NAME DATE CLASS Chapter Summary Conflict on the Frontier Lesson 1: The Search for Peace • After the Civil War, the U.S. Army tried to stop Native American raids in West Texas. The U.S. army faced various problems, including too few troops, a shortage of supplies, and unfamiliarity with frontier warfare. • In 1867 the U.S. government signed three different treaties with five Native American groups: Kiowa, Comanche, Plains Apache, Arapaho, and Cheyenne. Under the Treaty of Medicine Lodge Creek, the Native Americans would move onto reservations in Indian Territory, and the U.S. government would provide supplies and land for the reservations. • In 1869 President Ulysses S. Grant implemented a new policy of improving relations with Native Americans. He removed corrupt federal agents from reservations and placed church groups and missionaries in charge of reservations. • However, some Native Americans refused to move onto reservations. The U.S. government did not prevent soldiers from entering reservations and did not prosecute outlaws who stole Native American goods or sold liquor on the reservations. In the end, the Treaty of Medicine Lodge Creek failed to stop conflict. Lesson 2: The West Texas Wars • In 1871 U.S. General William Tecumseh Sherman traveled west to investigate reports of Native American attacks. On May 18, 1871, Native Americans entered Texas and attacked a wagon train in what became known as the Warren Wagon Train Raid. • The raid convinced General Sherman that the peace policy had not worked. Sherman ordered U.S. troops to pursue any Native Americans not living on reservations and to destroy their camps. • The 1872 defeat of the Comanche by Colonel Ranald S. Mackenzie led to a decline of Comanche raids in West Texas. Mackenzie also fought the Kickapoo and Apache near the Rio Grande, bringing temporary peace to Texas’s southern border. • The slaughter of the buffalo by white hunters impacted the traditional way of life for Texas’s Native Americans. The U.S. government supported the slaughter as a means of subduing Native Americans, and by 1877, only a few hundred buffalo remained in Texas. • Comanche led by Quanah Parker led an unsuccessful attack on buffalo hunters at a site called Adobe Walls. As a result, President Grant put the U.S. Army in charge of Native American affairs in West Texas. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. • Colonel Mackenzie attacked and burned down Native American villages in Palo Duro Canyon. Afterwards, many Native Americans agreed to move to the reservation, and settlers quickly moved into Central and West Texas.

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Chapter Summary cont. Conflict on the Frontier

Lesson 3: Buffalo Soldiers and Outlaws • African American soldiers who fought in the West were called “buffalo soldiers” by Native Americans. The name was a sign of respect for the troops’ fighting abilities. • Although buffalo soldiers were sometimes treated poorly by settlers and the army, they served well. Buffalo soldiers fought in almost every battle in West Texas and along the Rio Grande, including a campaign against Victorio, an Apache leader. • Outlaws such as army deserters and renegades threatened Texas’s settlers in the 1870s. The Texas government sent Texas Rangers to the Rio Grande area to fight the outlaws, but some historians believe the Rangers carried out more illegal acts. • Juan Cortina tried to protect the rights of Mexicans and Tejanos along the border, but the U.S. government pressured the Mexican government to arrest him. • During the late 1880s, the number of white settlers in Texas tripled while the number of Native Americans decreased dramatically. The Native Americans who remained in Texas lived on reservations. • As railroad lines increased in length, more settlers reached West Texas, and more cities were founded. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education.

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