The Nobles of Skeppsbron in Stockholmõs Old Town 1650-1850

Contents

The purpose and disposition of the program ...... 5

Previous Scholarship and issues considered in the present research program...... 7 I. The Skeppsbro nobles as trade capitalists:...... 8 II. The Skeppsbro nobles as intermediaries for new products: ...... 10

Investigations within the research program...... 12 The Skeppsbro nobles as a social group:...... 12 I. Investigations of the Skeppsbro nobility as trade capitalists:...... 13 II. Investigations of the Skeppsbro nobility in the introduction of new wares:...... 14

Reporting and publication of program results ...... 15

References...... 17

3 4

The purpose and disposition of the program

The purpose of the program The “Skeppsbro Nobility” in Stockholm’s Old Town 1650–1850 is to investigate how merchants introduced a modern economic and social behavior in the Swedish economy and what this dynamic element meant for Sweden’s economic and social development in the long term. Modern economic behavior is understood in relation to two sets of problems that will be a focal point for research within this program. In the first place an entrepreneurial, profit-maximizing behavior which contributed to the dismantling of the conservative institutions of the guilds is meant: wholsesale merchants organized a businesslike private credit market during the entire period; invested in and supported manufacturies which carried on industrial production on a larger scale, in conflict with the guilds; and financed and organized the export of Swedish bar iron. In the second place, modern social and economic behavior is understood as the significance of the wholesaler in introducing new impulses from Europe, which in turn contributed to creating changed preferences and a nascent domestic market during the 19th century. The diffusion of the so- called revolution in consumption (McKendrick 1982) that arose in 18th- century England is considered to be of major significance in this context. New habits of consumption spread to the Scandinavian region thanks to the fact that merchants imported new items to Sweden, but also because the wholesalers themselves practiced so-called conspicuous consumption. By acting as consumers of luxury products and by presenting new, exciting wares, they profiled themselves as a social group on the rise, in competition with the true aristocracy. The program’s theoretical points of departure are to be found in the clas- sic Dobb-Sweezy debate, in Fernand Braudel’s well known study Civiliza- tion and Capitalism 1400-1800 and in the last decade’s theoretical studies of consumption patterns. Following the Dobb-Sweezy debate and its re- verberations, foreign trade and merchants were seen as the central promot-

5 ers of the pre-industrial development that took place in the period between the Middle Ages and the Industrial Revolution. Braudel also considered the trade capitalists as a progressive element in the long transformation connected to the breakdown of feudal society. He differentiated between a market economy and capitalism, which in his view were governed by different sets of rules. Capitalists played the role of coordinating independent regional economies (the market economy) with the help of long-distance trade. The profit-maximizing behavior of capitalism often came into direct conflict with local guilds and in a number of ways had a destructive effect on l’ancien regime – the value system of older society where each and every one had their given place.1 In my view, it would be fruitful to com- bine this earlier analytical framework in economic history with comparatively modern research on the birth of consumer society, with its emphasis on the role that changed preferences played in social and economic development. Recent research concerning the spread of the most advanced markets in the guise of new merchandise, changed preferences and patterns of consumption, as well as internationally established conceptions of quality, has not previously been applied in connection with the actors in foreign trade in the Scandinavian and northern German periphery.2 The investigation itself will be restricted to the leading trade houses in Sweden: that is the “nobles” of Skeppsbron in Stockholm.3 The nobles of Skeppsbron is the term used to describe those merchants who lived and carried on business along this Stockholm bridge – the so-called Skeppsbro Row – during the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries. They were generally wholesale merchants, often of foreign extraction, and were able to estab- lish considerable wealth, above all through the export of bar iron where Sweden dominated the world market until the end of the 18th century. The investigations in this research program will be carried out jointly by the Department of Economic History at Uppsala University and the Com- mittee for Research on Stockholm.

1 See Farge A 1989. 2 The Transition from Feudalism to Capitalism,1978 (the Dobb-Sweezy debate); Braudel F 1986, 1988; McKendrick N et al. 1982. 3 The denomination “Skeppsbroadeln” (Skeppsbro Nobility) probably originates with Forsstrand C 1916, 1917.

6 Previous scholarship and issues considered in the present research program

The “nobility” of Skeppsbron and wholesale trade have been assigned major significance as a dynamic factor in the Swedish economy in previous scholarship. The role of foreign trade for the introduction of the entrepreneurial behavior of international trade in Sweden has most recently been emphasized in Lars Magnusson’s survey on Sweden’s economic history.4 The central role of wholesale trade, as depicted in theoretical analyses and general surveys on economic development, does not correspond to the amount of research that has actually been carried out. In spite of the great significance of trade capitalism for the manufacture of and trade in iron and the importance of wholesale trade in the initial phase of Swedish industrialization, comparatively little research has been done on the subject. Basic research on wholesale trade is dominated by older studies which, on the basis of relatively undeveloped scholarship, presented it in a general and descriptive manner. The central figures of an older scholarly generation still dominate this field of research within economic history: Eli F. Heckscher, Bertil Boethius, Kurt Samuelsson and Torsten Gårdlund, whose works were published during the 1930’s and 1940’s. The pioneering works on wholesale trade from the 1950’s and 1960’s also in- clude research on the Swedish iron trade. Karl-Gustaf Hildebrand’s and Artur Attman’s contributions in Fagerstabrukens historia, also summa- rized in Svenskt järn, as well as Rolf Adamson’s dissertation from the end of the 1960’s, should be included in this category. Sven Fritz, Staffan Högberg and Rolf Wallerö belong to the same period. In addition, Bertil Andersson’s (Göteborg), Maurits Nyström’s (Norrland), Sven-Erik Åström’s (Finland before 1809) and Gunnar Fridlizius’ (Skåne) studies, which analyze wholesale trade in relation to Sweden’s most important regional economies with the exception of the southern east coast, should be mentioned. The publications of the last few years by, among others, Christina Dalhede, Jan Kuuse, György Nováky and Leos Müller are comparatively restricted in relation to the research in economic history that has dominated the field.

