A report on the potential of renewable energies in peninsular © Raúl Bartolomé Greenpeace San Bernardo, 107, 28015 Madrid Tel.: 91 444 14 00 - Fax: 91 447 15 98 [email protected]

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Authors: José Luis García Ortega and Alicia Cantero Layout and design: De••Dos, espacio de ideas

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November 2005 Contents 1. Introduction 04 2. Hypothesis and methodology 06 3. The main results of the study 08 3.1. Results by technologies 08 1. Geothermal 09 2. Hydro-electric 10 3. Biomass 11 4. Waves 12 5. Off shore wind 13 6. On-shore wind 14 7. Solar chimney 15 8. Solar photovoltaic integrated into buildings 16 9. Solar photovoltaic with tracking 17 10. Concentrated solar thermal 18 3.2. Summary of results 19 Fully available renewable resources 19 Comparison with the Renewable Energy Plan 20 Meeting electricity demand: proposed generation mix 21 Meeting total energy demand: proposed mix 22 3.3. Results by Autonomous Community 24 24 Aragon and Asturias 25 Cantabria and Castile-La Mancha 26 Castile-Leon and Catalonia 27 Extremadura and Galicia 28 Madrid and 29 Navarre and the Basque Country 30 La Rioja and 31 4. Conclusions of the report and Greenpeace's demands 32 Conclusions 32 What Greenpeace is asking for 33 5. Appendix 34 Glossary of terms 34 Renewables 2050. A report on the potential for renewable energies in peninsular Spain 1. Introduction

Greenpeace has commissioned the Technology could be in 2050. Finally, the maximum possible Research Institute at the Pontificia Comillas Uni- contribution of each of these is developed in versity to carry out a technical analysis of the terms of power capacity and electricity genera- viability of a system of electricity generation in tion, imposing environmental, social and techno- peninsular Spain with the maximum possible logical criteria on the type of land available. contribution of renewable energies. The analy- sis takes into account the main factors condi- Secondly, at a European level, Greenpeace has tioning the availability of resources, environ- also carried out specific analyses. In this area, the mental restrictions and other types of land use, German institute DLR has established a scenario the link between demand and generating for Greenpeace International published with the potential and the transport capacity of the elec- title “Energy Revolution: a sustainable pathway to tricity network. The results will be presented in a clean energy future for Europe”. This scenario successive reports under the general name demonstrates that the restructuring of the energy "Energy Revolution". system to meet ambitious environmental targets is viable, and marks out a transition to replacing This document shows the main results of the conventional energies with renewable ones, so report “Renewables 2050. A report on the poten- the latter could then provide half the energy mix tial for renewable energies in peninsular Spain”, by the middle of the century. the first in this project which is carrying out the most detailed published analysis to date in this Why this project? country of development scenarios for the differ- ent renewable technologies. The report provides Our energy system is at a crossroads. The mas- ceilings for the potential and generation of these sive consumption of fossil fuels, which are our technologies, clearly showing the different main energy source, is causing climate change restrictions both in terms of availability of energy which is already making itself felt. If we continue resources and land use. along this road it is highly probable that we will exceed Nature's limits, which could make it As a methodology, population and energy impossible for the majority of species to adapt demand scenarios were first drawn up for penin- themselves to such a strong, rapid change, while sular Spain, based on those already published by millions of people will suffer the conditions of an other institutions. Based on these and on com- uninhabitable environment in the form of parisons with actual and forecast development famines, floods, drought… for each of the renewable technologies, an analy- sis is made of what their position and activity

4 Introduction

Meanwhile, governments and energy compa- much tougher than the current ones established nies continue to make decisions on multi-mil- at Kyoto. lion dollar developments without taking this · The review of energy planning promised by the reality into account, prolonging an unsustain- Spanish Prime Minister, which must establish able energy model for decades. There is even the energy demand it is planned to supply over the continual emergence of smokescreens (the the coming years, the energy infrastructures misnamed “clean” coal, construction of new that will therefore be necessary and whether nuclear power stations or extension of the life these will continue to be based on the massive of the current ones, the myth of the future construction of fossil fuel power stations or on fusion reactor, hydrogen obtained with dirty an acceleration of investment in renewables. energies, carbon sinks, capture and storage of · The nuclear debate, which must clarify how the

CO2, etc.), presenting false solutions to climate Government is going to keep its promise to change while they conceal other serious envi- abandon nuclear energy and stand up to the ronmental effects and take up massive financial pressure from big companies which are trying resources which are vital for the real solutions. to lengthen the useful lives of the old nuclear power stations. The only real solution to climate change lies in · Reform of the electricity sector, taking into the complete replacement of fossil fuels by account the White Paper's proposals to guide it renewable energies, together with the more effi- towards sustainability. cient use of energy. However, each time this · The role consumers could play in being able to approach is presented, basic questions come up: choose clean electricity. are renewables sufficient to cover society's demand for energy? Do we need to develop The aim of this project is to find out whether renewable other energy sources to cover the supposed lim- energies are enough to meet society's demand for energy itations of renewables? or whether, by contrast, we need to develop other energy sources to cover the supposed limitations of renewables. The answers to these questions will condition a Ultimately, it is a matter of trying to confirm whether it is whole series of crucial political and economic possible to find the solution to climate change through the decisions that are going to be taken in the next complete replacement of fossil fuels by renewable few months and years in this country and in the energies together with a more efficient use of energy. area of the European Union and which are going to have a decisive influence on humanity's capacity to prevent dangerous climate change:

· The next renewable energies directive, which has to set targets for the contribution of these energies to the energy mix for each EU country with the horizon 2020. · The National Allocation Plan for emissions for the period 2008-2012, which will determine this country's willingness to meet the Kyoto Proto- col Commitment. · The international negotiations beginning at the first meeting of the Kyoto Protocol signatory countries held in Montreal after the end of November 2005, to set new emission reduction targets beyond 2012, which will have to be

5 Renewables 2050. A report on the potential for renewable energies in peninsular Spain 2. Hypothesis and methodology

The study starts from the following hypotheses: · Final energy demand: 109kWh/inhabitant/day, resulting in 1,525TWh/year. · Spanish peninsular population in 2050: 38.32 million inhabitants, essentially divided in Specific hypotheses have also been taken for the same proportions as in 2003. each technology. · Demand for electrical energy: 20kWh/inhabi- tant/day, which gives a peninsular electricity Concerning the methodology followed, it is a demand of 280TWh/year in 2050. This quantity is matter of determining the capacity and genera- obtained by extrapolating from conservative EU tion ceilings for each technology, with these scenarios, deducting a certain quantity from final understood as the power that can technically be usage demand for energies that are renewable developed with the technology considering the at origin (80% of electricity demand for hot water resources available and imposing the relevant thanks to the use of solar thermal and biomass technical limits for the development of the boilers; 80% of electric space heating demand resource. thanks to the use of bioclimatic architecture, solar thermal energy, biomass boilers and better The units used to express the capacity ceilings insulation in buildings; 60% of demand for elec- are gigawatts (GW, equivalent to a thousand trical space refrigeration thanks to the use of megawatts or a billion watts), while generation solar thermal energy with absorption machines ceilings are expressed in terawatt-hours (TWh, and bioclimatic techniques), but without includ- equivalents to a billion kilowatt-hours). The rea- ing savings due to demand-side management. son for using such "large" and not very common · Same division in 2050 as in 2003 of the propor- units is that they make it easier to express the tion of electricity demand per head in each very high quantities for ceilings which are autonomous community with respect to the obtained as a result. average for Spain. · Same electricity demand per head in all To calculate the capacity ceilings, we have provinces of the same autonomous community. developed designs for the different technolo- · Modulation by time of day of demand for elec- gies, assessed their actions in different geo- tricity on the peninsula in 2050 the same as in graphical regions and imposed technological and 2003, without taking into account improve- land availability restrictions using a GIS (Geo- ments which could be achieved through graphical Information System) tool. The esti- demand-side management to facilitate the mates for the generation ceilings have been penetration of renewable technologies. obtained based on the capacity ceilings using

6 Hypothesis and methodology

capacity factors evaluated for the different sites For each group of land and its subgroups, its considered. possible viability for the installation of each renewable technology considered, or the per- To assess the availability of land for each renew- centage that could be used in each case, has able technology according to land use, the Min- been assigned. istry of Public Works database has been used, which classified all land into: Environmental restrictions, excluding the use · Urban zones. of 28% of land on the peninsula, have also · Industrial, commercial and transport zones. been incorporated (in some autonomous com- · Mineral extraction, dumping and construction munities this is as much as 40% of their territory). zones. In general, the excluded areas are as follows; · Artificial, non-agricultural green zones. · Employment land. · Nature 2000 Network: Special Protection area · Permanent crops. for birds (SPAS) and Sites of Community Inter- · Pasture. est (SCIs). · Heterogeneous agricultural zones. · Zones associated with Protected Natural · Woodland. Areas (ENP), either declared or in the formal · Areas of shrub and herbaceous vegetation. process of being declared by the Spanish gov- · Open spaces with little or no vegetation. ernment and the Autonomous Communities. · Inland wetland. · Coastal wetland. The map shows us all the areas whose use has · Inland waterways been excluded for environmental reasons. · Sea

Map 1 All the areas excluded for the capacity and generation ceilings for environmental reasons (SCI+SPAS+ENP). Source: Environment Ministry

7 Renewables 2050. A report on the potential for renewable energies in peninsular Spain 3. The main results of the study

3.1. Results by technologies

We are now going to present the main results of the study. Firstly, we will see separately for each technology considered how much of the resource is available in absolute terms, divided by autonomous community, and in comparison with projected electricity demand for 2050.

In general, a conservative approach has been adopted; that is, the best technology currently available for converting each renewable resource into electricity has been considered, including technological improvements only when it appears clear that they will be available for 2050.

8 Geothermal energy is the energy in the subsoil, which is hotter the deeper you go.

The technology considered is hot dry rock technology, heat is converted into electricity, as in a conventional 1 for which it is not necessary to have aquifers. Instead, thermal power station. fluid is injected under pressure so that the rocks crack We have assumed that the operating fluid used would at the desired depth, the fluid receives the heat from be n-pentane, with rocks at a temperature of 180ºC the rocks and transports it to the surface, where this and efficiency of 11%.

