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ABSTRACT Title of Dissertation: MIND THE ABSTRACT Title of Dissertation: MIND THE GAP: CONNECTING NEWS AND INFORMATION TO BUILD AN ANTI-RAPE AND SEXUAL ASSAULT AGENDA IN INDIA Pallavi Guha, Doctor of Philosophy, 2017 Dissertation directed by: Professor Kalyani Chadha, Philip Merrill College of Journalism Professor Linda Steiner, Philip Merrill College of Journalism This dissertation will examine the use of news media and social media platforms by feminist activists in building an anti-rape and sexual assault agenda in India. Feminist campaigns need to resonate and interact with the mainstream media and social media simultaneously to reach broader audiences, including policymakers, in India. For a successful feminist campaign to take off in a digitally emerging country like India, an interdependence of social media conversations and news media discussions is necessary. The study focuses on the theoretical framework of agenda building, digital feminist activism, and hybridization of the media system. The study will also introduce the still-emerging concept of interdependent agenda building to analyze the relationship between news media and social media. This concept proposes the idea of an interplay of information between traditional mass media and social media, by focusing not just on one media platform, but on multiple platforms simulataneous in this connected world. The methodology of the study includes in-depth interviews with thirty-five feminist activists and thirty journalists; thematic analysis of 550 newspaper reports of three rapes and murders from 2005-2016; and social media analysis of three Facebook feminist pages to understand and analyze the impact of social media on news media coverage of rape and the combined influence of media platforms on anti-rape feminist activism. The introduction of social media platforms in newsroom influence coverage of rape and sexual assault on women, and assess the reasons behind selective media and public outrage against rape and sexual assault. In this dissertation, I also focus on the intersectional identity of feminist activists and how they align their offline anti- rape activism and inequalities of caste, gender, class, digital access and literacy. As a recommendation of this study, I created a beta version of an app, which will support anti-rape feminist activism and rape coverage by bridging the information and coverage gap of rape and sexual assault. MIND THE GAP: CONNECTING NEWS AND INFORMATION TO BUILD AN ANTI-RAPE AND SEXUAL ASSAULT AGENDA IN INDIA by Pallavi Guha Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Maryland, College Park, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2017 Advisory Committee: Professor Kalyani Chadha, Chair Professor Linda Steiner, Co-Chair Professor Sarah Oates Professor Ronald Yaros Professor Sahar Khamis ©Copyright by Pallavi Guha 2017 Dedication Pathorkuchir moto meye (A girl with a firmness of stonewort) Ashapurna Devi (1909-1995), translated by Dipannita Datta I dedicate my work to all women, who have been resolute to fight sexual violence despite their personal trials and tribulations. ii Foreword My story is the story of women in every country. And many more in number are those stories which are not written on paper, but are written on the bodies and minds of women. Kala Gulab Te Hazare Di Mitti, Amrita Pritam (1919-2005) iii Acknowledgement Who is Helping You, don’t forget them: Swami Vivekananda Following the first of the THREE GOLDEN RULES of Swami Vivekananda: “ Who is Helping You, Don’t Forget them ,” I want to take this opportunity to thank everyone who has been with me on this journey. It has been an arduous journey of becoming a part of the Ph.D. program, surviving it and eventually completing the program. In the course of these four years, I received valuable support, advise, and mentorship. During this time, I have also had many personal conversations with the Hindu gods and goddess I follow; seeking their blessings and asking them to direct me to the path right at every turn of my life. With their blessings, I have been able to see the light at the end of the tunnel. I would never have survived this isolating process if I didn’t have the affection, love, and support from my family --- my daughter Anahita Guha Choudhury, my mother Baishakhi Guha, my father Samir Guha and my husband, Arya Choudhury. Anahita, without any, complain sat through several classes during my coursework and let me write when I needed to. From near and far, my parents have consistently motivated to reach the finish line. They spent several months with me taking care of my family, and helping me complete my dissertation. In the past four years, at vulnerable moments, I have thought of quitting; but Arya has encouraged me and restored faith in myself. I am grateful for the steadfast support, advise and feedback from my advisors and Guru- Ma Dr. Kalyani Chadha and Dr. Linda Steiner. Dr. Chadha and Dr. Steiner supported me with their expertise, guidance and time. They tirelessly and meticulously went through my drafts more than the number of times I could have asked for. I am also grateful to my committee members Dr. Sarah Oates, Dr. Sahar Khamis, and Dr. Ronald Yaros. Dr. Oates gave me constant feedback on my dissertation, Dr. Khamis encouraged my scholarly work with her feedback, and Dr. Yaros helped me put my academic work to practice by giving valuable recommendations on analyzing social media network and create the app. My best friend Supriya Maulick, nudged me to write every day, without her prodding I couldn’t have completed my dissertation. Supriya encouraged me by calling or sending me texts whenever I was demotivated; it didn’t matter that we were 7500 miles apart. I am particularly grateful to Dr. Susan Moeller, who has been an encouraging influence in my scholarly work and pedagogy. Despite not being a part of my committee, Dr. Moeller has shared her valuable input in helping me grow as an emerging scholar. If not for her, I wouldn’t have spent three very productive weeks at the Salzburg Media Academy; which also gave me the opportunity to test the app with the faculty and participants. I have been blessed with the support of many scholars, as mentors in my life. Dr. Ashwini Tambe from the department of Women’s Studies; Dr. John Pavlik and Dr. Marya Doerfel of Rutgers University; Dr. Radhika Gajjala of Bowling University; Dr. Deb Aikat of iv University of North Carolina; Dr. Tridib Chakraborty of Jadavpur University and Dr. Aneek Chatterjee, my professor from Presidency College; have all encouraged and supported me in various ways to successfully complete the program. Prof. Ira Chinoy and Prof. Carl Stepp have often encouraged and advised me on my pedagogy. I am thankful for their valuable feedback and resources to enhance my teaching skills I joined the program with my cohort members Rob Wells, Amy Wu, Carole Lee, James Gacchau and Weiping Li. I was fortunate to have an experienced and scholarly group of people to support me in various ways. Eventually, Rob and Amy became my best friends from the program. Rob has been and continues to be a pillar of support and a catalyst in my shaping my academic work. Rob shared his valuable inputs on my work; collaborated with me on academic papers and advised me during the application process. Amy consistently encouraged my scholarly work and Carole shared her teaching experiences and resources. This program also gave me great friends like Boya Xu and Saranaz Barfourash, who have supported me in good and bad times. Boya and Saranaz have listened to both my rants and scholarly work, and not to mention that they have both bailed me out during a family crisis. A special note of thanks to Associate Dean Rafael Lorente, Vanessa Holmes, Clint Bucco, Janet Woolery, Joshua Madden, Hope Mookim, Serap Rada and David Watson for taking care of so many things during my time at Merrill. My former colleagues and now friends Mr. Subhro Niyogi and Ms. Swati Sengupta have encouraged and supported me in many ways in my research and writing. I owe my gratitude to the teaching and learning transformation center (TLTC), and the university libraries of the various resources I used to complete the program successfully. Finally, I am thankful to all the interview participants of this study, who shared their experiences with me and the readers of this dissertation. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Dedication ...................................................................................................................................... ii Foreword ....................................................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgement ........................................................................................................................ iv List of Figures: ........................................................................................................................... viii List of Tables: ............................................................................................................................... ix Chapter 1: Introduction ............................................................................................................... 1 RESEARCH QUESTIONS ................................................................................................................ 7 THE HISTORY OF FEMINIST ACTIVISM AND NEWS MEDIA IN INDIA ................................................ 8 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
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