4 Magnusson L 1996, pp. 25-27.

7 What we in broad terms can determine based on these works is that Swedish wholesale trade had a significant foreign component in the guise of English, German and Dutch merchants, and that export was markedly one-sided and based on a small amount of staple goods while import on the other hand was differentiated; we also know that the degree of spe- cialization was low, but that trade activity was complemented by shipping, banking and sometimes the production of goods. In addition, wholesale trade was characterized by the principle of purchasing cheaply while sell- ing at a high price. The length of the trade houses’ life cycles was ex- tremely variable, and many firms were comparatively short-lived. Our knowledge of the significance of trade for other forms of activity is primarily restricted to its importance for the marketing and financing of the iron works, and to the merchants’ considerable significance for the credit market as a whole. What is lacking, however, is knowledge about how the import of goods was organized and implemented in the Swedish economy. Similarly, as- sertions concerning the significance of the trade houses in relation to the production of goods (artisanal and manufacturial products) – as a catalyst, as importers of raw materials and as financiers – are seldom based on systematic primary research. Finally, the extent of our knowledge is especially undeveloped in relation to Stockholm, particularly in comparison with Göteborg, which has recently been the subject of a modern study. On the basis of previous research, the two approaches to the problem introduced earlier have been developed in relation to those merchants and trade houses to be investigated.

I. The Skeppsbro nobles as trade capitalists:

Only those actors engaged in international trade combined detailed knowledge of internationally available goods, their price fluctuations and transport costs, with a knowledge of domestic demand. Wholesale merchants were informed about different markets and were able to provide other important contacts as well. Trade was constructed around personal and confi- dential relationships to both producers and consumers. Larger trade houses also acted as intermediaries and gave turnover credits which were the basis for all advanced exchange of merchandise. In the program the role of

8 the Skeppsbro nobles as bankers, as putters-out to petty producers, and as industrial financiers and founders of industry is investigated. 1. The Skeppsbro nobles as bankers: Previous research has unequivocally demonstrated that wholesale merchants took on a central role in the credit market as bankers and in putting-out to petty producers, and that they financed their activity through large networks of credit connections. They were also prominent figures in the official credit system, which increased in importance from the latter half of the 18th century. Two modern studies of the financing problems of the early wool industry nevertheless indicate that one must be aware of the underlying structure of the need for capital in order to correctly interpret the role and place of trade in the comprehensive debt picture.5 Another problem that has been debated is to what extent it was in the interest of trade to bind up producers and retailers through long-term loans within the so-called purchase and putting-out systems. Several current studies show that merchants did not al- ways strive for increased debts or one-sided relationships of putting-out. A third area of study is the role of merchants as industrial financiers and founders of new industries during the 19th century.6 In spite of fairly comprehensive previous scholarship, not much is known about the role of merchants as bankers, in putting-out to petty producers and as financiers of manufactury production and artisanal products (with the exception of financing iron works). In addition there are a large number of sometimes contradictory hypotheses that most often are simply based on examples. It would seem to be an important task to investigate, on the basis of present knowledge, how the credit networks were constructed and what significance credits from wholesale trade had within different types of production and within the retail network. 2. The role of the Skeppsbro nobles in putting-out to petty producers, as founders of industry and as industrial financiers. The role of wholesale trade for industrialization and the development of the early factory system during the 19th century is tied partly to the debate about so-called proto- industrialization, and partly to a somewhat more restricted discussion

5 Hudson P 1986; Nyberg K 1999, chapter 4. 6 Gårdlund T 1947; Schybergson P 1977.

9 about the role of trade capitalists as founders of industry and investors.7 I have published an investigation that shows that the leading entrepreneurs of the early textile industry at the beginning of the 19th century were merchants who combined different types of production (weaving mills, dye- works, proto-factories) with commercial activities (the purchase and sale of raw materials, yarn, prepared and unprepared textiles).8 In a comprehensive perspective, the significance of wholesale merchandising and its connection to cottage- and factory industries are in large part un- studied for the case of Sweden, in spite of the fact that international research has devoted great efforts to the investigation of such connections.

II. The Skeppsbro nobles as intermediaries for new products:

Wholesale trade probably played a decisive role in the transfer of international impulses to Scandinavia. The wholesalers affected conceptions of taste and quality and the dissemination of new wares as they and only they combined knowledge of foreign advances in the technical and commercial spheres with knowledge of changes in demand in the dawning Nordic domestic market. This should have been especially important for the dissemination of goods of all kinds in peripheral areas, such as Scan- dinavia, which were characterized by small populations distributed over a large geographical area. These many but small markets, that is small clusters of population which were spread over large distances in areas with very pronounced regional traits, meant that commercial knowledge and competence were of greater significance for the emergence and development of the domestic market in Scandinavia, than they might have been in many other places. 1. The Skeppsbro nobility as importers: As has been noted, there is general agreement in previous research that the Swedish export trade was comparatively one-sided while imports were strongly differentiated. Re- cent findings also support the supposition of Samuelsson that wholesale

7 A current survey of proto-industrial research is Cerman M, Ogilvie C 1996; a large number of central articles on the contribution of wholesale trade to the Industrial Revolution are reprinted in Trade and the Industrial Revolution 1996. 8 Nyberg K 1999.