Geothermal. % of the power and electricity generation ceilings in each Community.

10.5 % 1.2 % 0.7 % 1.3 % 9.9 2.2 % % 7.1 17.5 % % 0.8 %

17.5 1.3 % %

7.0 % 5.2 Geothermal %

15.6 % 2.2 %

Division by Autonomous Communities of capacity and electricity generation ceilings on the peninsula with this technology

% of the capacity and electricity generation ceilings in each Community >15% 10%-15% 5%-10% <5%

Total. Capacity ceiling = 2.48 GW - Electricity generation ceiling = 19.53TWh/y

(7% of peninsular electricity demand 2050) 2,480MW of electrical power could be installed based on geothermal energy and 19.53TW/h a year could be generated, which would make it possible to cover 7% of the peninsular electricity demand projected for 2050. As this is an energy that is permanently available, its con- tribution could be very useful in regulating the electricity system and could also be used for non-electrical purposes. As we can see on the map, the greatest potential is in the two Castiles and Andalusia. © Greenpeace

9 Renewables 2050. A report on the potential for renewable energies in peninsular Spain

Hydro-electric energy is that from waterfalls and has traditionally been generated using a turbine. 2 For this study we have not considered great increases adopted in the Renewable Energies Promotion Plan. In in big-scale hydro-electric power because of the envi- order to calculate the electricity that can be produced, ronmental impact of dams. The achievable potential a slightly dry year (inter-annual reserves not used) or has therefore been considered as the same target dry year (reserves used) have been considered.

Hydro-electric. Capacity and electrical generation ceiling with this technology and distribution by Autonomous Communities.

18.8 18.0 % % 4.6 4.7 31.2 30.3 % % % % 1.1 1.2 % % 1.0 1.1 % % 1.3 1.9 % % 12.1 12.2 % % 0.4 0.5 % % 9.5 9.7 % %

0.6 0.7 % %

9.9 9.4 % % 2.9 3.1 Total. Capacity ceiling = 18.80 GW % % Electricity generation ceiling = 37.61 TWh/y 2.7 2.7 % % (13.5% of peninsular electricity demand 2050)

0.3 0.3 Hydro-electric % % Division by Autonomous Communities of capacity and electricity 3.6 3.9 generation ceilings on the peninsula with this technology % % % of the capacity ceiling in each Community

% of the electricity generation ceiling in each Community

>20% 15%-20% 10%-15% 5%-10% <5% Hydro-electric capacity could reach system. As we see on the map, the greatest 18,800MW, which could generate potential is in Castile-Leon. 37.61TWh a year, which would make it possible to cover 13.5% of projected penin- This hydro-electric potential has been analysed, sular electricity demand in 2050. As it is stor- differentiating between small-scale hydro-elec- able energy, its contribution could continue tric (installations with capacity less than 10MW) to be very useful for regulating the electricity and power stations of more than 10MW:

· Hydro-electric capacity from small-scale plants could reach 2,280MW, which could generate 6.91TWh a year, which would make it possible to cover 2.5% of projected peninsular electricity demand for 2050. The greatest potential is in Castile-Leon, Catalo- nia and Aragon. · Hydro-electric capacity from installations larger than 10MW could reach 16,571MW, which could generate 30.71TWh a year, making it possible to cover 11% of project- ed peninsular electricity demand for 2050. © Greenpeace The greatest potential is in Castile-Leon.

10 Biomass is the energy from organic material, resulting from waste (forestry, agricultural, stock- rearing, from the agri-food industry or urban waste, converted into biogas) or from energy crops.The study has also assessed the potential of fast-turnover forest crops and scrub. 3 The technology considered is a high-performance gas With this system, the waste hot water from the power turbine power station using as fuel the gas resulting station could be used for cogeneration applications from the gasification of biomass, whatever its origin. designed to cover low-temperature demand, such as The total energy efficiency of the conversion of bio- sanitary hot water, space-heating and cooling using mass into electricity would be 32.95%. absorption equipment.

Biomass. Capacity and electrical generation ceiling with this technology, distribution by Autonomous Community and percentage of electricity demand that would be covered in 2050.

81.6 % 35.7 38.7 69.7 3.2 % 166.5 % 23.2 % 111.7 1.1 69.6 % % % % 12.8 % 3.6 % % % 2.9 % 20.3 0.9 % 21.6 % 8.1 7.8 % % % 132.8 % 122.9 1.5 % 6.1 % %

4.7 12.7 % % 14.5 3.0 % % 31.1 49.7 %

1.3 Biomass % % 14.7 %

Division by Autonomous Community of capacity and electricity % of electricity demand in 2050 that would be covered with generation ceilings on the peninsula with this technology this technology

% of the capacity and electrical generation ceilings in each % of demand for each Community Community Communities self-sufficient with this technology >20% 10%-20% 5%-10% <5% for their 2050 electricity demand

Total. Capacity ceiling = 19.46 GW - Electricity generation ceiling = 141.47 TWh/y

(50.5% of 2050 peninsular electricity demand) 19,460MW of electrical power could gradient of 10%. If the maximum admissible be installed based on biomass and gradient is restricted to 3% for forest crops 141.47TWh a year could be generat- and 4% for scrub, it would still be possible to ed, making it possible to cover 50.5% of pro- install 15,200MW, which would generate jected peninsular electricity demand for 2050. 109.8TWh/year, equivalent to 39.2% of penin- As it is an energy that can be stored, its contri- sular electricity demand in 2050. bution could be very useful for regulating the The biomass results broken down by applica- electricity system as well as being available for tions are; non-electrical uses. As we see on the map, · Scrub: 2,310MW, 17.2TWh/y (6.1% of 2050 penin- the greatest potential is in Castile-Leon. It sular demand) on a gradient of up to 10%. Greatest should be highlighted that Castile-Leon, potential in Galicia and Castile-Leon. · Fast turnover forest crops: 5,130MW, Castile-La Mancha, Extremadura and Aragon 38.2TWh/year (13.6% of 2050 peninsular demand) could use biomass to generate a quantity of on a gradient of up to 10%. Greatest potential in electricity greater than their own projected Castile-Leon and Galicia. electricity demand for 2050. · Energy crops: 4,735MW, 35.22TWh/year (12.6% This biomass potential has been analysed by of 2050 electricity demand). Greatest potential in making two different calculations, admitting Castile-Leon. · Waste and biogas: 7,280MW, 50.85TWh/y land with different gradients. The results (18.2% of 2050 electricity demand). Greatest shown on the map correspond to a maximum potential in Andalusia. © Energías Renovables © Greenpeace 11 Renewables 2050. A report on the potential for renewable energies in peninsular Spain

The mechanical energy from waves can be used to be converted into electricity, although this is not yet at a commercial stage in this country. However, given the peninsula's long coastline, we 4 thought it was worth assessing its potential. Because of the lack of data, this is done approximately. We have considered that only 90% of the available barrier. Part of the infrastructures would be shared potential could be used along a strip between 5 and with those for off-shore wind power, as both could 30km from the coast in a line running parallel to it, coexist on the same site. overlapping the systems so there was no continuous

Waves. Capacity and electricity generation potential with this technology, distribution by Autonomous Communities and percentage of electricity demand that would be covered in 2050.

589 % 37.3 GW 233 245 % % 8.4 GW 2.9 3.1 10.5% 3.6% 50 3.9% GW GW 46.7% %

5.4 35 6.7% GW % Waves

47 3.9 4.8% GW % 22.3 GW 72 1.2 188 % 1.4% GW % 27.8%

Division by Autonomous Community of capacity and electricity % of 2050 electricity demand that would be covered with this generation ceilings on the peninsula with this technology technology

Average annual capacity (GW) in each Community % of demand in each Community >30% 20%-30% 5%-20% <5% % of peninsular demand

Communities self-sufficient in this technology for their 2050 electricity demand

Total. Capacity ceiling = 84.4 GW - Electricity generation ceiling = 296 TWh/y

(105.7% of 2050 peninsular electricity demand) 84,400MW of electrical power could be installed, based on wave energy, and 296TWh a year could be generat- ed, making it possible to cover 105.7% of pro- jected peninsular electricity demand in 2050. As we can see on the map, the greatest poten- tial is in Galicia. © Greenpeace

12 Off-shore wind energy turns the strength of the wind into electricity using wind-generators sited at sea. The technology considered is that of a wind-generator hub height of 120m. A power capacity density of 5 operating at variable rotation speed, with individual 5.6MW/km2 is considered, at a distance of between 5 change of pitch for each blade. The chosen machine and 40km from the coast and depth of up to 100m. would generate 4.5MW and is 114m in diameter, with a

Off-shore wind. Capacity ceiling (in GW) and electrical generation (in % of the total) with this technology, and distribution by provinces and by Autonomous Communities.

22.68 GW

13.46 13.77 GW % 30.61 22.68 8.17 11.12 GW GW 13.77 % GW 6.75 5.40 18.58 % GW 3.28 3.06 % 5.40 % 1.861.10 3.28 4.16 % GW % 0.67 GW 2.52 GW % % GW % 6.02 27.40 20.21 GW 3.66 GW 14.72 2.04 1.24 GW 12.27 % GW GW % % 8.94 3.45 2.09 16.63 % GW % % 52.15 GW

31.65 % 8.20 GW 16.55 4.98 GW % 10.04 14.40 % GW 28.34 8.74 GW % 1.21 0.73 1.21 0.73 17.20 GW % 12.82 GW % % GW 7.78 00 1.11 0.68 % 00 GW %

Division by provinces of capacity ceilings and electricity generation Division by Autonomous Communities of capacity ceilings and Off-shore wind on the peninsula with this technology electricity generation on the peninsula with this technology

Capacity ceiling in each province (GW) Capacity ceiling in each Community (GW) % of the electricity generation ceiling in each province % of the electricity generation capacity ceiling in each Community >15% 10%-15% 5%-10% <5% Communities self-sufficient with this technology for their 2050 electricity demand

Total. Capacity ceiling = 164.76 GW - Electricity generation ceiling = 334 TWh/y

(119.3% of 2005 peninsular electricity demand) 164,760MW of electrical capacity could be installed based on off-shore wind energy and 334TWh a year could be generated, which would cover 119.3% of projected peninsular demand in 2050. As we can see on the map, the great- est potential is in Castellón. It should be high- lighted that Galicia, Asturias, Cantabria, Valen- cia and Andalusia could generate a quantity of electricity greater than their own projected electricity demand with off-shore wind power in 2050. © Greenpeace

13 Renewables 2050. A report on the potential for renewable energies in peninsular Spain

On-shore wind energy turns the strength of the wind into electricity using wind-generators based 6 on land.We analyse two types of land depending on the relief: flat and uneven. The technology considered is that of a three-blade height of 80m) on flat land and 810kW (48m in diameter direct transmission wind-generator (without speed and boss height of 65m) on uneven land, in wind farms multiplication), with operation at reduced speed and with 15 wind-generators, so the farm size would be individualised pitch for each blade and low start-up 30.75MW on flat land and 12.15MW on uneven land. A speeds (2-2.5m/s). The chosen machines would gener- density of power capacity of 3.84MW/km2 is consid- ate, respectively, 2.05MW (71m in diameter and hub ered on flat land and 3.04MW/km2 on uneven land.

