DOCSLIB.ORG

Changing Patron-Client Reiationships in the Bolivian Yungas

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Changing Patron-Client Reiationships in the Bolivian Yungas LTC Reprint No. 101 August 1973 U.S. ISSN 0084-0807 New Patrons for Old: Changing Patron-Client Reiationships in the Bolivian Yungas by Dwight B. Heath LAND TENURE CENTER University of Wisconsin-Madison 53706 Reprinted from Volume XI, No. 1, Jamuary, 1973 New Patrons For Old: Changing Patron-Client Relationships in the Bolivian Yungast Dwight B.Heath Brown University la are proud ben- campesinos of the yungas region of BL, The Aymara century South America. of the first social revolution in twentieth eficiaries 2 that brought the Nationalist Although they took no oart v, the fighting to power in 1052, they are still militant Revolutionary Movemenit (MNR) of the party that they say "gave [them] the conquests in support of tlat nationalization of namely: agrarian reform, universal suffrage, revolution, ' the most telling indication of mines, and educational reform." Perhaps the of the traditional quasi-feudal the quality of change since the overthrow which camrpesinos assert that "now system is the depth o,feeling with human beings!"' we are becoming or "victims" -to those affect!d--either as beneficiaries It is difficult for a revolu­ the pervasiveness of change in such do other than overestimate tht social scicntist who never suffered tionary setting. Neveitheless, a. a nor the anguish and discomfort of losing pain and humiliation of serfdom, in marked continuity in terms of firnctions, land and laboiers, I discern of when analyzing what has become spite of appreLiable formal change, in the yungas region of Bolivia. patronage, clientage, and power structures THE Sf'rnwr, in Bolivia, th, and immensely varied ecological niches Among the many uniiersal that their Aymara name has come into yungas are !o distinctive eastern of rugged montane iungle in the usage. They are areas arc. geographic in climate, and as spectacular as they range of the Andes-semitropical snow-fed peaks o,o0,0 feet high, towering over tortuous, with mountain feet valleys, sometimes little as 2,000 rivers that rush through narrow 8o covered (sometimnes as much as above sea level. The steep slopes are they have not been cleared for the per cent) with dense vegetation where coca ranged in narrow terraces cultivatinn of coffee or, more spectacularly, the contours of the hills. that follow of them free- the yungas are small-scale farmers, most Scattered through divided haciendas that used to predominate were holders since the large The of the agrarian reform enactcr' in x953. among former serfs as a result 75 76 ETHNOLOGY farmers are mostly Aymara-speaking few campesinos,5 although there settlements where Negroes predominate;o are a the Aymara my discussion will focus in the Province of Nor YUngas.7 on diverse: perhaps Their residence patterns are a third of them live in scattered equal numbers homesteads, with roughly living in towns (old commercial ters, dominated and administrative by whites and mestizos" cen­ 2,500), with total populations and in hamlets (with populations under under 150, including few non. campcsinos). There has been no ar:heological work in the horticultural Lecos area, but apparently the were driven northward when from the altiplano groups of Aymara came as nmiinaes (forcibly relocated the latter years communities) (luring of the Inca Empire. The cultivatio, portant of coca has been im­ ever since, providing a labor-intensive the mar in the densely popalarej crop easily transported to altiplano (about 6o miles the mountains). Only one community west, across chartcred in the region claims to have by the rown as a cornt,'ldad been indigena (an "indigenous com­ 11lity," with special (ollective divided into rights); most of the rest of the haciendas where the traditional area was quasi-feudal system of colonato prevailed until the Hacien(las MNR rvrlition. in th yuolgas were not as large as in many less mountainous areas,' and the beneficent made their homes climate was sitch that many there-in contrast with the of the hacendaldos predominant pattern of ab­ sentee landlords in other areas .'\ few sc.ittcred of colonato. gold mines in the arcs. were cr,.-"il period, worked bhiefly during the but only one is still aclive. Lumbering few isolated camps, is carried on in a which, like the mine, employ other mostly mestizos from areas. Ilnting and fiyhing animal husbandry play no role in the consists of a few pigs and local economy, and tended" chickens that scavenge unat­ and mules that are used for to the transport from thourghout the single road that provides a perilous region connection with the rest of the cotlntrv. In contrast with the altiplano and temperate no peasant uprisings valleys regions, there were in t.,c ",ungas throughut the pericds. The sporadic colonial "-rdrepublican sieges, massacres, and other served as periodic violent activities that outbursts against intercaste oppression unknown. Many or elsewhere were the rmost vocal and active patricia;; the War of Independence (anti-Royalists) in were from the yungas, refuge for beleaguered and the area served as a guerrillas during the the altiplano see-saw fighting that raged on for fourteen years before the Republic