10 trade was largely non-specialized. The principle was to purchase cheaply and sell expensively, and to make sure that the ships never travelled with- out cargo between their different destinations. The distribution of imported goods is known in broad terms through the publication of primary sources by Heckscher and Boethius for the period 1637-1737 and through printed statistics. However, with the exception of porcelain and textile raw materials, the types of goods – and therewith connected norms of quality and uniformity – which individual firms or groups of merchants brought in and who the purchasers in the retail network were are not known. Such imports, knowledge and competence within specific areas can have been significant for the origins of the domestic market industry and ought to have contributed to shaping Swedish conceptions of what should be considered as good taste and what was held to be of high quality in a long- term perspective. 2. The Skeppsbro nobles as consumers: Scholars such as Beverly Lemire, Carol Shammas, Lorna Weatherill and Neal McKendrick have all discussed the significance of conspicuous consumption among the leading social and upwardly mobile strata in society. Even if one criticizes, as Weatherill does, suppositions concerning patterns of consumption and changed preferences as a direct consequence of lower social groups imi- tating the upper classes, most scholars nevertheless agree that prominent social strata or strictly restricted groups often mark their particular traits through articulated preferences and behaviors within the group, as well as through noticeable styles of clothing. Swedish research unequivocally in- dicates that the Skeppsbro nobles constituted a group which considered itself socially prominent and successful and which competed with the na- tion’s aristocracy. Through such strongly pronounced self-assertion – marked through clothing, the wasteful use of expensive and exotic consumption products, building and the concomitant decoration of buildings and interiors, as well as eating habits – there is good reason to suppose that new habits of consumption and internationally established conceptions of status and quality were introduced to Sweden by the Skeppsbro nobility. Such changed preferences can have been significant for the development both of production and quality within handicraft and the consumption goods industry during the 19th century. The significant problem is thus to investigate and identify the changed consumption patterns of the Skeppsbro nobility and to try to trace their dispersion to other social groups, to an altered domestic production of goods in manufacturies and

11 handicrafts as well as to identify general changes in the conception of quality.

Investigations within the research program

The main theses of the research program will be investigated for the period covering the mid-17th century to the mid-19th century. The main emphasis is on what the Skeppsbro nobility introduced and developed in the Swedish economy and business culture. The questions are operation- alized in two main types of investigations, which correspond to the problems previously outlined. In addition, certain basic investigations will be carried out, whose purpose is to identify the Skeppsbro nobles as a social group.

The Skeppsbro nobles as a social group:

In the present study the Skeppsbro nobles are considered as a well-defined social group within the bourgeoisie. As such this group took part in the process whereby influence from the unpropertied social groups (civil ser- vants, burghers) increased at the expense of the aristocracy. The emergence of the leading wholesale merchants’ families and their reproduction as a social group has primarily been discussed from the perspective of systematic family alliances and in connection with the structure of credit connections. Most recently, Müller has suggested a distinction between short-term profit-maximization in relation to social reproduction on a long-term basis.9 The latter relates to the traditional conception that wholesalers in the long run tended to transfer to other types of activities once they had established a fortune (a risk-minimizing strategy). Other suggestions are that they reduced their risks by broadening their activity through complementing foreign trade and shipping activity with the production of goods and banking activities. Anita Göransson has shown that family alliances played an important part for the creation of capital in the expansive phase of the early clothing industry in Norrköping at the begin-

9 Müller L 1998.

12 ning of the 19th century.10 Many leading actors in this environment combined wholesale trade with industry in the early phase of industrialization. There is in broad terms a scholarly consensus indicating that family alliances within the merchant bourgeoisie were a means of creating personal networks and trustworthy, long-term credit relationships. It is, however, still an open question how these alliances were structured in concrete terms and what significance different strategies had in the total picture. Operational definition: The Skeppsbro nobility is, in the present research program, defined as those wholesale merchant households that were registered as conducting trade in buildings found on the blocks along the Skeppsbro in Stockholm’s Old Town (Gamla Stan), that is a total of 20 blocks. An operational definition of who they were and how they developed numerically is lacking in previous scholarship. The first task of the research program will therefore be that of operationalizing the concept – Skeppsbro nobility – to a limited group of wholesale merchants’ families. In the program, as the following points of departure will show, not only men functioning as wholesale merchants, but also women, children and elderly people will be investigated. The mapping of this social group is not empirically complicated.

I. Investigations of the Skeppsbro nobility as trade capitalists:

1. The Skeppsbro nobility as bankers: According to earlier research, wholesale merchants were the most important actors in the private credit market. The significance of the Skeppsbro nobility as bankers and financiers and for putting-out to petty producers will be investigated through a mapping of their credit relationships. These will be determined and meas- ured through the use of bankruptcy material. The method is to study the regulated claims of the Skeppsbro nobility in bankruptcy cases. Similarly, to the extent that it is possible, what lies behind these claims will be investigated: cash loans, a bill for delivered goods or a relationship of putting- out to petty producers. All bankruptcy proceedings for certain strategically interesting social groups will be investigated. The relevant social strata are certain branches of retail merchants, artisans and manufacturists who

10 Göransson A 1990.

13 bought merchandise from wholesalers. Inversely, it should also be interesting to study the banking functions of the Skeppsbro nobility for social groups that did not purchase imported goods. The basic excerpting of this material will be carried out by the excerpting organization tied to the Committee for Stockholm Research. 2. The Skeppsbro nobility in putting-out to petty producers, as founders of and financiers for industry: The role of trade in the production of goods is readily seen from the previously mentioned series of primary sources. Probate inventories generally show the ownership connections that can be observed through the transfer of property from one generation to another. Both relations of putting-out to petty producers and the provision of business credit to industry can also be investigated in bankruptcy cases. The Manufacture Discount Bank account settlement registers effectively high- light, as Gårdlund has shown, the involvement of trade in industry’s financing of working capital for the end of the period. Since the relation to the iron works is comparatively well known, the Skeppsbro nobility’s relation to the consumer goods branches will be the primary focus of the investigation.