On-shore wind. Capacity and electricity generation ceiling with this technology, distribution by Autonomous Community and percentage of electricity demand that would be covered in 2050.

0.8 0.9 165 7.4% 260 1,247 720 0.4 0.5 1.0 1.1 561 % 3.8% 117 4.9 5.5 % % % % % % 15.3% % 20.6 % % % % % 9.1% % % 18.6 1.8 1.9 44.6% 2,306 % 0.9 1.0 % % % 2,287 10.4 5.8 6.3 8,1% % % % 9.8 % 267 % % % 51.4% 3,378 152.2% % 3,187 84.9% % % 20.0 19.1 1.1 1.2 % % 78 9.4% % % %

8.3 8.0 155.6% 5.2 415 % % 4.8 % 17.6 % % 65.7% 17.2 42.4% % % 1,131 % 2.6 2.8 22.7% % % 968 % 143.6% On-shore wind Division by Autonomous Community of capacity and electricity % of electricity demand that would be covered with this generation ceilings on the peninsula with this technology technology in 2050

% of the capacity ceiling in each Community % of peninsular demand % of the electricity generation ceiling in each community % of demand in each Community >15% 10%-15% 5%-10% <5% Communities self-sufficient with this technology for their 2050 electricity demand Total. Capacity ceiling = 915 GW Communities that could generate all peninsular electricity Electricity generation ceiling = 2,285 TWh/y demand with this technology (816.1% of 2050 peninsular electricity demand)

be highlighted that each of these could gener- ate a quantity of electricity greater than the total projected peninsular electricity demand

© Greenpeace in 2050. In addition, all communities, with the only exception of Madrid, could generate a quantity of electricity greater than their own

projected electricity demand with on-shore

wind energy in 2050. 915,000MW of electrical power This on-shore wind energy potential has been based on on-shore wind energy could analysed by making two different calculations, be installed and 2,285TW/h a year with two different methods. The results shown could be generated, which would make it pos- on the map correspond to the most reliable sible to cover more than eight times the pro- method1, which results in greater potential. jected peninsular electricity demand in 2050. With the other approach2, 1,902TWh/year As we see on the map, the greatest potential would be generated, equivalent to 679% of is in the two Castiles and Andalusia. It should peninsular electricity demand in 2050. 1 Consistent with assuming that the average sites associated with flat and uneven land throughout the peninsula are properly represented by just two Weibull distributions. 14 2 Consistent with adopting the values for the overall capacity factors recorded in 2003 by the Autonomous Communities. A solar chimney power station consists of a large, flat solar collector which, like a greenhouse, turns all the solar radiation into heat energy. A very tall chimney is placed in the middle of the collector, taking the hot air up by natural convection, activating a turbine positioned inside the 7 chimney to generate electricity. It operates 24 hours a day thanks to energy storage in the ground and the protection from losses provided by the collector.

The technology considered would require a minimum We consider sites with a gradient of 2% with any ori- of four km2 per power station, with an installed power entation and up to 7% with orientation from SE to SW. density of 4.5MW/km2.

Solar chimney. Capacity and electricity generation ceiling with this technology, distribution by Autonomous Community and percentage of electricity demand that would be covered in 2050.

22.922.4 2.0 % % 1.5 1.0 0.8 1.4 98 153 7.1 6.0 % % 1.1 % % 41 217 % % % % % 224 % % 1.7 1.5 % % 320 % % 1,012 % 0.8 0.7 885 11.111.0 4.8 4.9 % % % % % 76 % % % %

1,410 1.9 1.9 16.7 17.0 % 1,042 % % 46 % % % % 8.5 9.2 % % 3.3 3.5 16.3 % 102 14.5 % % % % 352 2.3 2.4 % % % 329 % Solar chimney

Division by Autonomous Community of capacity and electricity % of electricity demand in 2050 which would be covered generation ceilings in the on the peninsula with this technology by this technology

% of the capacity ceiling in each Community % of demand in each Community % of the electricity generation ceiling in each Community Communities self-sufficient with this technology for their 2050 electricity demand >20% 15%-20% 10%-15% 5%-10% <5%

Total. Capacity ceiling = 324.3 GW - Electricity generation ceiling = 836.2 TWh/y

(298.6% of 2050 peninsular electricity demand) 324,300MW of electrical capacity could be installed based on solar chimneys and 836.2TWh a year could be generated, which could cover around three times projected peninsular elec- tricity demand in 2050. As we see on the map, the greatest potential is in the two Castiles and Andalusia. It should be highlight- ed that Galicia, Cantabria, La Rioja, Navarre, Aragon, Valencia, Murcia, Castile-La Mancha, Castile-Leon, Extremadura and Andalusia could generate a quantity of electricity greater than their own projected electricity demand with solar chimneys in 2050.

15 Renewables 2050. A report on the potential for renewable energies in peninsular Spain

Solar photovoltaic energy turns the light we receive from the sun directly into electricity, thanks to the photoelectric effect of the silicon making up the photovoltaic modules. They are 8 connected to the electricity grid via an inverter, which transforms the direct current from the module into electricity with the same characteristics as that of the grid. The technology considered is that of a photovoltaic into buildings, the maximum proximity between gen- module whose average performance throughout its eration and consumption (distributed generation) is useful life (40 years with the horizon of 2050) coin- achieved, as well as avoiding competition for land cides with that of a modern high-performance mod- use with any other technology or use. We will consid- ule. We have considered two types of system: those er different usage factors depending on whether the integrated into buildings and solar photovoltaic ener- modules are positioned on the roof or on façades gy with tracking. With the applications integrated with different orientations (S, SE, SW, E, W).

Solar photovoltaic integrated into buildings. Capacity and electricity generation ceiling with this technology, distribution by Autonomous community and percentage of electricity demand that would be covered in 2050.

174 157 % 271 6.9 6.1 78 % % 2.3 3.5 15.9 15.8 % 68 133 % 1.7 1.6 2.6 % % % % 1.3 % % % % 185 % % % % 1.6 1.4 167 % % % 7.2 7.1 220 1.0 0.9 % % % 12.7 12.5 % % 3.4 3.4 % % % % 210 % 327 326 % % 12.9 258 7.9 12.2 375 7.6 % % % % % % 3.1 19.6 2.9 17.8 % % % % 269 % 3.7 3.7 % % Solar photovoltaic integrated into buildings Division by Autonomous Communities of capacity and electricity % of electricity demand that would be covered with generation ceilings on the peninsula with this technology this technology in 2050

% of the capacity ceiling in each Community % of the demand of each Community % of the electricity generation ceiling in each Community Communities self-sufficient with this technology for their 2050 electricity demand >15% 10%-15% 5%-10% <5%

Total. Capacity ceiling = 494.5 GWp - Electricity generation ceiling = 569.3 TWh/y

(203% of 2050 peninsular electricity demand) 494,500MWp of photovoltaic capac- ity integrated into buildings could be installed and 569.3TWh a year could be generated, which would make it possible to cover more than twice projected peninsu- lar electricity demand in 2050. As we can see on the map, the greatest potential is in Andalusia and Catalonia. It should be high- lighted that all Communities, except Asturias and the Basque Country, could gen- erate a quantity of electricity greater than their own projected electricity demand with solar photovoltaic energy integrated into buildings in 2050. © Greenpeace

16 Solar photovoltaic energy with tracking is achieved with groups of photovoltaic generators that have a mechanism making it possible to track the "movement" of the sun from east to west, achieving better performance. These are an interesting alternative for people or organisations 9 lacking the space to integrate a photovoltaic installation into their building but who still want to invest in solar photovoltaic energy to generate clean energy. The land occupation and power densities will depend We consider land with a gradient of less than 3% with on the latitude, making sure that at the end of January any orientation and up to 10% with SE to SW orientations. there are no shadows in the SE and SW directions.

Solar photovoltaic with tracking. Capacity and electricity generation ceiling with this technology, distribution by Autonomous Communities and percentage of electricity demand that would be covered in 2050.

