agroecological and intensity (Srinivasan et al., 1990).Inter cropping cashew, socioeconomic need of the grower. Among the different Casuarinaand coconut is also popular (agricrop.nic.in). Energy systems it is commonly used in farm and agroforestry systems, plantations, especially of Casuarina spp., are popular in coastal for soil stabilization and reclamation work in coastal protection districts of Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh (Murthy et al., and rehabilitation (Pinyopusarerk and Williams, 2000). Besides 2013). Casuarina is raised as tree component of silvopastoral Casuarina, other components of agroforestry system vary with system of Kerala and it resulted in comparatively higher forage diverse agroforestry practices followed. In a project based yield of forage crops underneath even after canopy formation. study conducted by IFGTB in association with NABARD Increased light infiltration into the understorey due to the revealed the potential of Casuarina as the main species in cladophyllous canopy can be attributed as reason for the higher different agroforestry models which is listed in Table -1 fodder productivity under Casuarina (Mathew et al, 1992). (Chaturvedi et al., 2017). High growth of genotypes/provenances of C. equisetifolia viz., Metthupalayam, Akma Unit-1 and Varanasi were grown along Table 1 Different Casuarina-based agroforestry models with Guava and Turmeric in eastern parts of U.P. under sodic Agroforestry Species combination soil conditions (Chaturvedi et al., 2016). Two medicinal annual Models herbs (Kalmegh ad Matricaria) were cultivated under C. Agri- Casuarina+Maize/Fodder Sorghum and Casuarina + equisetifolia based agri-silviculture system (Verma, 2020). silviculture Vegetables (Chillies/Tomatoes/Pumpkin/Groundnut) Silvi- Casuarina+Mango, Casuarina+Coconut. Casuarina in Karnataka Horticulture Casuarina+Banana, Casuarina+Teak+Papaya. Casuarina+Drumstick+Hybrid Tomato. It was first introduced to India at Karwar, a coastal region of Casuarina+Tamarind+Drumstick. Casuarina+Teak+Eucalyptus+Guava Karnataka in 1668 (Ataia, 1983). Farmers cultivate it Silvipasture Casuarina+Napier grasses extensively in West coasts and Northern dry zone of Karnataka. Bund Planting Casuarina as Wind Breaks Casuarina species were successfully introduced in Northern Block Planting Block planting of Casuarina dry zone of Karnataka, to identify the best performing species Line Boundary Boundary planting in single as well as double rows, Planting Casuarina+Teak on Boundary, and Casuarina + Coconut as against soil salinity (Chavan et al., 2011). Later on in line planting Karnataka, Casuarinas were planted by research institutes, Homestead Multi-storeyed Cropping System-- research stations, wood based industries, experimental projects, Teak/Casuarina/Banana/Vegetables state agricultural universities and farmers. 40164 | P a g e International Journal of Recent Scientific Research Vol. 11, Issue, 11 (C), pp. 40162-40168, November, 2020

It is being raised at large scale under farm forestry in northern multiple uses i.e. fuel wood, timber, poles and raw material for dry zone of Karnataka as shelterbelts and windbreaks. pulp and paper. It improves soil fertility through nitrogen Casuarina along with Eucalyptus is suggested as suitable tree fixation and also helps in environmental conservation (Chavan species for fuel wood production under wood lot system in et al., 2011). Its adaptability to grow in a wide range of soil and non-arable lands of Central Dry Zone of Karnataka. Casuarina climatic conditions including moisture and nutrient limited sites is to be planted at 2 x 2 m for maximum fuel wood production. makes Casuarina a preferred choice for commercial and Under the Contract for Farming scheme, pulpwood Plantations environmental planting programme (Warrier et al., 2014). Thus were raised by the SARA(Society For Afforestation, Research Casuarinas could be the best alternative for Eucalyptus which and Allied Works) and WCPM (West Coast Paper Mills was once widely planted for conservation purposes. One of the Limited) on waste lands, barren and fallow lands of farmers. major contribution of Eucalyptus was as raw material for These plantations were raised in Uttara Kannada and Dharwad pulpwood, paper industries. Currently Casuarina has also districts. As part of contract farming, SARA is also actively gained importance as a major pulpwood species in commercial engaged in producing quality superior clones of Eucalyptus, planting programme (Amanulla et al., 2001; Jain and Mohan, Acacia, Casuarina and Subabul (Sharma and Yadava, 2017).A 2001).The experiments conducted reveal that casuarina can be long-term agroforestry experiment consisting of arable crops profitably raised combined with teak and Leucaena to provide (Paddy, maize, sunhemp). Silvicultural trees viz., poles, fuelwood, fodder and timber (Warrier et al., 2014). Eucalyptustereticomis, Casuarina equisetifolia, Trial establishment Albiziamolucana, Tectonagrandis, Dalbergiasissoo, horticultural tree (sapota) and pasture crop (guinea grass) was Wood production in Casuarina varies greatly across locations, initiated on black clayey soils at Prabhunagar (Dharwad) during cultivation techniques adopted and age at which harvested 1976 (Patil et al., 2010). Agricultural Research Station at (Warrier et al., 2014). So establishment of trial is essential to Hanumanamatti of Haveri District has raised Shelterbelt assess its production in different