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Thesis Cooking with Rock: an Investigation of Prehistoric THESIS COOKING WITH ROCK: AN INVESTIGATION OF PREHISTORIC HEARTH MORPHOLOGY IN NORTHERN COLORADO Submitted by Michael D. Troyer Department of Anthropology In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the Degree of Master of Arts Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado Spring 2014 Master’s Committee: Advisor: Jason M. LaBelle Mary Van Buren Scott M. Denning Curtis H. Flather Copyright by Michael D. Troyer 2014 All Rights Reserved ABSTRACT COOKING WITH ROCK: AN INVESTIGATION OF PREHISTORIC HEARTH MORPHOLOGY IN NORTHERN COLORADO Hearths are a focal point for the organization of prehistoric hunter-gatherer activities, and can reveal a wealth of information regarding subsistence, settlement, chronology, and technology. However, despite the direct association with human behavior and the breadth of information these features offer the archaeologist, hearth morphology and the distribution of different feature types through time and space has largely been ignored. With this in mind, this research will address three main questions: are there temporal and spatial patterns to hearth morphology; are there spatial and temporal patterns in the material recovered from hearth features; and do changes in hearth morphology through time coincide with documented changes in paleoclimate, and other systemic changes in prehistoric culture? This study is focused on Boulder, Grand, Jackson, Larimer, and Weld counties of northern Colorado, and utilizes 190 radiocarbon dated hearth features, representing 72 individual archaeological sites. The features used in this study range in age from Paleoindian to Protohistoric, and are distributed across plains, foothills, montane, and subalpine/alpine environments. Collectively, this research seeks to better understand specific adaptive changes in past human culture, their causes and correlations, and how these changes in prehistoric culture are manifest in the distribution and morphology of hearth features in northern Colorado. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This project would not have been possible without the support and guidance of a number of people, and I owe a great deal of gratitude to them all. First and foremost, I have to thank Dr. Jason LaBelle for all his patience and insight throughout my years at Colorado State University. He has challenged and encouraged me to grow personally and professionally, and provided me with ample opportunities to challenge myself and become a better archaeologist. He has helped set me on a very rewarding and satisfying career path as a professional archaeologist, and I consider him a mentor and a friend. I would also to thank my thesis committee (Dr. Van Buren, Dr. Denning, and Dr. Flather) for their insightful and constructive questions and comments on this manuscript as well as during the defense. I would like to thank all the field school students from the 2009, 2010, and 2011 Colorado State University archaeological field schools, who did much of the actual dirty work associated with the original thermal feature excavations discussed in this work. I would also like to thank the Colorado Council of Professional Archaeologists for awarding me the Ward F. Weakly scholarship, Colorado State University for awarding me the Karen S. Greiner scholarship, and the Colorado Archaeological Society for awarding me the Alice Hamilton scholarship; all of these excellent awards were used procuring some of the radiometric and macrobotanical data used herein. I would also like the thank James and Audrey Benedict, and the James and Audrey Benedict Fund for Mountain Archaeology; their unfathomable generosity has provided me innumerable opportunities to conduct interesting and meaningful archaeological research. I would like to thank the Laboratory of Public Archaeology and the Center for Mountain and Plains Archaeology for providing me the opportunity to do archaeological research in northern Colorado and procuring much of the data used in this study. Lastly, I thank Dr. Christian Zier, Dr. Robert Brunswig, Peter Gleichman, and Michael S. Berry iii for helping me track down some of the site and feature data used in this study, and Dan Bach for providing me with invaluable analysis and advice on all things macrobotanical. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................... iii LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................ vii LIST OF FIGURES..…………………………………………………………………………....viii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION AND STATEMENT OF OBJECTIVES ................................... 1 Defining Questions ..................................................................................................................... 1 Basis for Study ............................................................................................................................ 2 Specific Aims .............................................................................................................................. 5 CHAPTER 2 REGIONAL PHYSIOGRAPHY AND PALEOENVIRONMENT ......................... 8 Northern Colorado Physiographic Setting .................................................................................. 8 Regional Paleoenvironment ...................................................................................................... 15 CHAPTER 3 GREAT PLAINS AND ROCKY MOUNTAIN CULTURAL HISTORY ............ 22 Paleoindian Stage ...................................................................................................................... 22 Archaic Stage ............................................................................................................................ 24 Late Prehistoric Stage ............................................................................................................... 25 CHAPTER 4 METHODOLOGIES .............................................................................................. 26 Regional Synthesis and Thermal Feature Typology ................................................................. 27 Feature Excavation.................................................................................................................... 31 Laboratory Methods .................................................................................................................. 32 Radiocarbon dating ............................................................................................................... 32 Fuel wood analysis ................................................................................................................ 34 Macrobotanical analysis........................................................................................................ 35 CHAPTER 5 THERMAL FEATURE DATA .............................................................................. 41 Investigations at Black Shale Arroyo (5LR11718) ................................................................... 41 Investigations at the Shady Grove site (S10-2) ......................................................................... 48 Investigations at the Harvester site (5LR12641) ...................................................................... 54 Investigations at the Line Shack Site (5LR110) ....................................................................... 57 Investigations at the Howling Beast site (5LR11585) .............................................................. 62 Investigations at the Boxelder Arroyo (5LR11569) ................................................................. 66 Investigations at the Second Arroyo (5LR11711) .................................................................... 67 The Regional Dataset ................................................................................................................ 70 CHAPTER 6 ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................ 74 Spatiotemporal Distribution of Feature Types .......................................................................... 74 Thermal Feature Morphology ................................................................................................... 86 CHAPTER 7 THE MACROBOTANICAL RECORD................................................................. 94 Fuel Wood Data ........................................................................................................................ 94 Macrobotanical Data ................................................................................................................. 97 CHAPTER 8 DISCUSSION ....................................................................................................... 104 CHAPTER 9 CONCLUSIONS .................................................................................................. 122 Future Research ...................................................................................................................... 132 Concluding Remarks: Five Key Points ................................................................................... 136 REFERENCES CITED ............................................................................................................... 139 Appendix A – Hearth Data ........................................................................................................
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