24.5 24.1 1,800 0.8 0.5 % % 59 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.4 % 98 4.2 3.4 % % 9.3 9.1 210 % 22 % % % % % % 227 1,216 % % 1.1 1.0 % % % % % % % 0.4 0.3 251 % % 2.7 2.7 % 69 % % % 21.221.7 % % 3,006 % 2,196 2.1 2.0 82 % % % % 11.6 11.8 % % 17.9 16.6 2.2 2.3 % % % 110 % % 609 2.5 2.5 % %% 597 % with tracking Solar photovoltaic

Division by Autonomous Communities of capacity and electricity % of electricity demand that would be covered by this technology generation ceilings on the peninsula with this technology in 2050

% of the capacity ceiling in each Community % of demand in each Community % of the electricity generation ceiling in each Community Communities self-sufficient in this technology for their 2050 electricity demand >20% 15%-20% 10%-15% 5%-10% <5% Communities that could generate the entire peninsular electricity demand with this technology

Total. Capacity ceiling = 708.4 GWp - Electricity generation ceiling = 1,382.2 TWh/y

(494% of 2050 peninsular electricity demand) 708,400MWp of photovoltaic capac- a quantity of energy greater than their own ity could be achieved in solar photo- projected electricity demand with this tech- voltaic energy installations with nology in 2050. tracking and 1,382.2TWh a year could be generated, which would make it possible to cover around five times projected peninsu- lar electricity demand in 2050. As we can see on the map, the greatest potential is in the two Castiles. It should be highlighted that both of these autonomous communi- ties could generate a quantity of solar pho- tovoltaic energy with tracking greater than the entire projected peninsular electricity demand in 2050. In addition, Extremadura, Aragon, Murcia, Andalusia, La Rioja, Navarre, Galicia and Valencia could generate © AESOL

17 Renewables 2050. A report on the potential for renewable energies in peninsular Spain

A concentrated solar thermal power station uses a field of mirrors to concentrate direct solar radiation, heating a fluid to high temperatures. Electricity is generated with this hot source as 10 in a conventional thermal power station. The technology chosen for this analysis, which is sup- that the availability of water is not a restriction) using posed to represent all concentrated solar thermal aero-condensers and with a storage tank with capaci- technologies, is that of a power station of parabolic ty for 15 hours, making it possible to have abundant, trough-shaped minor reflectors with a N-S orientation, stable generation potential. using water as the working fluid, with dry cooling (so

Concentrated solar thermal. Capacity and electrical generation ceiling with this technology, distribution by Autonomous Communities and percentage of electricity demand that would be covered in 2050.

23.4 7.4 22.8 12,219 12,177 5.4 1.6 % % 661 % 1,937 6,747 3,154 % 0.8 1.2 0.8 2.4 % % % % % % 1.3 2.2 1.9 2,395 % 578 % % % % % 12.812.8 % % % % % % 5.8 1.4 5.6 1.2 % % % % 1,074 % 11,570 12,380 % % 1.5 16.0 17.1 1.4 % 423 % % % % 5.8 6.4 % % 2.9 3.2 16.7 1,118 % % % 13.5 % 4,067 % % 2.3 2.3 3,974 % %

solar thermal % Concentrated

Division by Autonomous Community of capacity and electricity % of electricity demand that would be covered by this technology generation ceilings on the peninsula with this technology in 2050

% of the capacity ceiling in each Community % of demand in each Community % of electricity generation in each Community Communities self-sufficient for their 2050 electricity demand with this technology >20% 15%-20% 10%-15% 5%-10% <5% Communities that could generate the entire peninsular electricity demand with this technology

Total. Capacity ceiling = 2,739 GW - Electricity generation ceiling = 9,897 TWh/y

(3,534% of 2050 peninsular electricity demand) 2,739,000MW of electrical capacity could be generated, making it possible to could be available in solar thermal cover more than thirty-five times projected power stations and 9,897TWh a year peninsular electricity demand in 2050. As we can see on the map, the greatest potential is in Castile-Leon.

It should be highlighted that both this Commu- nity and Castile-La Mancha, Andalusia, Aragon, Extremadura, Catalonia, Galicia and Valencia could each generate a quantity of electricity greater than the entire projected peninsular electricity demand with solar thermal power stations in 2050. In addition, all the peninsular Communities could generate a quantity of electricity greater than their own projected electricity demand with solar thermal power © Greenpeace stations in 2050.

18 The main results of the study

3.2. Synthesis of results Graph 1 Generation ceiling with renewables

Total renewable resources available 0.9% 1.9% 0.2% 2.1% The following graphs show the peninsular 0.1% capacity and generation ceilings for the different 3.6% technologies considered in this project, together 5.3% with the percentages of coverage of projected peninsular electricity and total energy demand 8.7% for 2050.

The great generation potential of renewable energies as a whole should be highlighted, with 62.6% 14.5% some of them alone achieving a generation ceil- ing greater, and in some cases much greater than projected demand for 2050, both for elec- tricity (280TWh/year) and for total energy (1,525TWh/year).

If we add all the ceilings for the different technolo- Generation ceiling = 15,798 TW.h/y gies, we will obtain a maximum total generation Concentrated solar thermal Off-shore wind ceiling based on renewables of 15,798TWh/year. On-shore wind Waves The intersections to be deducted because of Photovoltaic with tracking Total biomass coinciding sites would be very low, because in most cases they are compatible or because very Solar chimney Hydroelectric restrictive prior conditions have been imposed on Integrated photovoltaic HDR geothermal the available land. This generation ceiling with renewables represents a generation potential equivalent to more than fifty-six times peninsular

Table 1 Renewable resources available in Spain and comparison with demand in 2050

Capacity Generation Electricity Total energy Ceiling GWp Ceiling TW.h/year demand (%) demand (%) Solar 4,266 12,684 4,530 832 Concentrated solar thermal 2,739 9,897 3,535 649 Solar photovoltaic with tracking 708 1,382 494 91 Solar chimney 324 836 299 55 Integrated photovoltaic 495 569 203 37 Wind 1,080 2,619 935 172 On-shore wind* 915 2,285 816 150 Off-shore wind 165 334 119 22 Waves 84 296 106 19 Biomass 19 142 51 9 Waste biomass and biogas 751183 Energy crops 535132 Fast turnover forest crops* 538143 Scrub 21761 Hydro-electric 19 38 14 3 Hydro-electric (P> 10MW) 17 31 11 2 Small-scale hydro-electric (P< 10MW) 2 7 3 0.5 Hot dry rock geothermal 32071 Total renewables 5,471 15,798 5,642 1,036

* The maximum generation ceilings are shown

19 Renewables 2050. A report on the potential for renewable energies in peninsular Spain

Total energy. Number of times it would be possible to meet total energy demand in peninsular Spain with each renewable energy. Total energy demand scenario for 2050: 1,525 TWh/year

Solar 8.32 times Concentrated solar thermal Wind 35.35 times Small-scale 1.72 times hydro-electric 0.03 times Waves Solar photovoltaic Scrub 0.19 times On-Shore with tracking 0.06 times wind 4.94 times 8.16 times Geothermal Biomass 0.07 times 0.09 times Hydro-electric Hydro-electric 0.11 times Total electricity. Off-shore 0.03 times wind Solar Number of times it would 1.19 times Photovoltaic chimney Energy crops be possible to meet the in buildings 2.99 times 0.13 times electricity demand of Geothermal peninsular Spain with 2.03 times 0.01 times Waves Forest crops each renewable energy. 0.14 times Electricity demand 1.06 times scenario for 2050: Waste biomass and biogas 280 TWh/year 0.18 times

electricity demand for 2050 and more than ten If we look at the entire projected peninsular times total peninsular energy demand for 2050. energy demand in 2050 (1525TWh/year), with solar technology it would be possible to meet As we can see in the diagram, the most abun- around eight times this demand, and with wind dant renewable resources by far are those up to 1.72 times this demand could be met. associated with solar technologies. The great potential of concentrated solar thermal ener- Comparison with the gy, which could meet more than thirty-five Renewable Energies Plan times projected electricity demand for 2050, should be highlighted. Other solar technolo- The capacity and generation ceilings obtained in gies could also generate several times the this project are a long way, both in terms of quan- electricity demand for 2050: solar photovoltaic tity and quality from the envisaged for planning with tracking (about five times demand), solar chimney (about three times demand) and pho- Table 2 Comparison between the capacity ceiling tovoltaic integrated into buildings (twice calculated for 2050 and the target for capacity in the demand). The high generation ceiling for wind Renewable Energies Plan for Spain 2005-2010 power is also worth highlighting: with off-shore Target capacity (MW) Capacity ceiling (MW) wind alone it would be possible to meet the for 2010 in the REP 2050 Escenario 2050 entire projected electricity demand in 2050 and Concentrated solar thermal 500 2,738,800 Solar photovoltaic 400 1,202,900 eight times as much with on-shore wind Wind 20,155 1,079,900 power. Wave energy would also be enough to Solar chimney 0 324,300 the entire peninsular electricity demand. The Waves 0 84,400 potential of other renewable technologies Total biomass (including biogas) 2,274 19,400 could meet significant percentages of electrici- Hydro-electric 18,977 18,800 ty demand: waste biomass and biogas (18%), Hot dry rock 0 2,500 forest crops (14%), energy crops (13%), hydro- geothermal Solid Urban Waste 189 0* electric (11%), geothermal (7%), scrub (6%) Total 42,495 5,471,000 and small-scale hydro-electric (3%). *Greenpeace does not consider the incineration of solid urban waste as renewable energy.

20 The main results of the study

the development of renewable technologies in Concerning hot dry rock geothermal, it would this country. seem appropriate to incorporate it into the pro- grammes intended to develop renewable ener- If we compare the targets in the Renewable Ener- gies in this country. Although it has a relatively low gies Plan 2005-2010 (REP) set by the Spanish gov- potential compared with other technologies, it can ernment for 2010 and the ceiling obtained in this make a significant contribution to meeting project, we will see that, in terms of quantity, the demand and regulating the generation and elec- latter are several orders of magnitude higher. tricity transport system.

The first thing that attracts the attention is the Although the REP considers energy from solid clear contrast between the potential contribu- urban waste, in this study it is not considered as tion that solar technologies could have and the an acceptable renewable resource. target set in the REP. Among these technolo- gies, the outstanding one is concentrated solar Meeting electricity demand: thermal energy, with a capacity ceiling five thou- Proposed generation mix sand times greater than the power capacity tar- get set in the REP for 2010 (500MW). Some of With such a high renewable generation potential, the technologies, like solar chimney, are not there are infinite options for establishing a 100% even considered, although it would be possible renewable generation mix with capacity to meet to meet up to three times electricity demand demand. In the second part of this project, this with them in 2050. analysis will be undertaken in more detail, tak- ing into account the time link between demand On and off-shore wind have capacity ceilings and generation and the transport capacity of the much higher than the REP target for 2010. electricity network to achieve a 100% renewable Despite its considerable commitment to wind scenario in 2050. power, the REP target comes nowhere near exhausting the potential of this technology. The Before that, it would be interesting to have some complete absence of off-shore wind power in idea of the configuration required to meet 100% the REP is also noteworthy. of electricity demand. With the philosophy of tech- nological diversification, the graphics show a pos- The Generation potential of technologies not cur- sible technological mix with generation potential rently included in the REP, such as wave energy, of 178% of projected electricity demand (this is which has great synergies with off-shore wind the over-dimensioning necessary if the electricity power in its technological development, is also grid is used for distributing electricity with 56% very notable. regulation-transport efficiency).