environments and to, establish agroforestry system, consisting C. equisetifolia as one of the a field trial to be adopted later on by the farmers. species during 2009-10 (Swamy et al., 2017). Casuarina In Tamil Nadu extensive planting of Casuarina has been carried plantation was also raised by Agricultural Research Station at out by the wood based industries, forest department and also Gangavati, UAS, Raichur. Seedlings of five Casuarinaspecies farmers have been taking up Casuarina cultivation on their were planted in the year 1999 at initial spacing of 2.5 x 2.5 m in farms. But in Karnataka such extensive adoption of Casuarina an experimental trial under rain-fed condition. by farmers is not being carried out. Thus, the economic and Two clonal tests were established by IFGTB of which one was socio-ecological benefits of Casuarina is not utilized to its located at Hosekote (Karnataka). Four clones of C. equisetifolia fullest extent in Karnataka. Thus, developing a suitable model which showed consistently outstanding growth when subjected and establishment of field trials of Casuarina can be a step for to field tests at multi-locations have been released for taking up Casuarina cultivation by farmers. commercial planting in Karnataka among other states in 2010. Potential of Casuarinaas Sandal wood host, in Karnataka Casuarinas are major species among the plantation of forestry trees in Southern India, particularly in the coastal areas. Santalum album (East Indian sandal wood or sandal tree) is a Besides, it is being raised at large scale under farm forestry in small evergreen tree renowned for its fragrant heartwood and is northern dry zone of Karnataka as shelterbelts and windbreaks. synonymous with ancient Indian culture and heritage It is commanding extensive in upper Krishna project areas but (Srinivasan et al. 1992) and a semi-parasitic plant (hemi- the productivity of plantations still remains low due to wide parasitic), associated with host plants through "haustoria" for biomass yield variation per species. (Chavan et al., 2011) obtaining nutrient, and shade as young plant. Three stages of parasitism have been identified for the successful establishment An experiment of catchment treatment using vegetative cover of S. album plantations (Ehrhart & Fox 1995). These are was carried out at Manjunathapura village in Tumkur District. primary host (nursery level), secondary host (mid-term host) In a micro-catchment of 113 ha, tree-based farming systems and tertiary host (long-term host).In the long run, host plants have been promoted with active involvement of 70 families. In may help sandal tree grow faster and accumulate more biomass this experiment Casuarinas were planted as one among the and heartwood. forestry trees planted on boundaries and bunds. The project output showed that every field bund is covered with forestry In India, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu together account for more trees planted at a close spacing of 1 to 2 m in a row accounting than 90% of the natural population of S. album (Dutt &Verma approximately 500 to 1000 plants per hectare (Doreswamy, 2005).The plantation grown trees produce heartwood 2020). formations in about 3 to 4 years and develop good heartwood ranging in diameter from 15 cm to 25 cm in about 12 to15 In Karnataka since 1960s the demand for firewood and timber years (Gowda, 2011). The current value of heartwood is around was met by extensive planting of Eucalyptus by the forest 28,000 per kg in authentic outlets like Cauvery emporium of department and also by farmers. Eucalyptus plantations were KSHDC, Bangalore. Though Sandal fetches high retail price, also raised by wood based industries to meet their demand for the farmers when they sell to government agencies the raw material. However, in the later decades the controversy procurement price is 6400/kg of heartwood by KSDL (Mishra over the negative impacts of planting Eucalytpus led to et al., 2018). Sandalwood farming is a long-term and highly imposing ban on its planting by the Karnataka government in profitable crop (Reddy, 2016). the year 2017. In such a situation the species which could substitute Eucalyptus for its multiple uses appears to be Given the facts that Karnataka is its natural distribution area, its Casuarina. The wide acceptance of Casuarinas is due to its increasing demand and amendment of Sandalwood Act in 2001 40165 | P a g e Ravi N et al., Casuarina- A Potential Tree Crop For Karnataka and 2002 respectively by Karnataka Forest Departments its interaction with sandalwood. In this experiment host species making the grower himself a owner of the sandalwood, of Meliaceae were Khaya senegalensis and Cedrela odorata amendments on the sale of Sandalwood the farmers have a from the Meliaceae and Cathormiumum bellatum, Dalbergia scope to grow Sandal plantation. In India, there is a subsidy and latifolia, Pongamia pinnata and Pterocarpus indicus from the loan facility available for the farmers who want to grow . Among the leguminosae, Sandalwood survival was sandalwood. There are many banks including NABARD are significantly better with Dalbergia and Cathormium compared financing for commercial cultivation of sandalwood projects. to Pongamia and Pterocarpus whilst overall growth per tree NMPB (National medicinal plants board) is also providing was significantly better with Dalbergia and Pongamia with subsidies on sandalwood projects. Pterocarpus lagging significantly behind.

