Palytoxin from Palythoa Tuberculosa (P5183)

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Palytoxin from Palythoa Tuberculosa (P5183)

Palytoxin from Palythoa tuberculosa Product Number P 5183 Storage Temperature 2-8 °C Product Description Precautions and Disclaimer Molecular Formula: C129H223N3O54 For Laboratory Use Only. Not for drug, household or Molecular Weight: 2,680 other uses. CAS Number: 77734-91-9 1 Specific Rotation: +26° (25 °C, H2O) Preparation Instructions Synonym: PTX This product is soluble in water, acidic aqueous solutions, and aqueous alcohol solutions. Stock Palytoxin is a natural product derived from the solutions of this product (0.1 mM in water) have been zoanthid coral Palythoa toxica that is the most toxic prepared and stored frozen.4 non-proteinaceous chemical known to occur in nature.1 This ionophore compound acts as a References hemolysin and alters the functioning of excitable cells. 1. The Merck Index, 12th ed., Entry# 7132. Palytoxin induces activity of a small conductance 2. Frelin, C., and Van Renterghem, C., Palytoxin. cationic channel that then produces secondary Recent electrophysiological and pharmacological activations of voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels and of evidence for several mechanisms of action. Gen. Na+/Ca2+ exchange. This results in neurotransmitter Pharmacol., 26(1), 33-37 (1995). release by nerve terminals and contractions of striated 3. Tosteson, M. T., et al., Effects of palytoxin on and smooth muscle cells. In addition, palytoxin opens cation occlusion and phosphorylation of the a membrane conductive pathway for H+ that drives H+ (Na+,K+)-ATPase. J. Membr. Biol., 192(3), 181- inside the cells and activates Na+/H+ exchange 189 (2003). activity.2 4. Artigas, P., and Gadsby, D. C., Na+,K+-pump ligands modulate gating of palytoxin-induced ion Palytoxin has been utilized to investigate the induction channels. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 100(2), of Na+ and K+ flux by the (Na+, K+)-driven pump 501-505 (2003). protein, and to probe the modulation of the gating of 5. Monroe, J. J., and Tashjian, A. H., Jr., Actions of + + 3,4 + + Na and K pumps. Palytoxin has been used in a palytoxin on Na and Ca2 homeostasis in human study of Na+ and Ca2+ homeostasis in human osteoblast-like Saos-2 cells. Am. J. Physiol., osteoblast-like Saos-2 cells.5 In cultured Rat-1 cells, 269(3 Pt 1), C582-589 (1995). palytoxin has been shown to activate the stress- 6. Iordanov, M. S., and Magun, B. E., Loss of cellular + activated protein kinase/c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase K mimics ribotoxic stress. Inhibition of protein 1 (SAPK/JNK1) and to potentiate the p38/HOG1 synthesis and activation of the stress kinases mitogen-activated protein kinase and the upstream SEK1/MKK4, stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun 6 activator of SAPK/JNK1, SEK1/MKK4. NH2-terminal kinase 1, and p38/HOG1 by palytoxin. J. Biol. Chem., 273(6), 3528-3534 (1998). GCY/RXR 11/03 Sigma brand products are sold through Sigma-Aldrich, Inc. Sigma-Aldrich, Inc. warrants that its products conform to the information contained in this and other Sigma-Aldrich publications. Purchaser must determine the suitability of the product(s) for their particular use. Additional terms and conditions may apply. Please see reverse side of the invoice or packing slip..

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A Two-Directional Synthesis of the C58–C71 Fragment of Palytoxin
A two-directional synthesis of the C58–C71 fragment of palytoxin Robert Hodgson and Adam Nelson* Department of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK LS2 9JT Received 14th July 2003, Accepted 18th November 2003 First published as an Advance Article on the web 5th January 2004 A two directional approach, in which asymmetric dihydroxylation and reduction reactions were used to control fi absolute con guration, was exploited in the preparation of a C2-symmetrical dipyranone. The homotopic dihydropyran (DHP) rings of this precursor were differentiated statistically using by a Prévost reaction and further functionalisation. A second Prévost reaction was used to functionalise the other DHP; global deprotection and peracetylation gave a protected version of the C58–C71 fragment of palytoxin. Methods which might be of value in future synthetic work were developed for the stereoselective functionalisation of THP rings similar to those found in this fragment. Introduction Table 1 Deprotection of the bis silyl ether 7 Palytoxin, 1, was isolated from marine soft corals of the genus Entry Conditions Product Yield a (%) Palythoa.1 Palytoxin acts by interacting with sodium-potas- sium-activated APTase 2 and its toxicity is rivalled only by a few 1 TBAF, THF, 20 ЊC b — 1 Њ c naturally occurring proteins. The connectivity of palytoxin was 2NH4F, MeOH, 60 C — 3 Њ c determined in 1981, and its complete structure elucidated a 3 AcOH–H2O, 20 C — Њ year later.4 A total synthesis of palytoxin was reported in 1989.5 4 TBAF, AcOH, 20 C 12 43 5HFؒpyridine, 20 ЊC 12 20 Palytoxin remains one of the most complex molecules to have a Yield of purified product.
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