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Research Article CASUARINA Available Online at http://www.recentscientific.com International Journal of CODEN: IJRSFP (USA) Recent Scientific International Journal of Recent Scientific Research Research Vol. 11, Issue, 11 (C), pp. 40162-40168, November, 2020 ISSN: 0976-3031 DOI: 10.24327/IJRSR Research Article CASUARINA- A POTENTIAL TREE CROP FOR KARNATAKA *Ravi N1., Shilpa Shenoy1., Hegde R2., Durai M.V1 and Shettepanavar V.S1 1Institute of Wood Science and Technology, (ICFRE), Malleswaram, Bangalore, Karnataka -560003 2College of Forestry, Ponnampet, UAHS Shivamogga, Karnataka-571216 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24327/ijrsr.2020.1111.5639 ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Casuarina are multipurpose trees that can be grown in a wide range of environmental conditions. Article History: After its introduction in India, there has been remarkable progress in the field of Casuarina tree Received 06th August, 2020 improvement which is focused on improving tree growth, yield, and form. This led to its extensive Received in revised form 14th adoption in various tree-based systems, by the farmers and various other stakeholders mainly in the September, 2020 states of Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh. In Karnataka, the improved hybrids are not tested fully Accepted 23rd October, 2020 thus lacking in its likely wide planting. The current tree-based systems in which it is grown have Published online 28th November, 2020 been presented in this article. The article also discusses the potential of Casuarina as a substitute for Eucalyptus and its scope as a host for Sandalwood, in Karnataka. Key Words: Casuarina, tree breeding, agroforestry, host Copyright © Ravi N et al, 2020, this is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. INTRODUCTION C. equisetifolia was introduced to India from Australia in the second half of nineteenth century mainly to fuel the steam Casuarinas are a versatile group of plants with wide-ranging locomotives. It was originally planted in Karwar during 1868- adaptability to grow in different environments and provide 69 (Kaikini, 1937), Nilgiris of the then Madras Presidency multiple end uses and services. They are extensively planted in (Kondas, 1983) and Chengalpet and South Arcot districts of the tropics, subtropics and Mediterranean countries because of Tamil Nadu state (Gurumurthi and Subramanian, 1998). The their ready adaptability to a variety of environmental conditions species later spread along the coasts to different parts of Tamil and also for their rapid growth performance (Warrier et al., Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, West Bengal and was also 2014). introduced in the coastal areas of Kerala, Maharashtra and Casuarina thrives well in areas having an annual rainfall Karnataka. Due to its versatility to grow in different ranging from 250 to 2,500 mm, maximum temperature as high environments, the plant is grown in many parts of India and as 48°C and tolerates cold up to 0°C, on altitudes up to 1,200 m almost all states in peninsular India. It is now estimated to be or upto 1500m (Kumar, 2011). It is a light demanding tree and under cultivation in around half a million hectares mainly in the grows in almost all types of soil and is highly tolerant to soil Peninsular region. Farmers cultivate it extensively in West salinity (Anon, 1985). Heavy, clayey soils and soils with poor coasts and Northern dry zone of Karnataka, East coasts of drainage are detrimental to its growth. Good plantations can be Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Orissa (Chavan et al., 2011) seen on laterite soils and well drained sandy loams. Casuarinas and India is the largest producer of Casuarina in the world. though do not belong to leguminosae they have the ability to Uses of Casuarina fix atmospheric nitrogen through a symbiotic association with the actinomycetes microorganism, Frankia, thus able to survive Fuel on poor soils. The soil on which it can thrive includes coastal Casuarina wood, is called the best firewood in the world and sand, shifting sterile sand, river alluvium, sandy loam with high fuel is its most universal use. Its branches and brushwood are water table, red loam, red gravelly loam and hard laterite etc. also used for fuel, and the needles and cones burn well. Wood Topography ranges from coastal flats to very gently undulating is very dense, with a specific gravity ranging from 0.8 to 1.2. It terrain (Kumar, 2016). Casuarina wood with a high calorific is easy to split, has a high calorific value (about 5,000 kcal per value is a renowned fuel wood in the tropics. kg). It also can be burned when green, an important advantage *Corresponding author: Ravi N Institute of Wood Science and Technology, (ICFRE), Malleswaram, Bangalore, Karnataka -560003 International Journal of Recent Scientific Research Vol. 11, Issue, 11 (C), pp. 40162-40168, November, 2020 in fuel- short areas. Casuarina wood is excellent for charcoal Fodder