However, regeneration and establishment of sandal tree have C. equisetifolia is one of the favored host species for Sandal been problematic because of poor understanding of host- (Taide, 1991; Varghese, 1997). However contradictory parasite relationships (Surendran et al. 1998).In addition, the observation has also been reported by Da Silva et al., (2016), returns obtained after a long period of 15-18 years demands the conducted a study to evaluate the performance of sandalwood need for short-term or intermediate returns through the same plantation grown in association with three different forestry and piece of land. Short term income can be procured by the grower horticultural species. Host plants were Citrus aurantium, by selecting such a host which provides products at early age Punica granatum and C. equisetifolia. Among the field hosts. and fetches a good price in market. While selecting the host C. equisetifolia attended almost 2-fold greater height and 1.7- plants attention should be paid to the size, shade nature, fold greater DBH as compared to P. granatum. DBH ratio of economic value, and its contribution to the growth and six year old S. album trees were significantly influenced by development of Sandalwood. Taking into account these criteria hosts species association of Citrus aurantium promoted Casuarina is listed as one of the tertiary host plant for Sandal in significantly greater growth. Most of growth variables of S. India. The short rotation period of 3-4 years suits the average album trees were lowest when grown in association with C. Indian farmer with small landholding (Rawat, et al., equisetifolia (except height: dbh ratio) and were below average 2011).Further, the coppicing ability of C. junghuniana across host species. Greater growth variables of S. album trees increases the income of the small farmers and also provide associated with C.aurantium as compared to other hosts reveals sustainable income. Considering the progress in Casuarina tree that it is potentially a very good host for S. album. improvement, availability of improved clones, its demand and Nevertheless, C. aurantium exhibited comparatively greater adaptability to wide range climatic conditions it could act as mortality which may be due to greater parasitic nature of suitable host for Sandal and a lucrative choice for growers. sandalwood on C. aurantium. Despite the N2-fixing ability of C. equisetifolia and better soil nutrition as compared to the The influence of the host plant (Casuarina) on carbon other two hosts, lesser growth of S. album appeared to be due assimilation, water and nutrient status in sandal tree showed to above- and below-ground competition between C. significant (p < 0.05) increase in higher plant water potential equisetifolia and S. album for light or other resources. As when it was growing with host. The micronutrient content of reviewed by Lion (2017) the types of tertiary host plants for sandal tree was not influenced by the presence of host plant Sandal are Cassia siamea, Dalbergialatifolia, however; it showed significantly higher contents of Casuarinajunghuniana, C. equisetifoliaand macronutrients N, P and K in their (Rocha et al., 2014). Paraserianthesfalcataria as these host plant species are not The excavation of 50 Casuarina roots around the sandal trees favored by cattle as food and are easy to grow when planted. showed the presence 44 live (functional) haustoria and the possibility of translocation of water and nutrients between host CONCLUSION and sandal trees. The haustorial connections were firm and not easily detached during excavation. This may be due to the The potential of the improved varieties/clones is well taken up tissue graft between the host root and the sandal tree haustoria. in the state of Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh. Though more The best host would be that with more functional haustoria but number of tested clones of C. equisetifolia, C. junghuhniana at the same time offers minimum competition for aboveground and its hybrids are released through tree breeding programme resources. The sparse canopy of Casuarina with needles and N- by IFGTB, Coimbatore, they are not tested fully in Karnataka fixing nature could form an ideal host for sandal tree (Rocha which is having different agroclimatic zones. These materials et al., 2011). Mixed planting of teak and C. equisetifolia as host have to be tested for their potential to replace the eucalyptus to the semi-root parasite Santalum album in marginal soils of trees, in different agroforestry systems, for testing ability as Maharashtra found to be successful model (Shinde et al., 1999). suitable nursing plant for sandal and to provide marginal income to farmers in long rotation sandal plantations. C. equisetifolia and Pongamia pinnata was observed as best host for the growth of the sandalwood plants by Nagaveni and References Vijaylakshmi (2003) and they observed growth promotion of Agricrop.nic.in. 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How to cite this article:

Ravi N et al.2020, Casuarina- A Potential Tree Crop For Karnataka. Int J Recent Sci Res. 11(11), pp. 40162-40168. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24327/ijrsr.2020.1111.5639

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