Diatom Diversity and Distribution in Madeira Island Streams (Portugal)
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Biodiversity Data Journal 8: e59813 doi: 10.3897/BDJ.8.e59813 Data Paper Diatom diversity and distribution in Madeira Island streams (Portugal) Catarina Ritter‡, Pedro M. Raposeiro‡, Vítor Gonçalves‡ ‡ CIBIO, Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, InBIO Associate Laboratory / Faculty of Sciences Рbr/>and Technology, University of the Azores, Ponta Delgada, Portugal Corresponding author: Catarina Ritter ([email protected]) Academic editor: Saúl Blanco Received: 19 Oct 2020 | Accepted: 11 Nov 2020 | Published: 16 Dec 2020 Citation: Ritter C, Raposeiro PM, Gonçalves V (2020) Diatom diversity and distribution in Madeira Island streams (Portugal). Biodiversity Data Journal 8: e59813. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.8.e59813 Abstract Background Here, we present the data obtained from the samples collected in a field campaign during the spring of 2015 which aims for a better understanding of the diversity and distribution patterns of freshwater diatoms in Madeira Island. Following European and Portuguese standards and recommendations for routine diatom sampling and analysis, we collected samples in 40 sites, distributed in 27 permanent streams and identified the diatom species present, using general diatom floras and studies in Portuguese freshwater diatoms. New information Little is known about the diversity and distribution of freshwater diatom assemblages from Madeira Archipelago. This study reports a survey in 40 sites in Madeira Island distributed in 27 permanent streams. A total of 965 diatom (Bacillariophyta) occurrences were recorded, belonging to 130 different taxa from 44 genera and 27 families. The families with the highest number of occurrences were Bacillariaceae (176), Achnanthidiaceae (135) and Naviculaceae (133). The two diatom endemisms, described previously in Madeira Island (Lange-Bertalot 1993), Nitzschia macaronesica Lange-Bertalot and Navicula madeirensis Lange-Bertalot, were only observed in a small number of sites, located mostly at © Ritter C et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 2 Ritter C et al Laurissilva forest. Sixty species are new records, not only to Madeira Island, but also to the Madeira Archipelago. Keywords Bacillariophyta, oceanic islands, freshwater systems, new records, diatom occurrences Introduction Diatoms (Bacillariophyta) are microscopic algae and one of the most abundant and diverse group of aquatic, pigmented single-celled photosynthetic eukaryotes, which can be found in almost every type of aquatic environment around the globe (Kociolek 2007, Pla et al. 2016). These microalgae are characterised by an outer silica wall (frustule) that makes them easy to collect and preserve for later identification. Benthic diatoms, in particular, are important contributors to primary production in streams and are widely used as indicators for monitoring the ecological status of aquatic systems and also for past environmental and climatic reconstructions (Battarbee et al. 2006), since many species have distinct ecological optima and narrow tolerance (Cohen 2003). Diatom communities inhabiting streams have been studied in several regions of the globe (e.g. Tison et al. 2005, Grenier et al. 2006, Mora et al. 2017, Falasco et al. 2016, Liu et al. 2019), including insular streams (Delgado et al. 2012, Delgado et al. 2013, Kopalová et al. 2011, Kopalová and van de Vijver 2013, Gonçalves et al. 2015, Vasselon et al. 2017). Despite their great importance, current knowledge about the freshwater diatoms on insular streams of Madeira Archipelago is limited in comparison with freshwater macroinvertebrates (Hughes et al. 1998, Hughes and Furse 2001, Hughes 2006), bryophytes (Sérgio and Fontinha 1994, Sérgio et al. 2006, Sim-Sim et al. 2008, Sim-Sim et al. 2014, Sim-Sim et al. 2011, Boch et al. 2019) and hyphomycetes communities (Raposeiro et al. 2020). Although diatoms from the Madeira Archipelago have been a matter of study for more than 150 years (Grunow 1867, De-Toni 1891, De-Toni 1892, Zimmermann 1909, Zimmermann 1911, Schodduyn 1927, Mölder 1947, Lange-Bertalot 1993, Kaufmann et al. 2015, Gonçalves et al. 2016), including the description of two regional endemisms, little is known about the regional overall diversity of these microalgae in Madeira Island. The importance of insular freshwater studies of microalgal diversity is centred around the concept that these ecosystems tend to be less complex, providing much potential for testing ideas about biogeographic theory and species distribution limits (Flower 2005). Here, we provide a detailed dataset that contains freshwater diatom occurrences