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Bacillariophyceae from Karstic Wetlands in México

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Bacillariophyceae from Karstic Wetlands in México Bibliotheca Diatomologica Band 54 Bacillariophyceae from Karstic Wetlands in México Eberto Novelo, Rosaluz Tavera & Claudia Ibarra with 3 figures and 21 plates Dedicated to Dr. Arturo Gómez-Pompa J. CRAMER in der Gebrüder Borntraeger Verlagsbuchhandlung BERLIN · STUTTGART 2007 Editors Prof. Dr.Dr. h.c. H. Lange-Bertalot, Frankfurt Dr. P. Kociolek, San Francisco Authors addresses: E. Novelo Department of Comparative Biology, School of Sciences, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, A.P. 70-474. CU Coyoacán 04510, México, DF. MÉXICO. E-mail: [email protected] R. Tavera Department of Ecology and Natural Resources, School of Sciences, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, A.P. 70-474. CU Coyoacán 04510, México, DF. MÉXICO. E-mail: [email protected] C. Ibarra Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences. School of Sciences, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, A.P. 70-474. CU Coyoacán 04510, México, DF. MÉXICO. E-mail: [email protected] All rights reserved, including translation into foreign languages. This journal, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publishers. © 2007 by Gebrüder Borntraeger, 14129 Berlin, 70176 Stuttgart, Germany www.borntraeger-cramer.de E-mail: [email protected] Printed on permanent paper conforming to ISO 9706-1994 Printed in Germany by strauss offsetdruck gmbh, 69509 Mörlenbach ISBN 978-3-443-57045-3 ISSN 1436-7270 Contents Abstract / Resumen ................................................................................................ 4 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 5 Study Area .......................................................................................................... 6 Methods ............................................................................................................... 7 Diatoms from El Edén Ecological Reserve ........................................................ 8 Acknowledgements ........................................................................................... 12 Descriptions of the taxa from El Edén Ecological Reserve ................................. 13 Centrales .......................................................................................................... 13 Pennales .......................................................................................................... 17 Fragilariaceae ............................................................................................. 17 Eunotiaceae ................................................................................................ 25 Achnanthaceae ............................................................................................ 26 Naviculaceae .............................................................................................. 32 Bacillariaceae ............................................................................................. 69 Epithemiaceae ............................................................................................ 77 Surirellaceae ............................................................................................... 80 References ............................................................................................................ 82 Plates .................................................................................................................... 89 Names index ...................................................................................................... 132 3 Abstract 151 samples from freshwater environments in karstic wetlands (cenotes, ponds and inundated savannah) in El Edén Ecological Reserve were analyzed to describe the diatom flora present. Latitudinal situation and environmental features of the Reserve influence significantly the floristic diatom component. Of the 156 taxa identified, 29 species have a tropical distribution; 76 are registered as alkaliphilous species and 64 have an affinity to calcareous substrata. 