making. While domestic animals will graze seedlings and suckers of Wood casuarinas, the foliage is high in tannin and is astringent and constipating and may interfere with the animal's ability to The wood of most casuarinas are not good source of lumber utilize protein (Anon, 1984). because of its hard, heavy nature and tendency to split, crack, and warp as it dries. Nevertheless, its wood is useful as round Developmental activities in Casuarina wood for fencing, tool handles, pilings, beams, and rafters; as Casuarina improvement programme is focused on improving split wood for fencing, pilings, and roofing shingles; In India it tree growth, yield and form. The tree improvement activity in is used for scaffolding and structural members for buildings, as Casuarina consisted of establishment of seed orchards, seed well as for masts for country fishing boats. The wood of production area, vegetative multiplication garden, seedling seed Casuarina equisetifolia has been found to make a good paper orchard, development of hybrids and clones. India commenced pulp through use of the neutral sulfite semichemical process. implementation of a breeding plan of C. equisetifolia in 1997 But, the difficulty of breaking up this extremely hard wood setting up large breeding populations in three States complicates pulping. (Nicodemus et al., 2011). IFGTB (Institute of Forest Genetics Shelterbelts and Tree Breeding), Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu is considered as a focal point for Casuarina research in India. One generation of C. equisetifolia is often planted as a windbreak in North Africa, breeding has yielded 13-28% gain in wood production (K. West Africa, Yemen, Somalia, the Middle East, India, and Pinyopusarerk and A. Nicodemus, 2014).Presently 229 clones South China. The abundance of highly branched twigs on of C. equisetifolia are available in the clone bank of IFGTB casuarinas absorbs wind energy amazingly well. In addition to which includes selections by other stakeholders also. The their wind firmness casuarinas have desirable characteristics for newly introduced C. junghuhniana was found to be fast shelterbelts: adaptability to many soils and climates, self- growing and more drought and disease tolerant compared to sufficiency for nitrogen, rapid early growth, adequate height C. equisetifolia, and tested superior clones are also now and longevity, dense crown, and useful wood. It is most available. Intra and interspecific hybrid families of the two unusual for a single tree to have all of these attributes; to reduce species were produced through control pollination. The wind adequately; shelterbelts normally require two or more breeding program in India has progressed to second generation species. which consists of genetic material from the first generation. Erosion Control The best inter-specific hybrid family showed 35 to 53% better height growth than local seedlot and 17 to 21% over orchard Casuarinas are known to reduce soil erosion by reducing wind progenies (Warrier et al., 2014). Seed orchards contribute erosion, and also do it with their network of fine subsurface greatly to the production of quality planting stock of the desired roots and by building up a litter of intertwined needles that species. Seeds from IFGTB seed orchards provided 13% more protects against rain and wind. wood under rainfed conditions and 28% with irrigation than C. equisetifolia is much used for stabilizing sandy soils and unimproved local seed (Warrier et al., 2014). C.cunninghamiana is valued for protecting riverbanks. The Further, it (IFGTB) established three clonal tests of copious root suckering of species such as Casuarina glauca C. equisetifolia in the year 2000 with 124 entries (115 clones could be useful in erosion control due to the trees spread and and 9 seedling controls). Four clonal entries viz., IFGTB-CE-1, hold down the land, especially on severe slopes or washed IFGTB-CE-2, IFGTB-CE-3 and IFGTB-CE-4 were found to be areas. In addition, the litter from the trees blows over the bare superior in their growth performance over the seeds of control ground, protecting it from erosion and providing a good clones and the above clones were released as most suitable seedbed for natural reproduction. clones for the States of Tamil Nadu and Karnataka and the Sand Dune Stabilization Union Territory of Puducherry. Five productive clones of C. junghuhniana viz. IFGTB-WBC-6, IFGTB-WBC-8, IFGTB- Due its salt- and drought-tolerant nature and capacity to grow WBC-9, IFGTB-WBC-17 and IFGTB-WBC-18 exclusively and reproduce in sand, C. equisetifolia is used to control suitable for windbreak agroforestry system were identified erosion along coastlines and estuaries. (Warrier et al., 2014). Tanning Growth of orchard progeny from IFGTB was better than that of The bark of C. equisetifolia contains 6-18 percent tannin and the local unimproved seedlot in all planting sites. In the coastal has been used extensively in Madagascar for tanning purposes.
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