II. Investigations of the Skeppsbro nobility in the introduction of new wares:

1. The Skeppsbro nobility as importers: The Skeppsbro nobility were re- sponsible for an extensive import of raw materials, semi-produced and finished goods into Sweden’s economy. While export was one-sided and restricted to a limited number of staple goods, import was, as mentioned, strongly differentiated. As is evident, the import of finished consumption goods, as well as raw materials and semi-produced goods that were used to produce consumption wares, is of great significance in the present research program. The wholesalers imported silk, cotton and wool for the needs of manufacturies and craftsmen – both within and outside of Stock- holm. Included were also significant amounts of semi-produced goods such as different types of yarn. Ready-made consumption goods, for in- stance various textiles, found their primary purchasers in the retail merchant network. The total composition of imports to Sweden has been ac- counted for in previous research. The most important task of this program is thus to determine which import goods the actors within the Skeppsbro

14 nobility concentrated on and to which actors these imported goods were sold. This can be seen on an individual level for every incoming ship in the annual so-called “tolag” accounts. The significance of the Skeppsbro nobility as importers will be highlighted through an intensive excerpting of the “tolag” accounts for a representative selection of investigated years. 2. The Skeppsbro nobility as consumers: While the Skeppsbro nobility introduced the consumption goods of the advanced countries to consumers in Sweden, they also played a part in stimulating and developing new habits through their own patterns of consumption. Previous research has shown that the Skeppsbro nobility developed advanced interior decoration and thereby contributed to stimulating the development of a domestic consumption goods industry and of advanced artisanal work. They also marked their high social status through elaborate clothing, expensive habits and through the purchase of sophisticated foodstuffs. Merchants were also significant in the context of artistic patronage. The consumption patterns of the Skeppsbro nobility itself and their change over time will be studied through the use of probate inventories for both men and women. How the consumption patterns of the Skeppsbro nobility affected, and eventually were dispersed to, other social strata will be discussed through a systematic mapping of probate inventories for the social groups. This will provide a comparative basis for the consumption patterns of the Skeppsbro nobility.

Reporting and publication of program results

The program will be carried out through cooperation between the Depart- ment of Economic History, Uppsala University and the Committee for Stockholm Research, the city of Stockholm. The program will be led by the author of this proposal. I am an Associ- ate Professor of Economic History and Research Secretary for the Com- mittee for Stockholm Research. Two graduate students will work within the program on a full-time basis. One graduate student and one post-doc- toral researcher with competence in the relevant field of research will also be engaged on a part-time basis. These co-workers have primarily been recruited at the Department of Economic History in Uppsala. In addition, certain excerpting will be carried out by the excerpting organization connected to Stockholm’s Municipal Archives and to the Com-

15 mittee for Research on Stockholm. This activity is supervised by the Asso- ciate Research Secretary of the committee, Carl-Magnus Rosell. The results of the investigations will be presented in several phases. The basic documentation will be published in the form of research reports. A more extensive account of results from the separate problems outlined above will be published as papers at Swedish, Nordic and international scientific conferences and thereafter printed as articles. In addition, the program is expected to produce two Ph.D. theses in the Acta-series of the Department of Economic History, Uppsala University, which presently as a routine matter are preceded by unpublished Master’s theses (Sw. “licen- tiatavhandlingar”). The final product, which will summarize and synthe- size the results of the entire program, will be published in the form of a monograph in the series of Stockholm Monographs.

16 References

Adamson R 1963. De svenska järnbrukens storleksutveckling och avsättningsinrikt- ning 1796-1860. (Meddelanden från Ekonomisk-historiska institutionen vid Göte- borgs universitet nr 4) Göteborg. Adamson R 1967. Järnavsättning och bruksfinansiering 1800-1860. (Meddelanden från Ekonomisk-historiska institutionen vid Göteborgs universitet nr 7) Göteborg. Ahlberger C 1996. Konsumtionsrevolutionen. Om det moderna konsumtionssamhällets framväxt 1750-1900. Humanistiska fakulteten, Universitetet: Göteborg. Andersson B 1977. Handel och hantverk i Göteborg. Två företagargruppers ekonomiska utveckling 1806-1825. (Meddelanden från Ekonomisk-historiska institutionen vid Göteborgs universitet 40) Göteborg. Andersson B 1988. Göteborgs handlande borgerskap 1750-1805. (Rapporter från Göteborgsprojektet vid Göteborgs universitet, nr 7) Göteborgs universitet: Göte- borg. Andersson B 1996: ”Från fästningsstad till handelsstad 1619-1820.” Del 1. Göteborgs historia : näringsliv och samhällsutveckling.: Nerenius & Santérus: Stockholm. Attman A 1986: Svenskt järn och stål. 1800-1914. (Jernkontorets bergshistoriska skriftserie 21) Jernkontoret: Stockholm. Boéthius B 1943. Magistraten och borgerskapet i Stockholm 1719-1815. (Monografier utgivna av Stockholms kommunalförvaltning, nr 2). Stockholm. Chaudhury S, Morineau M (eds) 1999. Merchants, companies and trade: Europe and Asia in the early modern era. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge. Braudel F 1988. Kapitalismens dynamik. Gidlund: Stockholm. Braudel F 1986. Marknadens spel. Civilisationer och kapitalism 1400-1800. Band 2. Gidlund: Stockholm. Brewer J, Porter R (eds) 1993. Consumption and the World of Goods. Routledge: Lon- don, New York. Dalhede C 1995. Augsburg und Schweden in der frühen Neuzeit: europäische Bezie- hungen und soziale Verflechtungen: Studien zu Konfession, Handel und Bergbau. Scripta mercaturae Vlg: St. Katharinen. Dalhede C 2001. Handelsfamiljer på stormaktstidens Europamarknad: resor och re- sande i internationella förbindelser och kulturella intressen: Augsburg, Antwerpen, Lübeck, Göteborg och Arboga. Del I-III. Warne: Partille. de Vries J, van der Woude A 1997. The First Modern Economy. Success, failure, and perseverance of the Dutch economy, 1500-1815. Cambridge University Press. Farge A 1989. Livets sköra tråd: våld, makt och solidaritet i 1700-talets Paris. Natur och Kultur: Stockholm. Fine B, Leopold E 1993. The world of consumption. Routledge: London.

