On the Coastal Zone Management of the City of Tallinn Under Natural and Anthropogenic Pressure
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THESIS ON CIVIL ENGINEERING F15 On the Coastal Zone Management of the City of Tallinn under Natural and Anthropogenic Pressure AIN VALDMANN TUT PRESS EHITUS F15 Tallinna rannikualade haldamine loodusliku ja antropogeense surve tingimustes AIN VALDMANN TTÜ KIRJASTUS TALLINN UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY Faculty of Civil Engineering Department of Environmental Engineering Institute of Geology at Tallinn University of Technology Dissertation was accepted for the defence of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Civil and Environmental Engineering on April 25, 2008. Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Sci. Anto Raukas Opponents: Prof. Dr. Sci. Sergey Mishchenko, Vice-President of GT Corporation, St. Petersburg, Russia Prof. Jüri Elken, Marine Systems Institute at Tallinn University of Technology Defence of the thesis: June 20, 2008. Declaration: Hereby I declare that this doctoral thesis, my original investigation and achievement, submitted for the doctoral degree at Tallinn University of Technology has not been submitted for any academic degree. /Ain Valdmann/ Copyright: Ain Valdmann, 2008 ISSN 1406-4766 ISBN 978-9985-59-790-3 Table of Contents Table of Contents ...........................................................................................5 List of figures .................................................................................................7 Introduction....................................................................................................9 Foreword ........................................................................................................9 Sustainable management of urban coasts.......................................................9 Layout of the thesis ......................................................................................12 Acknowledgements......................................................................................13 1. Marine hazards for the coasts of the City of Tallinn............................15 Coasts of the City of Tallinn ........................................................................15 Sea level changes .........................................................................................18 Increased flood risk......................................................................................20 Wave action and its changes ........................................................................23 Cost-benefit analysis of coastal protection measures...................................25 2. Systematic and sustainable adaptation: review....................................27 Adaptation to the climate change.................................................................27 Sustainable coastal zone management on the national level........................28 Combining local, regional and national aspects...........................................32 Conflict situations and their management....................................................35 3. Shores of the City of Tallinn: examples of management.....................37 Variety of shores of Tallinn Bay..................................................................37 Geological setting of the Tallinn area ..........................................................39 Natural processes and anthropogenic pressure ............................................41 Sediment deficit at Pirita Beach and technical solutions .............................42 Sustainable planning of coastal engineering activities.................................45 4. Wave fields in the north-eastern part of the Baltic Sea........................47 Long-term wave observations......................................................................47 Main properties of the wave climate............................................................50 Extreme wave conditions .............................................................................54 Annual and interannual variations of the wave conditions ..........................57 Wave action and its changes on the coasts of the City of Tallinn................61 5. Economical and environmental aspects of shore protection activities.63 Development and protection of the coasts in the Tallinn area.....................63 Dangers to the coasts in the Tallinn area .....................................................64 Status and means of protection of the coasts of the Tallinn area.................67 Status and development harbours of the City of Tallinn..............................68 The role and activities of Tallinn Municipality............................................69 6. Planning experience for Kakumäe Peninsula, City of Tallinn.............71 5 Factors affecting the coastal zone of the Kakumäe Peninsula .....................71 The scarcity of hydrometeorological data....................................................77 Visual observations of coastal processes with contemporary means...........82 Novel and integrated approaches .................................................................83 Restrictions for the development process ....................................................84 Steps to follow .............................................................................................86 Final remarks................................................................................................89 List of references..........................................................................................91 Summary and main conclusions proposed to defend.................................105 Kokkuvõte ja kaitstavad seisukohad ..........................................................107 Appendix: Curriculum Vitae......................................................................109 Appendix: Elulookirjeldus .........................................................................113 Papers published by the applicant..............................................................116 6 List of figures Figure 1.1 Scheme of the coasts of City of Tallinn and compartments of sediment transport along coasts of the inner part of Tallinn Bay and the Islands of Naissaar and Aegna .....................................................................16 Figure 3.1 Geological setting of the City of Tallinn area and its coasts. .....40 Figure 4.1 The location of the wave measurement sites at Almagrundet and in the NBP and the wind measurement sites at Vilsandi and at Utö............47 Figure 4.2 Frequency of occurrence of wave heights at Almagrundet 1978– 1995 according to the SimRad wave data 1978-1996 for the step of the wave height of (a) 0.25 m and (b) 0.125 m ...........................................................51 Figure 4.3 Frequency of occurrence of wave heights at Almagrundet 1993– 2003 according to the WHM wave data 1993-2003 for the step of the wave height of (a) 0.25 m and (b) 0.125 m ...........................................................52 Figure 4.4 Scatter diagram of wave heights H1/3 and mean periods in the SimRad data .................................................................................................53 Figure 4.5 The wave height H1/3 (lower line) and the mean period (upper line) at Almagrundet in January 1984 according to the SimRad data..........55 Figure 4.6 The wave height H1/3 and the mean period at Almagrundet in March 1997 ..................................................................................................56 Figure 4.7 The annual mean wave height H1/3 measured by the SimRad equipment (squares on solid line), the relevant trend line for the years 1979- 1995, and the wave height measured by the WHM equipment (diamonds on solid line). The measurement success rate (squares and diamonds on dashed lines) is the percentage of acceptable measurements within a particular year ......................................................................................................................58 Figure 4.8 The annual average wind speed (circles on solid line) and average wind speed in March (squares on dashed line) and April (diamonds on dotted line) at Utö 1978-2001 .................................................................59 Figure 4.9 The monthly mean wave height measured by the SimRad (squares on solid line) and the WHM (diamonds on dashed line) equipment. The measurement success rate (separated squares and diamonds) is the percentage of acceptable measurements within a particular month.............60 Figure 5.1 The coast and harbours of the Tallinn area.................................64 Figure 5.2 The damage to the Aegna Island coast after the storm in January 2005 (Photo by H. Udusaar). .......................................................................66 Figure 5.3 The damage caused to Aegna Harbour by the storm in January 2005 (Photo by H. Udusaar). .......................................................................66 Figure 6.1 Map of Kakumäe peninsula........................................................73 7 Figure 6.2 Cliff at the north-western coast of Kakumäe peninsula, NW side.(Photo by Triin Lapimaa, 2005) ...........................................................73 Figure 6.3 Eastern coast of Kakumäe peninsula near the existing harbour. The changed appearance of the cliff is in the background. (Photo by Triin Lapimaa, 2005) ............................................................................................74 Figure 6.4 Cliff at the western coast of Kakumäe peninsula, NW side, subject to intense erosion during high water. (Photo by Triin Lapimaa, 2005) ............................................................................................................75