Concerning biomass, the capacity ceilings Table 3 shows how such a system could be con- obtained, although above those estimated in the figured with total peak capacity of 180GW, gen- REP, are those which have the most similar order eration potential of 500TWh/year and occupation of magnitude. of 5.3% of the surface of the peninsula. It also details the percentage of each technology's ceil- For Hydro-electric capacity, the ceilings from ing that needs to be developed in the proposed the previous Ministry of Works Renewable mix. Due to the great potential of concentrated Energies Plan have been adopted as valid, as solar thermal, only 2% of its potential would be this is considered a mature technology, whose developed. Because of its land requirement, only potential and restrictions (basically environmen- 3% of on-shore wind power would be devel- tal ones) are already well established. oped. By contrast, because they are mature

21 Renewables 2050. A report on the potential for renewable energies in peninsular Spain

Table 3 and Graphics Preliminary proposal for a mix of technologies to meet 100% of peninsular electricity demand (assuming a regulation and transport system with 56% efficiency). Percentage share of the installed capacity and generation potential of the different technologies

Capacity GWp Generation TW.h/year Potential developed (%) Occupation of territory (%) Solar 100 271 2 0.7 Concentrated solar thermal 55 198 2 0.3 Solar photovoltaic with tracking 14 28 2 0.2 Solar chimney 7 17 2 0.3 Integrated photovoltaic 25 29 5 Wind 44 102 4 1.7 On-shore wind* 28 69 3 1.7 Off-shore wind 17 33 10 Waves 83010 Biomass 7 53 37 2.8 Waste biomass and biogas 64180 Energy crops 1 7 20 1.3 Fast turnover forest crops* 0.4 3 20 0.5 Scrub* 0.3 2 20 1.1 Hydro-electric 19 38 100 Hydro-electric (P> 10MW) 17 31 100 Small-scale hydro-electric (P< 10MW) 2 7 100 Hot dry rock geothermal 18 40 Total renewables 180 500 3 5.3 * Minimum ceilings are shown

Installed capacity = 180 GW Generation potential = 500 TW.h/y

1% 4% 2% 3% 4% 6% Concentrated solar thermal 5% 30% 6% On-shore wind Integrated photovoltaic 8% 39% 6% Hydroelectric Off-shore wind 9% 7% Photovoltaic with tracking Waves 8% Total biomass 10% 15% Solar chimney 10% HDR geothermal 14% 13%

technologies with a lower generation ceiling, ing potential and biomass 10%. The rest would almost the entire potential of technologies like be divided between the various renewable hydro-electric or waste biomass and biogas technologies. would be developed. Covering total energy demand: proposed mix The percentage shares of installed capacity and generation potential show us that more The most appropriate technology mix and its than 50% of generating potential corresponds spatial division in terms of the geography of to solar technologies, of which the largest per- the peninsula would be conditioned by the centage would be concentrated solar thermal, energy distribution system implemented, by with 39% of generation potential. Wind (on the need to regulate generation (closely linked and off based) would provide 19% of generat- to the demand-side management carried out)

22 The main results of the study

and by the development of the cost of each of 14.1% of the territory of the peninsula. Details are the technologies considered. also given of the proportion of each technology's ceiling required. Here we show a preliminary proposal for a technol- ogy mix to meet 100% of peninsular energy The percentage share of capacity and generating demand with renewable energies, assuming a reg- potential show us that more than 76% of generat- ulation and transport system with 80% efficiency. ing potential corresponds to solar technologies, of which the highest percentage corresponds to Table 4 shows how such a system could be con- concentrated solar thermal, with 65.5% of gener- figured with total peak power of 627GW, generat- ating potential and 7.3% to solar photovoltaic with ing potential for 1900TWh/year and occupation of tracking.

Table 4 and Graphics Preliminary proposal for a mix of technologies to meet 100% of total peninsular energy demand (assuming a regulation and transport system with 80% efficiency). Percentage share of installed capacity and generation potential for the different technologies.

Capacity GWp Generation TW.h/year Potential developed (%) Occupation of territory (%) Solar 471 1,457 11 2.8 Concentrated solar thermal 345 1,245 13 1.7 Solar photovoltaic with tracking 71 138 10 0.9 Solar chimney 7 17 2 0.3 Integrated photovoltaic 50 57 10 Wind 108 262 10 5.7 On-shore wind 92 229 10 5.7 Off-shore wind 17 33 10 Waves 17 59 20 Biomass 11 75 53 5.6 Waste biomass and biogas 7 51 100 Energy crops 2 14 40 2.5 Fast turnover forest crops 0.8 6 40 0.9 Scrub 0.5 4 40 2.2 Hydro-electric 19 38 100 Hydro-electric (P> 10MW) 17 31 100 Small-scale hydro-electric (P< 10MW) 2 7 100 Hot dry rock geothermal 1 10 50 0.0 Total renewables 627 1,900 12 14.1

1.0% 1.7% 0.9% 1.8% 0.2% 0.5% 2.0% 2.6% 2.7% 3.0% Concentrated solar thermal 3.0% 3.1% On-shore wind 3.9% 7.9% Photovoltaic with tracking 7.3% Integrated photovoltaic Hydroelectric 11.3% Waves 55.0% 12.0% Off-shore wind 65.5% Total biomass Solar chimney 14.6% HDR geothermal

Installed capacity = 627 GW Generation potencial = 1,900 TW.h/y

23 Renewables 2050. A report on the potential for renewable energies in peninsular Spain

On-shore wind power would amount to 12% 3.3. Results by Autonomous Community of generating potential. The rest would be split between the various renewable energies. We will now show the number of times it would be possible to meet the projected demand for electrical and total3 energy for each autonomous community in 2050.

These results are interesting in order to appreciate the spatial distribution of renew- able energy resources in peninsular Spain, as well as serving as a guide to the development of the promotion and support for the different renewable energies in the context of the communities.

Andalusia is the peninsular Community with the It could meet almost forty-two times projected greatest potential for generating electricity from solar demand for Andalusia for 2050 (41.53TWh/year) and photovoltaic energy integrated into buildings and six times total peninsular electricity demand from waste biomass and biogas. It could be self-suffi- (280TWh/year) with concentrated solar thermal power cient for its entire electricity demand with renewable alone. On-shore wind capacity could meet ten times energies, but it could also achieve self-sufficiency Andalusia's electricity demand. A quantity of electric- with any one of these: solar thermal, photo-voltaic ity greater than the Community's demand could be solar with tracking, solar photovoltaic integrated into generated with off-shore wind power. Wave energy buildings, solar chimneys, on-shore wind, off-shore could meet almost double Andalusia's electricity wind or wave energy. It could also generate enough demand. with solar thermal or on-shore wind energy to meet the entire peninsular electricity demand. This Community's solar potential would make it possi- ble to meet seven times the projected total energy As we see in the diagram, Andalusia could generate demand for this Community for 2050 (291.89TWh/year) enough electricity to meet fifty-two times its demand and wind capacity would meet almost twice the for electricity by developing all its solar potential. demand.

Total energy. Number of times it would be possible to meet total energy demand in the Community of Andalusia with each renewable energy. Total energy demand scenario for the Community of Andalusia for 2050: 291.89 TWh/year

Small-scale hydro-electric Concentrated Solar 0.01 times solar thermal 7.36 times 39.75 times

Andalusia Hydro-electric Wind Solar photovoltaic 0.02 times 1.57 times with tracking On-Shore 5.97 times Scrub wind 0.05 times Waves 9.68 times 0.27 times Forest crops 0.07 times Biomass Solar 0.07 times Off-shore Geothermal chimney Total electricity. Number of times wind 3.29 times 0.07 times 1.39 times Waves it would be possible to meet the Hydro-electric 1.88 times Photovoltaic Energy crops electricity demand of the 0.01 times in buildings 0.14 times Community of Andalusia with 2.69 times each renewable energy for 2050. Electricity demand scenario for Waste biomass and biogas 2050: 41.53 TWh/year Geothermal 0.25 times 0.01 times

3 Maximum generation ceilings have been used for on-shore wind, power fast turnover forest crops and the use of scrub.

24 Aragon could be self-sufficient for its entire electricity demand for the community in 2050 (10.39TWh/year) demand with renewable energies and could even and five times the total peninsular electricity demand achieve this with any one of the following: solar ther- (280TWh/year), should be highlighted. With other mal, solar photovoltaic with tracking, solar photovolta- solar technologies, such as solar photovoltaic with ic integrated into buildings, solar chimneys, on-shore tracking, solar chimney and photovoltaic integrated wind or biomass. It could also generate enough with into buildings, it could also generate several times solar thermal energy to meet the entire peninsular this Community's electricity demand for 2050. With electricity demand. on-shore wind power, Aragon could generate up to twenty-three times its own projected electricity As we see in the diagram, Aragon could generate demand in 2050. enough electricity to meet one hundred and forty-five times its electricity demand with only the solar poten- This Community's solar potential would make it possi- tial it has. The great potential of concentrated solar ble to meet thirty-two times the projected total energy thermal power, which could meet almost one hundred demand for this Community in 2050 (47.2TWh/year) and and twenty-two times the projected electricity its wind potential would generate 5 times demand.