17 Forsstrand C 1916. Skeppsbroadeln. Minnen och anteckningar från Gustaf III:s Stock- holm. Gebers: Stockholm. Forsstrand C 1917. Köpmanshus i gamla Stockholm. Nya bidrag till skeppsbroadelns historia. Gebers: Stockholm. Friberg N 1983. Stockholm i bottniska farvatten: Stockholms bottniska handelsfält un- dersenmedeltiden och Gustav Vasa: en historisk-geografisk studie (i samarbete med Inga Friberg). (Stockholmsmonografi nr 53). Liber: Stockholm. Fridlizius G 1957. Swedish corn export in the free trade era: patterns in the oats trade 1850-1880. Gleerup: Lund. Fritz S 1967. Studier i svenskt bankväsen. (Skrifter utg av Ekonomisk-historiska insti- tutet i Stockholm) Stockholm. Gerentz S 1951. Kommerskollegium och näringslivet. Minnesskrift utarbetad av S Ge- rentz på uppdrag av Kungl. Kommerskollegium till erinran om Kollegii 300-åriga ämnesförvaltning 1651-1951. Stockholm. Gårdlund T 1947. Svensk industrifinansiering under genombrottsskedet 1830-1913. Svenska Bankföreningen: Stockholm. Göransson A 1990. ”Kön, släkt och ägande. Borgerliga maktstrategier 1800-1850.” Historisk Tidskrift 1990:4 ss 525-44. Heckscher E F 1935/36. Sveriges ekonomiska historia sedan Gustav Vasa I:1/I:2. Bon- nier: Stockholm. Heckscher E F 1949. Sveriges ekonomiska historia sedan Gustav Vasa II:1-2. Bonnier: Stockholm. Hildebrand K-G 1954. ”Salt and Cloth in Swedish Economic History” Scandinavian Economic History Review 1954:2 ss 74-102. Hildebrand K-G Fagerstabrukens historia. Del 1. Sexton- och sjuttonhundratalen. (red E Söderlund) Almqvist & Wiksell: Uppsala. Hildebrand K-G 1986. Svenskt järn. Sexton och sjuttonhundratal. Exportindustrin före industrialismen. Jernkontorets bergshistoriska skriftserie 21. Stockholm Honeyman K 1982. Origins of Enterprise. Business Leadership in the Industrial Revo- lution. Manchester University Press. Manchester. Hoppit J 1987. Risk and Failure in English Business 1700-1800. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge. Hudson P 1986. The Genesis of Industrial Capital. A Study of the West Ridning Wool Textile Industry c.1750-1850. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge. Hudson P 1992. The Industrial Revolution. (Reading History). Edward Arnold: Lon- don. Högberg S 1969. Utrikeshandel och sjöfart på 1700-talet: stapelvaror i svensk export och import 1738-1808. Bonnier: Stockholm. Isacson M, Magnusson L 1987. Proto-industrialisation in Scandinavia. Craft Skills in the Industrial Revolution. Berg: Leamington Spa/Hamburg/New York.

18 Johansson B (ed) 1992. The golden age of China trade: essays on the East India Com- panies' trade with China in the 18th century and the Swedish East Indiaman Göthe- borg. Viking Hong Kong: Kellenbenz H 1976. The rise of the European economy: an economic history of conti- nental Europe from the fifteenth to the eighteenth century. (rev and ed by Gerhard Benecke) Holmes & Meier: New York. Kjellberg S T 1975. Svenska ostindiska compagnierna 1731-1813: kryddor, te, porslin, siden. Allhems: Malmö. Kriedte P, Medick H, Schlumbohm J 1981. Industrialization before industrialization. Rural Industry in the Genesis of Capitalism. Cambridge University Press: Cam- bridge. Kuuse J 1996. Ekman – ett handelshus : 1802-1996. Ekman & Co: Göteborg. Landes D S 1969. The Unbound Prometheus. Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge. Lemire B 1991. Fashion’s Favourite: The Cotton Trade and the Consumer in Britain, 1660-1800. (Pasold Studies in Textile History, no. 9). Oxford. Lindblad T J 1981. Sweden trade with the Dutch Republic 1738-1795. Assen. Magnusson L, Nyberg K 1995. “Konsumtion och industrialisering i Sverige 1820- 1914 – ett ekonomisk-historiskt forskningsprogram”. Uppsala Papers in Economic History, Research Report nr 38. Uppsala. Magnusson L 1996. Sveriges ekonomiska historia. Tiden Athena: Stockholm. Markovits C 2000. The global world of Indian merchants, 1750-1947. Traders of Sind from Bukhara to Panama. (Cambridge studies in Indian history and society: 6) Cambridge University Press: New York. McCusker J J, Morgan K (eds) 2000. The Early Modern Atlantic Economy. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge. McKendrick N, Brewer J, Plumb J H 1982. The Birth of a Consumer Society. The Commercialization of Eighteenth Century England. Europa Publication Limited: London. Mendels F 1972. “Proto-industrialization: The first phase of the industrialization process.” Journal of economic history, vol XXXII. Müller L 1998. The Merchant Houses of Stockholm c. 1640-1800. (Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, Studia historica Upsaliensia, nr 188) Uppsala University Library: Upp- sala. Nováky G 1990. Handelskompanier och kompanihandel : Svenska Afrikakompaniet 1649-1663: en studie i feodal handel. (Studia historica Upsaliensia: 159). Almqvist & Wiksell International: Stockholm. Nyberg K 1992. Säljes: Ull. Köpes: Kläde. Yllemanufakturens företagsformer i 1780- talets Stockholm. (Diss, Department of Economic History, Uppsala University) Uppsala.

