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Part D. Chapter 1: Current Intakes of Foods, Beverages, and Nutrients

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Part D. Chapter 1: Current Intakes of Foods, Beverages, and Nutrients Part D. Chapter 1: Current Intakes of Foods, Beverages, and Nutrients PART D. CHAPTER 1: CURRENT INTAKES OF FOODS, BEVERAGES, AND NUTRIENTS INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 3 LIST OF QUESTIONS ............................................................................................................ 5 METHODOLOGY .................................................................................................................... 5 Food and Nutrient Intakes .................................................................................................. 5 Nutrients or Food Components of Public Health Concern ................................................. 6 Evaluation of Dietary Intake Data ....................................................................................... 9 Nutrition-related Chronic Health Conditions ....................................................................... 9 REVIEW OF THE SCIENCE ................................................................................................. 10 Question 1: What is the current prevalence of nutrition-related chronic health conditions? ............................................................................................................ 10 Approach to Answering Question: Data analysis ........................................................... 10 Conclusion Statement .................................................................................................... 10 Summary of the Evidence .............................................................................................. 10 Cardiovascular Health ................................................................................................ 11 Metabolic Syndrome, Prediabetes, and Diabetes ...................................................... 13 Growth, Size, and Body Composition, including Overweight and Obesity ................. 14 Reduced Muscle Strength and Bone Mass ................................................................ 18 Gestational Diabetes .................................................................................................. 19 Chronic Liver Disease ................................................................................................ 20 Cancer ........................................................................................................................ 21 Dental Health .............................................................................................................. 24 Food Allergy ............................................................................................................... 25 Question 2. What are the current intakes of food groups? ............................................... 25 Approach to Answering Question: Data analysis ........................................................... 25 Conclusion Statements .................................................................................................. 25 Summary of the Evidence .............................................................................................. 26 Birth to Age 24 Months ............................................................................................... 26 Older Infants Ages 6 to 12 Months ............................................................................. 28 Toddlers Ages 12 to 24 Months ................................................................................. 34 Individuals Ages 2 Years and Older ........................................................................... 36 Women Who Are Pregnant ....................................................................................... 48 Women Who are Lactating ......................................................................................... 50 Question 3. What are the current patterns of food and beverage intake? ........................ 52 Approach to Answering Question: Data analysis ........................................................... 52 Conclusion Statements .................................................................................................. 52 Dietary Patterns .......................................................................................................... 52 Beverages .................................................................................................................. 53 Summary of the Evidence .............................................................................................. 53 Dietary Patterns .......................................................................................................... 53 Beverages .................................................................................................................. 58 Scientific Report of the 2020 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee 1 Part D. Chapter 1: Current Intakes of Foods, Beverages, and Nutrients Question 4. Which nutrients present a substantial public health concern because of underconsumption or overconsumption? ....................................................... 61 Approach to Answering Question: Data analysis ........................................................... 61 Conclusion Statements .................................................................................................. 61 Food Components of Public Health Concern: Ages 1 Year and Older ...................... 61 Food Components of Public Health Concern: Specific Life Stages .......................... 62 Food Components that Pose Special Public Health Challenges: Ages 1 Year and Older ........................................................................................................................... 62 Food Components that Pose Special Public Health Challenges: Specific Life Stages ................................................................................................................. 62 Summary of the Evidence .............................................................................................. 64 Infants Younger Than Age 6 Months .......................................................................... 64 Infants Ages 6 to 12 Months ....................................................................................... 64 Individuals Ages 1 Year and Older ............................................................................. 67 Considerations for Specific Life Stages: Adolescents and Older Adults .................... 74 Considerations for Specific Life Stages: Pregnancy and Lactation ............................ 74 Other Population Subgroups ...................................................................................... 76 Question 5. How does dietary intake, particularly dietary patterns, track across life stages from the introduction of foods, into childhood, and through older adulthood? .................. 77 Approach to Answering Question: Data analysis ........................................................... 77 Conclusion Statement .................................................................................................... 77 Summary of the Evidence .............................................................................................. 77 Dietary Intakes for Birth to 24 Months ........................................................................ 77 DISCUSSION ........................................................................................................................ 81 Few Changes in the Dietary Landscape Over Time ...................................................... 82 New Findings on Infants and Toddlers .......................................................................... 83 Dietary Patterns Through the Lifespan .......................................................................... 85 Dietary Patterns and Food Security ............................................................................... 86 Ensuring Lifelong Healthy Dietary Choices .................................................................... 86 Key Considerations ........................................................................................................ 88 SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................ 89 Scientific Report of the 2020 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee 2 Part D. Chapter 1: Current Intakes of Foods, Beverages, and Nutrients INTRODUCTION Diet is directly related to health, and most Americans suffer from health conditions or suboptimal nutritional status that have the potential to be prevented or ameliorated through diet. The Dietary Guidelines for Americans focus on the quality of the overall dietary pattern and food choices, as well as how Americans can meet nutrient and food group recommendations to optimize health. Overweight and obesity remain as epidemic public health challenges directly, as well as indirectly through their role with type 2 diabetes, heart disease, metabolic diseases and health conditions, and some types of cancer. An overview of specific diet-related causes of morbidity and mortality, as well as surrogate measures of these outcomes, are presented in the following sections. Physical activity and social and environmental causes of chronic disease and nutrition risk also are critical dimensions that must be understood and addressed but are not discussed in the context of nutrition in this chapter. Rather, the purpose of this chapter
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