Total energy. Number of times it would be possible to meet total energy demand in the Community of Aragon with each renewable energy. Total energy demand scenario for the Community of Aragon for 2050: 47.2 TWh/year

Concentrated

solar thermal Solar Aragon 121.75 times 31.83 times Solar photovoltaic with tracking Wind On-Shore 12.16 times 5.03 times wind 22.87 times Small-scale Biomass Scrub 0.25 times Solar 0.14 times hydro-electric Energy chimney 0.09 times Hydro-electric crops 8.85 times 0.08 times Hydro-electric 0.43 times Total electricity. Number of times it would 0.27 times Geothermal be possible to meet the electricity demand Geothermal Photovoltaic 0.19 times of the Community of Aragon with each 0.04 times Waste biomass in buildings renewable energy for 2050. Electricity and biogas 1.85 times demand scenario for Aragon for 2050: Forest crops 10.39 TWh/year 0.30 times 0.26 times

Asturias could be self-sufficient for its entire electricity Asturias' electricity demand. With Off-shore wind demand with renewable energies and it could even power almost four times as much electricity could be achieve this with any one of the following: solar thermal, generated as the demand from the Community. Wave on-shore wind, off-shore wind or wave energy. energy could meet more than twice its electricity demand. As we can see in the diagram, Asturias could generate enough electricity to meet almost seven times its pro- This Community's solar potential would make it possible jected electricity demand in 2050 (12.61TWh/year, by to meet three times the projected total energy demand developing its entire concentrated solar thermal for this community for 2050 (41.26TWh/year) and its wind potential. Wind power could more than five times potential would meet twice the total demand.

Total energy. Number of times it would be possible to meet total energy demand in the Community of Asturias with each renewable energy. Total energy demand scenario for the Community of Asturias for 2050: 41.26 TWh/year

Off-shore Solar wind Waves 2.73 times 2.34 times On-Shore Concentrated 3.65 times wind solar thermal 1.65 times Wind 6.58 times 1.62 times Asturias Forest crops Solar chimney 0.15 times 0.98 times Waves Hydro-electric 0.71 times 0.11 times Waste biomass and biogas 0.17 times Biomass Scrub Total eletricity. Number of times 0.11 times 0.04 times Solar photovoltaic it would be possible to meet the with tracking Photovoltaic electricity demand of the Community Hydro-electric Small-scale 0.59 times in buildings of Asturias with each renewable 0.04 times hydro-electric 0.79 times energy for 2050. Electricity demand 0.03 times scenario for Asturias 2050: Geothermal 12.61 TWh/year Geothermal 0.02 times 0.01 times

25 Renewables 2050. A report on the potential for renewable energies in peninsular Spain

Cantabria could be self-sufficient for its entire electrici- (4.13TWh/year). With other solar technologies, such as ty demand with renewable energies and it could even solar chimney and photovoltaic integrated into build- achieve this with any of the following: solar thermal, ings, it could also generate several times this communi- solar photovoltaic integrated into buildings, solar chim- ty's electricity demand for 2050. On-shore wind power neys, on-shore wind, off-shore wind or wave energy. could meet 2.59 times Cantabria's electricity demand. Almost three times the Community's demand for elec- As we can see in the diagram, Cantabria could generate tricity could be generated with off-shore wind power. enough electricity to meet twenty-four times its elec- Wave energy could more than twice meet its electricity tricity demand by developing all its solar potential. With demand. This Community's wind potential would enable concentrated solar thermal power alone it could meet it to meet the entire projected total energy demand for nineteen times the projected electricity demand for this this Community for 2050 (21.09TWh/year) and its solar community for 2050 potential would achieve five times the demand.

Total energy. Number of times it would be possible to meet total energy demand in the Community of Cantabria with each renewable energy. Total energy demand scenario for the Community of Cantabria for 2050: 21.09 TWh/year

Hydro-electric Solar On-Shore 0.068 times 4.62 times wind 2.59 times Small-scale Concentrated hydro-electric Wind solar thermal 0.04 times Cantabria 1.03 times 19.37 times Geothermal Waves Scrub 0.03 times Waves 2.45 times 0.073 times 0.48 times Off-shore Energy crops wind Waste biomass 0.002 times 2.66 times and biogas Biomass Total electricity. Number of times 0.08 times Photovoltaic 0.13 times Forest crops it would be possible to meet the in buildings Hydro-electric 1.74 times 0.19 times electricity demand of the Community of Cantabria with each renewable 0.02 times Solar Solar photovoltaic energy for 2050. Electricity demand chimney with tracking scenario for Cantabria for 2050: Geothermal 1.53 times 0.97 times 4.13 TWh/year 0.01 times

Castile-La Mancha is the Community on the peninsula chimneys, on-shore wind (almost thirty-two times with the greatest potential for generating electricity over) or biomass. from geothermal energy (together with Castile-Leon) and from on-shore wind energy. As we can see in the With solar thermal energy (six times over), solar pho- diagram, Castile-La Mancha could be self-sufficient in tovoltaic with tracking or on-shore wind power it renewable energies for its entire projected electricity could also generate enough energy to meet the whole demand for 2050 (13.67TWh/year) and it could even peninsula's electricity demand. This Community's achieve this with just one of the following: solar ther- solar potential could meet thirty-one times the project- mal (one hundred and twenty-four times over), solar ed total energy demand for this Community for 2050 photovoltaic with tracking (twenty-two times over), (69.67TWh/year) and its wind potential could achieve solar photovoltaic integrated into buildings, solar this six times over.

Total energy. Number of times it would be possible to meet total energy demand in the Community of Castile-La Mancha with each renewable energy. Total energy demand scenario for the Community of Castile-La Mancha 2050: 69.67 TWh/year

Hydro-electric 0.06 times Solar Scrub 31.28 times 0.18 times Concentrated solar thermal 123.77 times Forest crops Wind 0.24 times 6.25 times Solar photovoltaic with tracking Geothermal 0.25 times Biomass 21.95 times 0.26 times On-Shore Waste biomass and biogas Total electricity. Number of times it wind 0.30 times Geothermal 31.87 times would be possible to meet the electricity 0.05 times Solar Energy crops demand of the Community of Castile-La chimney 0.61 times Mancha with each renewable energy 10.42 times for 2050. Electricity demand scenario Hydro-electric

Castile-La Mancha Photovoltaic Small-scale 0.02 times in buildings hydro-electric for Castile-La Mancha for 2050: 3.27 times 0.03 times 13.67 TWh/year

26 Castile-Leon is the peninsular Community with greatest times over), solar photovoltaic integrated into buildings, potential for generating electricity from geothermal solar chimneys, on-shore wind (twenty-three times energy (together with Castile-La Mancha), hydro-elec- over) or biomass. It could also generate enough energy tric, biomass, solar chimneys, solar photovoltaic with to meet the peninsula's entire electricity demand with tracking and solar thermal energy. solar thermal energy (eight times over), photovoltaic As we can see in the diagram, Castile-Leon could be with tracking or on-shore wind (twice over). self-sufficient in renewable energies for its entire pro- jected electricity demand for 2050 (18.48TWh/year), and This Community's solar potential would enable it to it could even achieve this with just one of the following: meet thirty times the projected total energy demand for solar thermal (more than one hundred and twenty two this Community for 2050 (95.46TWh/year) and its wind times over), solar photovoltaic with tracking (eighteen power would achieve this figure four times over.

Total energy. Number of times it would be possible to meet total energy demand in the Community of Castile-Leon with each renewable energy. Total energy demand scenario for the Community of Castile-Leon for 2050: 95.46 TWh/year

Solar 29.52 times

Small-scale hydro-electric Wind On-Shore 0.07 times 4.46 times wind Scrub 23.06 times 0.16 times Biomass 0.32 times Photovoltaic Geothermal in buildings Concentrated 0.19 times solar thermal Hydro-electric

2.20 times Castile-Leon 122.19 times Forest crops 0.12 times 0.457 times Total electricity. Number of times Geothermal Solar Waste biomass and biogas it would be possible to meet the 0.04 times Solar photovoltaic chimney electricity demand of the with tracking 10.12 times 0.464 times Community of Castile-Leon with 17.99 times Hydro-electric each renewable energy for 2050. 0.54 times Electricity demand scenario for Energy crops Castile-Leon for 2050: 0.59 times 18.48 TWh/year

As we can see in the diagram, Catalonia could be self- It could also generate enough with solar thermal ener- sufficient with renewable energies for its entire pro- gy to meet twice the peninsula's electricity demand. jected electricity demand for 2050 (53.78TWh/year), and it could even achieve this with only one of the fol- This Community's solar potential would make it possi- lowing: solar thermal (eleven times over), solar photo- ble to meet three times the projected total energy voltaic integrated into buildings (twice over), or on- demand for this Community for 2050 (257.25TWh/year). shore wind (almost three times over).

Total energy. Number of times it would be possible to meet total energy demand in the Community of Catalonia with each renewable energy. Total energy demand scenario for the Community of Catalonia for 2050: 257.25 TWh/year

Solar Scrub 2.90 times 0.017 times Concentrated solar thermal Small-scale Wind hydro-electric 10.73 times 0.72 times 0.018 times Off-shore wind Energy crops Waves 0.762 times 0.022 times 0.07 times Hydro-electric On-Shore 0.07 times Total electricity. Biomass wind Geothermal Catalonia 2.67 times 0.03 times Number of times it 0.04 times Solar would be possible to chimney Forest crops meet the electricity Hydro-electric 0.759 times 0.08 times demand of the Community of 0.02 times Photovoltaic Catalonia with each Solar photovoltaic in buildings renewable energy with tracking 1.67 times for 2050. Electricity Geothermal 0.69 times Waves Waste biomass demand scenario for 0.01 times 0.35 times and biogas Catalonia for 2050: 0.09 times 53.78 TWh/year

27 Renewables 2050. A report on the potential for renewable energies in peninsular Spain

As we can see in the diagram, Extremadura could be electricity demand in 2050 by developing all the solar self-sufficient in renewable energies for its entire pro- potential it has. It could also generate enough with jected electricity demand for 2050 (5.44TWh/year), and solar thermal energy to meet double the peninsula's it could even achieve this with just one of the following: electricity demand. solar thermal (almost one hundred and sixteen times over), solar photovoltaic with tracking, photovoltaic This Community's solar potential makes it possible to integrated into buildings, solar chimneys, on-shore meet almost twenty-two times the projected total ener- wind (thirty-four times over) or biomass. gy demand for this Community for 2050 (41.21TWh/year) Extremadura could generate enough electricity to and its wind potential would achieve more than four meet one hundred and sixty-three times its projected times demand.