19 Nyberg K 1999. Kommersiell kompetens och industrialisering. Norrköpings ylleindustriella tillväxt på Stockholms bekostnad 1780-1846. (Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, Uppsala Studies in Economic History 44) Uppsala University Library: Uppsala. Nyström M 1982. Norrlands ekonomi i stöpsleven: ekonomisk expansion, stapelvaru- produktion och maritima näringar 1760-1812. (Umeå studies in economic history, nr 4) Almqvist & Wiksell international: Stockholm. Nyström P. 1955 (1983). Stadsindustriens arbetare. Före 1800-talet. Tiden: Stock- holm. Ogilvie S C, Cerman M (eds) 1996. European proto-industrialisation. Cambridge Uni- versity Press. Cambridge. Ogilvie S 1997. State corporatism and proto-industry. The Würtemberg Black Forest, 1580-1797. (Cambridge Studies in Population, Economy and Society in Past Time. 33) Cambridge University Press. Cambridge. Pollard S 1994 (1981). Peaceful Conquest. The Industrialization of Europe 1760-1970. Oxford University Press. Oxford. Postan M M, Miller E 1987 (1952). The Cambridge Economic History of Europe. Vol- ume II. Trade and Industry in the Middle Ages. Cambridge University Press. Cam- bridge Ramsay G D 1982. The English Woollen Industry 1500-1750. (Studies in Economic and Social History) Macmillan: London. Rich E E, Wilson C H (eds) 1978 (1977). The Cambridge Economic History of Europe. Volume V. The Economic Organization of Early Modern Europe. Cam- bridge University Press. Cambridge. Samuelsson K 1951. De stora köpmanshusen i Stockholm 1730-1815. En studie i den svenska handelskapitalismens historia. Stockholm. Sandström Å 1990. Mellan Torneå och Amsterdam: en undersökning av Stockholms roll som förmedlare av varor i regional- och utrikeshandel 1600-1650. (Stockholmsmonografier nr 102) Atlantis: Stockholm. Schybergson P 1977. Entreprenörer inom Finlands fabriksindustri i början av ryska tiden. (Särtryck ur skrifter utgivna av Historiska Samfundet i Åbo IX). Åbo. Svensk handelsstatistik 1637-1737. Samtida bearbetningar. (eds) Boethius B, Heck- scher E F 1938. Thule: Stockholm. Söderberg J, Jonsson U, Persson C 1991. A stagnating metropolis. The economy and demography of Stockholm, 1750-1850. (Cambridge Studies in Population, Economy and Society in Past Time, 13) Cambridge University Press: Cambridge. Söderlund E 1943. Stockholms hantverkarklass 1720-1772: sociala och ekonomiska förhållanden. (Monografier utgivna av Stockholms kommunalförvaltning, nr 3) Stockholm. Söderlund E 1951. Svensk trävaruexport under hundra år. (Svenska trävaruexportföre- ningen) Stockholm. The Transition from Feudalism to Capitalism. (Ed R Hilton) Verso: 1978.

20 Trade and the Industrial Revolution, 1700-1850. (ed) Stanley L Engerman 1996.Vol I- II. The Growth of the World Economy) Edw Elgar Publishing Limited: Chelten- ham/Vermont 1996. Wallerö R 1969. Svensk handels- och sjöfartsstatistik 1637-1813. Liber: Stockholm. Weatherill L 1988. Consumer Behavior and Material Culture in Britain 1660-1760. Routledge: London, New York. Åström S-E 1962. From Stockholm to S:t Petersburg. Commercial Factors in the Po- litical Relations between England and Sweden 1675-1700. Studia historica 2. (Pub- lished by the Finnish Historical Society). Helsinki. Åström S-E 1963. From Cloth to Iron. The Anglo-Baltic Trade in the late Seventeenth Century. Part I. The Growth, Structure and Organization of the Trade. (Societas Scientiarum Fennica. Commentationes Humanarum Litterarum XXXIII.1) Helsing- fors.

21 Uppsala Papers in Economic History consists of the following series:

RESEARCH REPORTS

1. Bo Gustafsson: The Causes of the Expansion of the Public Sector in Sweden during the 20th Century. 1983.

2. Mats Essemyr: Food Consumption and Standard of Living: Studies on Food Consumption among Dif- ferent Strata of the Swedish Population 1686- 1933. 1983.

3. Göran Rydén: Gammelstilla stångjärnssmedja – en manu- fakturindustri. 1984.

4. Alf Johansson: Market, Nature and Work: The basics of work organization in a nineteenth-century export sawmill. 1984.

5. Lena Sommestad: Strukturomvandling och yrkessammansätt- ning: Ala sågverk under mellankrigstiden. 1985.

6. Li Bennich-Björkman: Nationalekonomi och ekonomisk historia. In- ställningen hos nationalekonomer till ämnet ekonomisk historia 1929-1947. 1985.

7. Håkan Lindgren: International Firms and the Need for an His- torical Perspective. 1985.

8. Alice Teichova: Economic Policies in Interwar East Europe: Freedom and Constraints of Action. 1985.

9. Lynn Karlsson & Kvinnoarbete och könssegregering i svensk Ulla Wikander: industri 1870-1950: Tre uppsatser. 1985.

10. Bo Gustafsson: Det antika slaveriets nedgång: En ekonomisk teori. 1985.

11. Mats Morell: Eli F. Heckscher, utspisningsstaterna och den svenska livsmedelskonsumtionen från 1500- talet till 1800-talet. Sammanfattning och komplettering av en lång debatt. 1986.

12. Ragnhild Lundström & Methodological Problems in Business History: Kersti Ullenhag: Two Papers. 1986.

13. Kersti Ullenhag (editor): Books and Articles from the Department of Economic History at Uppsala University. 1986.

14. Georg Péteri: The Role of State and Market in the Regula- tion of Capital Imports: Hungary 1924-1931. 1987

15. Håkan Lindgren: Banking Group Investments in Swedish In- dustry: On the emergence of banks and assoc- iated holding companies exercising sharehol- der influence on Swedish industry in the first half of the 20th century. 1987.

16. Mats Morell: Om mått- och viktsystemens utveckling i Sverige sedan 1500-talet. Vikt- och rymdmått fram till metersystemets införande. 1988.

17. Juergen Salay: The Soviet Union River Diversion Project. From Plan to Cancellation 1976-1986. 1988.

18. Göran B. Nilsson: Kreditens jättekraft. Svenskt bankväsende i brytningstid och genombrottstid vid 1800- talets mitt. 1988.