collected during a field campaign on Madeira Island, increasing the knowledge on the epilithic diatom inhabiting permanent streams in Madeira Island. Our purpose is to release this valuable dataset, since no similar datasets have been previously published for Madeira Archipelago and it constitutes a relevant tool of comparison for aquatic ecologists, for example, biogeographic patterns, climate change or other studies on oceanic islands. Diatom diversity and distribution in Madeira Island streams (Portugal) 3 Project description Title: Diatom diversity and distribution in Madeira Island streams (Portugal) Personnel: Collections were undertaken and occurrence data recorded during the spring of 2015 in Madeira Island. The collectors were Pedro Raposeiro and Vitor Gonçalves. Identifications were made by Catarina Ritter and supervised by Vitor Gonçalves. Study area description: The Madeira Archipelago is an oceanic archipelago located in the North Atlantic between latitudes 32°24' and 33°07'N and longitudes 16°16' and 17°16'W (Fig. 1). Madeira Island is the highest (Pico Ruivo - 1861 m) and largest island (~ 740 km2 ) of the archipelago and about 90% of its area is higher than 500 m above sea level (Ribeiro 1985). Madeira Island presents a high diversity of habitat types, including the largest surviving area of Laurissilva forest in Macaronesia, classified as a UNESCO World Natural Heritage site (IUCN 1999). Due to its oceanic condition, Madeira Island presents a mild temperate oceanic climate strongly influenced by winds from the NE and the Canary Islands current, presenting a relative humidity between 55-75% and annual rainfall between 500 and 1,000 mm (AEMET & IM 2012). An important aspect of the climate in Madeira Island is the persistent nebulous covering of fog, which normally exists in high altitude resulting in an important source of groundwater recharge (Prada et al. 2005). Under this mild temperate oceanic climate, groundwater hydrology is essential for surface water and for the persistence and functioning of the insular aquatic ecosystems as a high number of the permanent streams are fed by springs. Figure 1. Geographical location of the study stream sites. a. Madeira Archipelago in the Atlantic Ocean highlighted by a red square; b. Madeira Island in the Madeira Archipelago; c. Studied stream sites. 4 Ritter C et al Madeira Island comprises approximately 126 catchments and 200 streams presenting a typical radial drainage pattern common in oceanic islands (Marques 1994). According to Prada et al. 2005, the hydrographic network present in the Island is characterised by deep narrow valleys with a typical U-transverse profile as these are still in a young phase. Most of the streams have a torrential character with high flow rates (Hughes 2006). Sampling methods Study extent: Epilithic freshwater diatoms (Bacillariophyta Karsten 1928) from 40 sites (MAD01 – MAD40) from 27 permanent streams in Madeira Island. Sampling description: In the spring of 2015, epilithic biofilm samples were collected in 40 sites (MAD01 – MAD40) from 27 permanent streams in Madeira Island (Table 1). The sampling sites ranged in altitudes (low, medium and high) and land-uses (natural, agricultural and urban) (Figs 2, 3, 4). For diatom analysis, samples were prepared following the European (Kelly et al. 1998, European Committee for Standardization 2003, European Committee for Standardization 2004) and national recommendations (INAG 2008). Epilithic diatoms were taken from stones with a toothbrush in each sampling site (Fig. 5). Immediately after collection, diatom samples were fixed with formalin at 4% final concentration. Permanent slides were prepared with Naphrax® and at least 400 valves per sample were counted and identified at the lowest taxonomic level possible under oil- immersion phase contrast light microscopy using a Leica DM2500 (Leica Microsystems GmbH, Welzlar, Germany). Table 1. Sampling codes and location of the forty studied stream sites on Madeira Island. Sampling Stream Municipality Sampling Latitude(ºN) / Altitude(m) code date Longitude(ºW) MAD01 Ribeira dos Socorridos Câmara de 28/04/2015 32.66319, -16.9606 85 Lobos MAD02 Ribeira Brava Ribeira brava 28/04/2015 32.73395, -17.021 409 MAD03 Ribeira da Vargem São Vicente 28/04/2015 32.76807, -17.0305 450 MAD04 Ribeira de São Vicente São Vicente 28/04/2015 32.77415, -17.0245 325 MAD05 Ribeira Grande São Vicente 28/04/2015 32.77599, -17.0244 311 MAD06 Ribeira Grande São Vicente 28/04/2015 32.28433, -16.7232 60 MAD07 Ribeira Brava São Vicente 28/04/2015 32.75216, -17.0244 903 MAD08 Ribeira Brava São Vicente 28/04/2015 32.74842, -17.0257 833 MAD09 Ribeira dos Socorridos Câmara de 29/04/2015 32.74522, -16.9591 826 Lobos Diatom diversity and distribution