Total energy. Number of times it would be possible to meet total energy demand in Extremadura with each renewable energy. Total energy demand scenario for Extremadura for 2050: 41.21 TWh/year

On-Shore Solar wind Concentrated 21.55 times 33.81 times solar thermal 115.81 times Photovoltaic Wind in buildings 4.46 times 3.25 times Geothermal Small-scale hydro-electric 0.25 times 0.04 times Solar Biomass chimney 0.16 times

Extremadura Total electricity. 14.12 times Waste biomass Forest crops Number of 0.21 times times it would be possible and biogas Hydro-electric 0.38 times to meet the electricity 0.09 times Solar photovoltaic Scrub demand of the Community with tracking 0.24 times of Extremadura with each 30.09 times Energy crops renewable energy for Geothermal 0.40 times 2050. Electricity demand 0.03 times Hydro-electric scenario for Extremadura 0.62 times for 2050: 5.44 TWh/year

Galicia is the peninsular community with the greatest Galicia could generate enough electricity to meet thirty potential for generating electricity from scrub biomass times its projected electricity demand for 2050 by devel- and from wave energy. oping all its solar potential and nine times demand by developing its wind potential. It could also generate As we can see in the diagram, Galicia could be self-suffi- enough with solar thermal energy to meet double the cient in renewable energies for its entire projected elec- peninsula's electricity demand. tricity demand for 2050 (22.23TWh/year), and it could even achieve this with just one of the following: solar This Community's solar potential would make it possi- thermal (almost twenty-four times over), photovoltaic ble to meet six times the projected total energy with tracking, photovoltaic integrated into buildings, solar demand for this Community for 2050 (105.56TWh/year). chimneys, on-shore wind (three times over) or wave Its wind potential could achieve twice the demand and energy (almost six times over). demand could also be met by wave power.

Total energy. Number of times it would be possible to meet total energy demand in the Community of Galicia with each renewable energy. Total energy demand scenario for 2050: 105.56 TWh/year

Small-scale hydro-electric Solar Solar photovoltaic 0.03 times with tracking 6.28 times 2.10 times Forest crops Geothermal

Galicia 0.38 times 0.09 times Wind Waves 1.77 times 5.87 times Scrub Concentrated 0.14 times Waves solar thermal Hydro-electric 1.24 times 23.93 times 0.28 times Biomass Total electricity. Number 0.17 times Photovoltaic of times it would be Off-shore in buildings On-Shore possible to meet the electricity demand of the Hydro-electric wind 1.57 times wind 0.06 times 2.79 times 5.61 times Community of Galicia with Solar each renewable energy for chimney Waste biomass 2050. Electricity demand Geothermal 2.24 times and biogas scenario for Galicia for 0.02 times 0.30 times 2050: 22.23 TWh/year

28 As we can see in the diagram, the Community of Madrid gy to meet seven times its projected electricity demand could be self-sufficient in renewable energies for its in 2050 by developing its full solar potential. entire projected electricity demand for 2050 (34.01TWh/year), and it could even achieve this only It would be possible to meet the projected total energy with solar thermal energy (more than four times over) or demand for the Community of Madrid for the year 2050 with photo-voltaic integrated into buildings (twice over). (219.45TWh/year) by developing its entire solar potential. The Community of Madrid could generate enough ener-

Total energy. Number of times it would be possible to meet total energy demand in the Community of Madrid with each renewable energy. Total energy demand scenario for the Community of Madrid for 2050: 219.45 TWh/year

Forest crops Solar 0.004 times 1.18 times Photovoltaic in buildings 2.01 times Wind Solar photovoltaic Hydro-electric 0.12 times with tracking 0.004 times 0.82 times Biomass

On-Shore Small-scale 0.01 times Madrid wind hydro-electric 0.78 times 0.004 times Hydro-electric Concentrated 0.002 times solar thermal Total electricity. Number of 4.23 times Solar Scrub chimney 0.006 times times it would be possible to 0.46 times meet the electricity demand Geothermal of the Community of Madrid 0.001 times with each renewable energy Waste biomass for 2050. Electricity demand and biogas Geothermal 0.007 times scenario for Madrid for 2050: 0.04 times 34.01 TWh/year Energy crops 0.013 times

As we can see in the diagram, the Region of Murcia tricity to meet fifty-five times its projected electricity could be self-sufficient in renewable energies for its demand in 2050 by developing all its solar potential. entire projected electricity demand for 2050 (5.61TWh/year), and it could even achieve this with just one of the following: solar thermal (forty-one It would be possible to meet the projected total energy times over), solar photovoltaic with tracking, solar demand for the Region of Murcia for the year 2050 photovoltaic integrated into buildings, solar chim- (48.7TWh/year) by developing its entire wind power neys or on-shore wind (more than eleven times over). potential and to achieve this six times over by develop- The Region of Murcia could generate enough elec- ing its full solar potential.

Total energy. Number of times it would be possible to meet total energy demand in the Community of Murcia with each renewable energy. Total energy demand scenario for the Community of Murcia for 2050: 48.7 TWh/year

Solar Solar 6.22 times chimney Concentrated 3.53 times solar thermal 40.64 times Scrub Wind 0.002 times 1.36 times Hydro-electric 0.011 times

Waves Murcia Forest crops 0.08 times On-Shore 0.012 times wind Solar photovoltaic 11.32 times with tracking Small-scale Biomass 6.10 times hydro-electric 0.012 times 0.04 times

Geothermal Geothermal 0.08 times Waves Photovoltaic Total electricity. Number of 0.01 times 0.72 times in buildings times it would be possible to 3.76 times Energy crops meet the electricity demand of 0.09 times the Community of Murcia with Hydro-electric each renewable energy for 2050. Off-shore Electricity demand scenario for 0.002 times wind Waste biomass Murcia for 2050: 5.61 TWh/year 0.45 times and biogas 0.21 times

29 Renewables 2050. A report on the potential for renewable energies in peninsular Spain

As we see in the diagram, the Autonomous Community thirty-six times its projected electricity demand in 2050 of Navarre could be self-sufficient in renewable ener- by developing its full solar potential. gies for its entire projected electricity demand for 2050 (5.96TWh/year), and it could even achieve this with any It would be possible to meet ten times the projected one of the following: (solar thermal (almost thirty-two total energy demand for the Autonomous Community times over), solar photovoltaic with tracking, solar pho- of Navarre for 2050 (22.19TWh/year) by developing its tovoltaic integrated into buildings, solar chimneys or full solar potential and to do so almost twice over by on-shore wind power (more than seven times over). developing all its wind power potential. Navarre could generate enough electricity to meet

Total energy. Number of times it would be possible to meet total energy demand in the Community of Navarre with each renewable energy. Total energy demand scenario for the Community of Navarre for 2050: 22.19 TWh/year

Solar 10.02 times

Forest crops Wind 0.30 times 1.94 times

Concentrated solar thermal Hydro-electric Biomass 31.54 times 0.01 times 0.19 times Navarre Solar photovoltaic Hydro-electric with tracking 0.03 times 2.27 times Scrub 0.067 times On-Shore Geothermal wind 0.02 times 7.22 times Geothermal Solar 0.070 times chimney Total electricity. Number of 2,16 times times it would be possible to Small-scale meet the electricity demand of Photovoltaic hydro-electric the Community of Navarre with in buildings 0.11 times each renewable energy for 2050. Waste biomass 1.33 times and biogas Energy crops Electricity demand scenario for 0.21 times 0.12 times Navarre for 2050: 5.96 TWh/year

As we can see in the diagram, the Basque Autonomous on-shore wind. It would be possible to meet almost Community could be self-sufficient with renewable twice the projected total energy demand for the Basque energies for its entire projected electricity demand for country for 2050 (81.05TWh/year) by developing its full 2050 (21.77TWh/year) and it could even achieve this just solar potential. with solar thermal energy (almost six times over) or with

Total energy. Number of times it would be possible to meet total energy demand in the Basque Country Community with each renewable energy. Total energy demand scenario for the Basque Country Community for 2050: 81.05 TWh/year

Solar Solar chimney 1.91 times 0.41 times

Off-shore Wind wind Concentrated Small-scale 0.42 times 0.39 times solar thermal hydro-electric 5.79 times 0.009 times Waves 0.14 times On-Shore Energy crops wind 0.011 times 1.17 times Photovoltaic Biomass 0.06 times in buildings Hydro-electric 0.68 times 0.011 times Hydro-electric Solar photovoltaic 0.01 times with tracking Total electricity. Number of times Waves it would be possible to meet the 0.23 times 0.50 times Geothermal 0.012 times electricity demand of the Basque Country Community with each Geothermal 0.003 times Basque Country Scrub renewable energy for 2050. Waste biomass 0.02 times Electricity demand scenario for and biogas the Basque Country for 2050: 0.12 times Forest crops 21.77 TWh/year 0.08 times

30 As we can see in the diagram, La Rioja could be self- electricity to meet seventy-seven times its projected sufficient with renewable energies for its entire pro- electricity demand for 2050 by developing its entire jected electricity demand for 2050 (1.82TWh/year), and solar potential. it could even achieve this with any one of the following: It would be possible to meet almost thirteen times the solar thermal (sixty-eight times over), solar photovolta- projected total energy demand for La Rioja for 2050 ic with tracking, solar photovoltaic integrated into (11.03TWh/year) by developing its full solar potential and buildings, solar chimneys or on-shore wind power to achieve twice the demand by developing its wind (twelve times over). La Rioja could generate enough potential.