19. Maurits Nyström: En spegel av ett sekel. Riksdagens resor i Norrbotten 1880-1988. 1988.

20. Lars Magnusson: Korruption och borgerlig ordning – naturrätt och ekonomisk diskurs i Sverige under Fri- hetstiden. 1989.

21. Hans Sjögren: Kreditförbindelser under mellankrigstiden. Krediter i svenska affärsbanker 1924-1944 fördelade på ekonomiska sektorer och regio- ner. 1989.

22. Eskil Ekstedt: Knowledge Renewal and Knowledge Com- panies. 1989.

23. Karl-Gustaf Hildebrand: Om företagshistoria. 1989.

24. Gert Nylander: Företagsarkiv och företagshistorisk forskning. (Forthcoming)

25. Bo Gustafsson: Gunnar Myrdal 1898-1987. Liv och verk. 1990.

26. Gaim Kibreab: The State of the Art Review of Refugee Studies in Africa. 1991.

27. Lena Schröder: Från springpojke till fullgod arbetare: Om bakgrunden till 1930-talets ungdomsreser- varbete. 1991.

28. Ulla Wikander: Delat arbete, delad makt: Om kvinnors un- derordning i och genom arbetet. 1991.

29. Anders Florén & Arbete, hushåll och region. Tankar om in- Göran Rydén: dustrialiseringsprocesser och den svenska järnhanteringen. 1992.

30. Maths Isacson: Arbetslivsforskaren i det offentliga samtalet. 1992.

31. Gunnar Nordström: Mo och Domsjö och arbetareorganisationerna intill 1940. Frans Kempes personalpolitiska program och Domsjö arbetareföreningen. 1993.

32. Conny Norling: Byråkrati och makt. Ingenjörer vs ekonomer. 1993.

33. Anita Göransson: Om teori och historia. Mening, makt och materialitet. 1993.

34. Bo Hännestrand: Finansieringssätt och attityder. Några erfarenheter ur ledarhundsarbetets historia. 1994.

35. Lars Magnusson: Eli Heckscher and Mercantilism – An Intro- duction. 1994.

36. Torbjörn Lundqvist: Industrialismens kritiker. Utopism, ämbets- mannaideal och samvetspolitik i Carl Lind- hagens ideologi. 1995.

37. Olov Åberg & Efter avslutad färd, en anständig begravning. Johan Öster: En karaktäristik av undantagsinstitutionen, Nederluleå och Råneå socken 1790-1895. 1995.

38. Lars Magnusson & Konsumtion och industrialisering i Sverige Klas Nyberg: 1820-1914. Ett ekonomisk-historiskt forskningsprogram. 1995.

39. Lynn Karlsson: Mothers as Breadwinners. Myth or Reality in Early Swedish Industry? 1995.

40. Lynn Karlsson: Women Workers in Figures. A Picture of Swedish Industry 1863-1912. 1996

41. Kersti Ullenhag: Managers, Institutions and Growth. Business History as an Approach to Industrial History. 1996.

42. Irma Irlinger: Lika lön för lika arbete – Ett nygammalt problem. Uppsala-utredning 1947-1949. 1997.

43. Bo Gustafsson: Scope and Limits of the Market. 1997.

44. Kersti Ullenhag: Ann Margret Holmgren. Den kvinnliga röst- rättens agitator. 1997.

45. Göran Rydén: Production and Work in the British Iron Trade in the Eighteenth Century – A Swedish Perspective. 1998.

46. Torbjörn Lundqvist: Organising the Industry. The Creation of Trade Associations, Cartels and Employers’ Associations in the Swedish Brewing Indus- try, 1885-1908. 1998.

47. Mary Hilson: Continuity and Change in the Rise of Labour: Working-class Politics in Plymouth, 1890- 1912. 1999.

48. Kersti Ullenhag: Mikro och makro. Två nivåer i samspel. 2001.

49. Klas Nyberg: The “Skeppsbro Nobility” in Stockholm’s Old Town 1650-1850. A Research Program on the Role and Sgnificance of Trade Capitalism in Swedish Economy and Society. 2001.

WORKING PAPERS

1 Alice Teichova: Rivals and Partners. Banking and Industry in Europe in the First Decades of the Twen- tieth Century. (Report from the Vienna Banking – Industry Symposium 1988.) 1988.

2. Fritz/Kastner/Larsson: Banking and Bank Legislation in Europe 1880-1970. (Report from the Vienna Bank- ing – Industry Symposium 1988.) 1989.

3. Elizabeth A Boross & Bank-Industry Connections in Hungary Håkan Lindgren: and Sweden. Two Studies. (Report from the Vienna Banking – Industry Symposium 1988.) 1989.

4. Volker Wellhöner & Bank-Industry Relations in Theory and Harald Wixforth: Practise. Two Studies. (Report from the Vi- enna Banking – Industry Symposium 1988.) 1989.

5. Ragnhild Lundström & Bank-Industry Relations in Sweden: Own- Jan Ottosson: ership and Interlocking Directorates. (Re- ports from the Vienna Banking – Industry Symposium 1988.) 1989.

6. Agnes Pogny & Banking and Industry In Hungary. (Re- György Kövér: ports from the Vienna Banking – Industry Symposium 1988.) 1989.

7. Ulla Wikander (ed.): The Sexual Division of Labour, 19th & 20th Centuries. Six essays presented at the Ninth International Economic History Congress, Berne 1986. 1989.

8. Agneta Emanuelsson, Kvinnohistoria i teoretiskt perspektiv. Kon- Lynn Karlsson, ferensrapport från det tredje nordiska Ulla Wikander & kvinnohistorikermötet. 13-16 april 1989. Ingrid Åberg (red.): 1990.

9. The Banking Project: The Network of Financial Capital: Essays in Honour of Ragnhild Lundström. 1990.

10. Margarita Dritsas: Foreign Capital and Greek Development in a Historical Perspective. 1993.

BASIC READINGS

1. Håkan Lindgren & Teorier och teoretisk tillämpning i före- Kersti Ullenhag (eds.): tagshistorisk forskning. Med bidrag av Herman Daems, Erik Dahmén, Håkan Lind- gren och Kersti Ullenhag. 1985.