9 new taxa (species) are described, and 3 new combinations are proposed: Aulacoseira periphytica sp. nov., Caloneis sabanicola sp. nov., Capartogramma paradisiaca sp. nov., Cymbopleura chacii sp. nov., Encyonema densistriata sp. nov., Fragilaria dzonoticola sp. nov., Nitzschia yalahau sp. nov., Pinnularia mayarum sp. nov. Stauroneis amphibia sp. nov., Achnanthidium chlidanos (Hohn et Hellermann) comb. nov., Cymbopleura hustedtii (Krasske) comb. nov., Placoneis porifera var. oportuna (Hustedt) comb. nov. The most abundant species in the Reserve are Cymbopleura chacii sp. nov., Brachysira microcephala (Grunow) Compère, Encyonema mesianum (Cholnoky) D.G. Mann, Encyonema gracile Ehrenberg, Encyonema mexicanum Krammer, and Mastogloia smithii Thwaites ex W. Smith. Resumen Se analizó el contenido de diatomeas de 151 muestras de humedales kársticos de agua dulce (cenotes, charcos y sabanas inundadas) en la Reserva Ecológica El Edén. La situación latitudinal y las características ambientales de la Reserva influyen significativamente la composición florística diatomológica. De los 156 taxa identificados, 29 tienen una distribución tropical, 76 han sido registrados como alcalífilos y 64 con afinidad a los sustratos calcáreos. Se describen 9 especies nuevas y se proponen 3 combinaciones nuevas: Aulacoseira periphytica sp. nov., Caloneis sabanicola sp. nov., Capartogramma paradisiaca sp. nov., Cymbopleura chacii sp. nov., Encyonema densistriata sp. nov., Fragilaria dzonoticola sp. nov., Nitzschia yalahau sp. nov., Pinnularia mayarum sp. nov. Stauroneis amphibia sp. nov., Achnanthidium chlidanos (Hohn et Hellermann) comb. nov., Cymbopleura hustedtii (Krasske) comb. nov., Placoneis porifera var. oportuna (Hustedt) comb. nov. Las especies más abundantes en la Reserva son Cymbopleura chacii sp. nov., Brachysira microcephala (Grunow) Compère, Encyonema mesianum (Cholnoky) D.G. Mann, Encyonema gracile Ehrenberg, Encyonema mexicanum Krammer, y Mastogloia smithii Thwaites ex W. Smith. 4 Introduction The floristic characterization of freshwater algae of a region is generally supplemented by a consideration of their distribution, and it is common to find designated as ‘cosmopolitan’ those species recorded from a wide latitudinal range (Cantoral 1997; Novelo 1998; Tavera et al. 1994). But even when no reference to global distribution is presented in a work, the use of a specific name can imply acceptance of such a wide (cosmopolitan) geographical range (Foged 1984; Sarode & Kamat 1984, for example). When this is the case, usually there is no debate about the validity of registering one taxon described, for example, from alpine lakes, as also occurring in shallow water bodies at low latitudes and at few meters above sea level; this is equivalent to regarding such taxon as “cosmopolitan”. However, the taxonomic determination or the ecological affinities of the species are questionable because alpine lakes and tropical shallow ponds have quite different ecologies. It would not be surprising if these differences were associated with an unknown difference in morphology, which should be circumscribed at least in the description, if not on the specific epithet. In the taxonomy of diatoms, morphological description of the species considers subtle characters that are virtually inaccessible without adequate equipment Fig. 1. El Edén Ecological Reserve, located at Northeast of the Yucatán peninsula, in Quintana Roo State (shaded). In the Reserve area enlarged to the right, the wetland zone (shaded), sites of collection, cenotes, and zone of ponds are shown. 5 including a scanning electron microscope. In floristics and ecology it is difficult to ensure the validity of species determination without that equipment. A way to get close to identity of species could be the use of complementary characters as the ecological affinities and the capacity to grow beyond them. For us, together with the correct morphological description, knowledge of the geographical distribution of a species, as well as documentation of its environment, are the best framework for the recognition of biogeographically defined patterns and particular affinities to environmental conditions such as temperature, water chemistry, etc. This concept was used by Metzeltin and Lange- Bertalot (1998) in Central and South America. They note that some species that grow only in tropical conditions were more abundant in those areas than the species with a cosmopolitan distribution. They used the subtle characters mentioned above, but by making a very detailed morphological and geographical delimitation, ensured that the variation registered in their work does not correspond to ecomorphs or morphotypes of non-tropical species. Certainly, the point where biological variation of a taxon justifies assignment of a new name is debatable and an extensive knowledge of the biology of groups is required (Winston 1999). Yet floristics does not define appropriate criteria to make this kind of decision. When the morphology of a species is unfamiliar to the observer, it is necessary to decide whether the differences are only a local manifestation of a wider morphological range or the expression of a distinct genome. When the morphology of a species looks entirely the same as one from distant latitude, a cosmopolitan distribution may be accepted if environmental factors of the two localities are similar (Komárek 1985). Study Area The 14.9 km2 El Edén Ecological Reserve is in the Yalahau region of the northeast
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