Total energy. Number of times it would be possible to meet total energy demand in the Community of La Rioja with each renewable energy. Total energy demand scenario for the Community of La Rioja for 2050: 11.03 TWh/year

Solar 12.54 times

On-Shore Wind wind Scrub 2.06 times 12.47 times Hydro-electric 0.05 times 0.01 times Forest crops Biomass 0.08 times 0.12 times Solar La Rioja chimney Geothermal 3.19 times Concentrated 0.09 times Total electricity. Hydro-electric solar thermal Number of times it would 0.018 times 67.58 times Small-scale be possible to meet the hydro-electric electricity demand of the Photovoltaic 0.10 times in buildings Community of La Rioja with Geothermal 2.69 times Energy crops each renewable energy for 0.015 times Solar photovoltaic 0.16 times 2050. Electricity demand with tracking scenario for La Rioja for 2.53 times 2050: 1.82 TWh/year Waste biomass and biogas 0.42 times

The Valencian Community is the peninsular Community enough electricity to meet sixteen times its projected with the greatest potential for generating electricity electricity demand in 2050 by developing the full poten- from off-shore wind energy. tial offered by solar energy. This Community could meet its electricity demand eight times over by developing all As we can see in the diagram, the Valencian Commu- its wind energy potential. It could also generate enough nity could be self-sufficient with renewable energies energy with solar thermal power to meet the peninsu- for its entire projected electricity demand for 2050 la's entire electricity demand. (28.57TWh/year), and it can even achieve this just with any one of the following: solar thermal (more It would be possible to meet the entire projected total than eleven times over), solar photovoltaic integrated energy demand for the Valencian Community for 2050 into buildings (up to three times over), solar chimneys, (171.56TWh/year) by developing all its wind potential on-shore wind power or off-shore wind power (four and meet this demand almost three times over by devel- times over). The Valencian Community could generate oping its solar potential.

Total energy. Number of times it would be possible to meet total energy demand in the Community of Valencia with each renewable energy. Total energy demand scenario for the Community of Valencia for 2050: 171.56 TWh/year

Small-scale Solar On-Shore hydro-electric 2.65 times wind 0.005 times 4.16 times Energy crops Off-shore 0.01 times Wind wind 1.31 times 3.70 times Forest crops 0.029 times Waves 0.08 times Solar photovoltaic Hydro-electric 0.030 times Concentrated with tracking Total electricity. Number Biomass solar thermal 2.58 times of times it would be 0.02 times 11.20 times Scrub possible to meet the 0.032 times electricity demand of the Photovoltaic Community of Valencia Hydro-electric Waves in buildings Geothermal with each renewable 0.006 times 0.48 times 1.10 times 0.04 times energy for 2050. Electricity demand scenario for

Solar Geothermal Community Valencian Waste biomass and biogas Valencia 2050: chimney 28.57 TWh/year 0.006 times 1.02 times 0.07 times

31 Renewables 2050. A report on the potential for renewable energies in peninsular Spain 4. Conclusions of the report and Greenpeace's demands Conclusions obtain land occupation with on-shore wind ener- gy similar to other technologies it would not be · The electricity generating potential with necessary to develop more than a tenth of its renewable sources is much greater than potential in order to install more than four times demand. If we add the ceilings obtained for the power currently planned. each of the technologies, we would reach a maximum of 15,798TWh/year, equivalent to · There are technologies which until now have 56.42 times projected peninsular demand been virtually ignored in the planning and regula- for electricity in 2050. tion of incentives, such as off-shore wind energy, wave energy, dry rock geothermal energy or · Having such a high renewable generating solar chimneys, which show a great potential for potential makes it possible for us to suggest generating energy. the theoretical possibility of meeting all energy demands, not just for electricity, because it is · Biomass resources are limited in relation to equivalent to 10.36 times projected total other renewables. Because of this, and as its peninsular energy demand for 2050. great regulation capacity could play an important role in the current electricity system, maximum · The most abundant renewable resources efficiency must be prioritised when using it, in are those associated with solar energy: combined heat and power applications (co-gen- with all solar technologies, energy equivalent eration), without detriment to its necessary con- to 8.32 times the peninsula's total energy tribution in sectors such as transport and the demand in 2050, with concentrated solar heating/air conditioning of buildings. There are thermal energy, whose generation potential sufficient resources for the entire co-generation is 62.6% of total renewable the most impor- capacity currently planned to be able to operate tant. This means our most important energy with biomass. reserve is the sun, confirming that we really are in "the land of the sun”, something which · There are an infinite number of options for contrasts with the absolutely marginal role configuring a 100% renewable electricity given up to now in energy planning to the dif- generation mix. Although the second part of ferent ways of making use of solar energy. this project will develop this in depth, advance mention can be made of a possible set of · The potential for wind energy is much generating facilities, over-dimensioned to greater than current planning targets. To 178% and 180,000MW of installed capacity,

32 Conclusions of the report and Greenpeace's demands

combining the different renewable technolo- renewable energies, especially for solar energy. gies, that would be able to generate the full · A guarantee that renewable energies will have projected demand for electricity in 2050, priority access to the grid. occupying 5.3% of the territory. · Giving priority to the development of solar tech- nology in Spain, setting more ambitious targets · It would be technically viable to supply 100% in accordance with its enormous potential, mak- of total energy demand with renewable ing it possible to create strong markets for each sources. The most appropriate combination of application of solar energy in order to turn Spain technologies and their geographical location into the “country of solar energy". Urgent would depend on the energy distribution sys- approval for the compulsory use of thermal and tem, on the need to regulate generation (linked photovoltaic energy in buildings that built or to demand-side management) and the develop- refurbished. ment of the cost of each technology. · The approval of a off-shore wind energy plan determining the criteria for the territorial siting · Renewable resources are so widely distrib- of this energy and preventing situations of uted in the territory of the peninsula that all social lack of understanding. autonomous communities have enough capac- · The encouragement of the sustainable use of ity to fully meet their own electricity and total biomass imposing strict environmental criteria energy demands. for the selection of resources and creating distri- bution grids to facilitate its use and to make it profitable, compelling its use in co-generation What Greenpeace is asking for wherever technically possible. · The incorporation into the renewable energies To prevent dangerous climate change and the plan of high-potential technologies which until other environmental effects of dirty energies, and now have been “forgotten”: waves, geothermal, given the abundance of renewable resources solar chimneys. available, as well as taking into account the great · The guaranteeing of consumers' rights to investment absorbed by the energy system and choose clean energy, limiting the market the long period it takes to get a return on this, it is power of the big utilities and establishing electri- urgent to establish coherent strategies for devel- cal labelling mandating utilities to provide stan- oping our energy system towards a 100% renew- dardised, reliable information on their bills and able horizon. In order to drive forward this Energy advertisements about the origin and environ- Revolution, the following are requirements: mental impact of the energy they are selling. · The establishment of compulsory energy effi- · The establishment of compulsory legal targets ciency, targets, including annual energy saving as part of the next European Renewable of at least 2.5% for the private sector and 3% Energy Directive so that renewable energies for the public sector. supply at least 20% of primary energy · A review of the current energy plan, as prom- demand in each of the 25 EU states for 2020, ised by the Spanish Prime Minister, setting tar- indicating a specific target for each renewable gets of greater efficiency and lower energy energy, in accordance with each country's demand and planning the necessary energy renewable resources. infrastructures, not to continue the massive con- · A stronger system of renewable energy premi- struction of thermal power stations but to accel- ums, guaranteeing investors a stable and attrac- erate investment in renewables. tive return on investment for each technology. · The elimination of all subsidies on fossil · The development of a green tax system, includ- fuels and nuclear energy, and the internalisa- ing tax breaks and rebates for investment in tion of all their external costs.

33 Renewables 2050. A report on the potential for renewable energies in peninsular Spain

· The disincentivisation of investment in new · The negotiation of new, tougher emission fossil-fuel power stations, , making it compul- reduction targets for the second commitment sory to show, by way of a detailed analysis, that period of the Kyoto Protocol (2013-2017) and all clean energy resources (efficiency and tightening them for the third commitment peri- renewables) have been exhausted or are insuffi- od (2018-2022), with an overall reduction of at cient, before authorising the construction of any least 30%. fossil fuel power stations.

· The implementation of an urgent phase-out plan for existing nuclear power stations, with the horizon of 2015, in accordance with the PSOE's (Spanish Socialist Party) electoral prom- ise and the Governmental manifesto of Prime Minister Rodríguez Zapatero.

· The approval of a National Emissions Alloca- tion Plan for the period 2008-2012, ensuring that Spain meets the target it committed itself to in the Kyoto Protocol. Appendix

Glossary of terms

Demand for electrical energy or demand for electricity. Energy and power This is the quantity of electricity the population The brightness of a light bulb depends on its consumes during a time interval, whether con- power (watts), but the energy it uses depends sumption is in the domestic, industrial or serv- on the time it is switched on (watt-hours). Simi- ice sectors or others. larly, a power station that generates energy will Electricity demand per head is expressed in have a power or capacity (kW) and the energy kWh/inhabitant. this power station produces will be the result of To speak of peninsular electricity demand in this the instantaneous power multiplied by the time study, we use TWh/year. the power station is running (kWh).

Total or final energy demand • Units This is the quantity of energy (in the form of heat, W = watt. This is the standard international unit electricity, movement...) consumed by the popu- of power. lation in a given time in all sectors: transport, KWh = kilowatt-hour, unit of energy. domestic, industrial, service... Running a device that has one kW of power for one hour will use a kilowatt-hour of energy. To make it comparable with electricity demand, we use the same units: kWh/inhabitant, TWh/year.

34 Appendix

• Equivalents Generation ceiling 1kW (kilowatt) = 1000 watts The energy that could be generated with each 1MW (megawatt) = 1000 kilowatts technology if all its potential was developed. 1GW (gigawatt) = 1000MW or a billion watts 1TW= 1000GW or a billion kilowatts Capacity ceiling The capacity possible for each technology if all Generation its potential was installed. Production of electrical energy.

Electricity generation mix This is the combination of different technologies used to generate the electricity needed to meet electricity demand. It is also known as the gen- eration basket or portfolio.

Peak power Maximum power that can be generated by a solar photovoltaic power station in standard conditions.

Electrical system All the equipment necessary to provide the elec- tricity service, that is, to make sure consumers have the electricity they need. It includes both the power stations and the grid transporting the electricity between different areas of the coun- try and the one that distributes it to the con- sumption points.

Electricity generation system We are talking about the electricity generating system to refer to the part of the electrical sys- tem that includes all the generating units (ther- mal power stations, wind farms…).

Transport and distribution system or grid The current system of cables used to transport the electricity from the power stations where it is generated to the points of demand. The electrical energy is transported under high voltage between different areas of the country and distributed under low voltage to the points of consumption.

35