2. Britta Jonell-Ericsson: Skinnare i Malung. 1987.

3. Håkan Lindgren & The Swedish Match Company in the Inter- Hans Modig: war Years. An International Perspective. 1987.

4. Bo Gustafsson: Den ekonomiska vetenskapens utveckling. Del I: Från Aristoteles till Adam Smith. 1988.

5. Bob Engelbertsson & Seminarieuppsatsen. En genomgång av Lynn Karlsson: formella krav. 1989/1998.

6. Mats Larsson & Risktagandets gränser. Utvecklingen av Håkan Lindgren: det svenska bankväsendet 1850-1980. 1989.

7. Paulina De Los Reyes: Bortom Europa. Käll- och litteraturväg- ledning i u-landsstudier. 1992.

8. Håkan Lindgren (red.): Teori, empiri och metod i ekonomisk-historisk analys. 1992.

9. Juan Bergdahl: Den Europeiska Ekonomiska Gemenskapen – ursprung och fundament. 1994.

10. Klas Nyberg Att formulera och lösa vetenskapliga problem. En introduktion till uppsats-skrivande i ekonomisk historia. 1998.

UPPSALA PAPERS IN FINANCIAL HISTORY

1. Mats Larsson: Aktörer, marknader och regleringar. Sveri- ges finansiella system under 1900-talet. 1993.

2. Alexander Boksjö & Svenska finanskriser – orsaker, förlopp, Mikael Lönnborg- åtgärder och konsekvenser. 1994. Andersson: 3. Hans Sjögren (red.): Bankinspektör Folke von Krusenstjernas vitbok. Anteckningar från bankkrisen 1922- 1923. 1994.

4. Rolf Marquardt: Internationalisering av svenska banker. En process i fem faser. 1994.

5. Mikael Olsson: Corporate Governance in Economies of Transition. The case of the Slovak Republic. 1995.

6. Anders Ögren: Riksbankens penningpolitik. Kreditförsörj- ning och prisstabilitet 1869-1881. 1996.

7. Arne Håfors: En statlig affärsbank i Sverige. Drivkrafter och motiv 1910-1930. 1996.

8. Mats Larsson & Institutioner och organisationer på den Mikael Lönnborg- svenska bankmarknaden. Erfarenheter från Andersson (red.): bankkrisen. 1996/97.

9. Karin Ky Hanson: Den svenska OTC-marknaden. Framväxt och funktionssätt. 1996/97.

10. Tom Petersson: Bankanknutna utvecklingsbolag 1962-1990. Tillkomst, drivkrafter och utveckling. 1996/97.

11. Kristina Lilja: Utav omsorg och eftertanke – en undersök- ning av Falu stads sparbanks sparare 1830- 1914. 2000.

12. Lars Fälting, Both a Borrower and a Lender be – Savings Hilda Hellgren, Banks in the Economic Development of Tom Petersson & Sweden, 1820-1939. 2000. Anders Sjölander:

13. Anders Sjölander: Att reglera eller inte reglera – en undersök- ning av sparbanksfrågan i riksdagen 1882- 1939. 2000.

14. Jenny Andersson: Staten och sjukkassorna. Regleringarna av den svenska sjukkasserörelsen 1891 och 1910. 2000.

15. Hilda Hellgren Med säkerheten i centrum. Sala sparbanks lån, låntagare och borgensmän 1860-1910.

WORKING PAPERS IN TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION HISTORY

1. Lena Andersson-Skog & Institutionell teori och den svenska kommu- Jan Ottosson: nikationspolitikens utformning – betydelsen av ett historiskt perspektiv. 1994.

2. Jan L. Östlund: Reglering av kollektivtrafik – striden på 1910-talet om tillkomsten av AB Stock- holms Spårvägar. 1995:1.

3. Thomas Pettersson: Regionalpolitik och regional utveckling – med fallstudie för Arvidsjaurs flygplats. 1995:2.

4. Sven Gerentz: Vägverket och företrädarna för bilism och näringsliv – ett nätverks betydelse för trans- portpolitik och transportutveckling efter kriget. 1995:3.

5. Lars Fälting: Högtflygande planer i debatten om Arlanda 1946. 1995: 4.

6. Thomas Pettersson: Att kompensera för avstånd – en ekonomisk-historisk utvärdering av transportstö- dets effekter 1965-1995. 1995: 5.

7. Erik Törnlund: Vägen till försörjning. Vägbyggandet som arbete i Degerfors socken, Västerbotten 1920-1940. 1996:1.

8. Lars Magnusson: Vem och vad formulerar problemen? 1997:1.

9. Lars Magnusson & Transaction Costs and Institutional Change. Jan Ottosson: 1997:2.

10. Rikard Skårfors: Telegrafverkets inköp av enskilda telefon- nät. Omstruktureringen av det svenska tele- fonsystemet 1883-1918. 1997:3.

11. Carl Jeding: National Politics and International Agree- ments. British Strategies in Regulating Eur- opean Telephony, 1923–39. 1998:1.

12. Thomas Pettersson: Perspektiv på transportstödet. Det regional- politiska transportstödet i ett jämförande historiskt perspektiv 1970–1995. 1999:1.

13. Rikard Skårfors: Beslutsfattandets dilemma. Planarbete och opinionsyttringar rörande trafikleder i Stockholm 1945–1975. 1999:2.

14. Lena Andersson-Skog & På spaning efter ”informationssamhället”. Thomas Pettersson: Ekonomiskt-historiskt perspektiv på IT- kulten. 1999:3.

15. Magnus Carlsson: Särintresset och staten. En studie av besluts- processen rörande Mälarbanans tillkomst. 1999:4.

16. Eva Liljegren: Den stora förvirringen. Partipolitik och bil- intressen i riksdagsbehandlingen av bilskat- ternas utformning. 1999:5.