of Bolivia was estab­ lished in 1825. Throughout history, from the Inca period to the present, tributed little to the the yungas con­ rest of the country except coca-and taxes derived from it-and the ever-increasing got little in return." A railroad La Paz, the de facto capital intended to link of the country and also the major center, with the cattle-rich Department commercial to of Beni in the eastern lowlands have passed through the yungas, was but the project was abandoned ades ago before dec­ work had progressed that far. BOLrVMAN YUNGAS 77 One of the few material achievements of the Chaco War construction, by Paraguayan in the 1930s was prisoners of war, of a road connecting gas with La Paz. 12 Nevertheless, the yun­ the people of the yungas are like everywhere in decrying Bolivians that wasteful war that left both in political as well as countries bankrupt economic terms. However much they Bolivians also may deplore it, recognize the Chaco War as a critical that somehow event in their history laid the groundwork for the Revolution few have thought it through of 1952; although in such detail, most would probably the percep*vt- an-ilyses agree with of Patch (i96o) and Klein (1968) 3 One cannot on this subject.' understand any revolution except in ant revolts had historical context. Peas­ flared sporadically throughout the colo.ial period, Andes all during the and they continued in the republican characteristically period. They were violent, hut they were usually grievances, -ind in reaction to specific local were ciuickly and ruthlessly suppressed. communication There was little and less community of interest that among the peasants, so a successful revolution on the part of the Indians was out of the question. There were others who felt oppressed in a very different manner the Indian peasants. The from traditional coalition of landed gentry military shared a monop(ly and the of political power, in an oligarchic where few others had any access context to wealth." With commercial and istrative expansion came admin­ a growing middle class with rising They becane especially restive aspirations. when the C:hnco War clearly demonstrated that the traditional leailership was weak and that the old values did not with modern problems. The lo4os fit sow odivia opened as never before influences fmm withot; the to Allies wanted her rubber and tin, Axis spoke of the aliplano and the as "an unsinkable aircraft carrier." also brouthr deas. and Foreigners the Trotskyite Revolutionarv Workers' (Iartido (O:rro A.Rrolttcionario) Party Was founded at that time, Ma rxist Pa tv ,f tire Revolutionary as were the Left (Patrtito dt la lzquierda cfonaria) and 1h, e!cectic Rer'olu­ Nationalist Revollt nary Movement rliento,;Nacwr! ia (Movi­ Ree'ohu-ionario). This last part,, '1s a loose coalition the MNR, emerged of iOdividulals with a wide range left of tire of outlooks toward the political spectrum. Their first practical lid-Q. experience came in the 1 os when v'ictor Paz Lstenssoro and the ot!ier MNR activists served in cabinet of Mii. Gualherto Villarroel grcssive and pnr)pseO a variety of pro­ social legidaion. Trade unions were the readily established among miners, and the Interamerican Indigenist its congress Instittie was invited to hold in Bolivia. In conrection vith tie tional latter niet ing, the first Na­ Indian Congress was called, at which four decrees were issued that would have inderiined colonato if they had not been throughout generally ignored nearly aHlof When the country.n Villarroel's government fell to revolution n went into a year later, Victor Paz exile in Argentina. Virtually all Bolivians still were surprised when­ in exi lc-lie gaineld a Irlrality n the presidential election of 1951, hut the decision was referred to Congrcss because lie did not have an actual majority of the votes. A military junta intervened, but was deposed when .1".i 78 ETHNOLOGY the MNR finally came to power in a bloody revolution in the capital city, April 9-11, 1952. The accession to power of this party did not represent, as had many of Bolivia's previous so-called "revolutions," a mere changing of the palace guard and transfer of political incumbency from one Upper-class clique to another. The ievolution of 1952 wcs the basis of a real social revolution. It significantly altered the status of the former elite, and resulted in immediate and far-reaching modifications of political life and government policy that were subsequently codified in constitutional changes. The formal organiza­ tion of government continued much the same as before, although the locus of effective power was greatly altered.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Distribution, Natural History and Conservation Status of Two
    Bird Conservation International (2008) 18:331–348. ª BirdLife International 2008 doi:10.1017/S0959270908007491 Printed in the United Kingdom Distribution, natural history and conservation status of two endemics of the Bolivian Yungas, Bolivian Recurvebill Simoxenops striatus and Yungas Antwren Myrmotherula grisea SEBASTIAN K. HERZOG, A. BENNETT HENNESSEY, MICHAEL KESSLER and VI´CTOR H. GARCI´A-SOLI´Z Summary Since their description in the first half of the 20th century by M. A. Carriker, Bolivian Recurvebill Simoxenops striatus and Yungas Antwren Myrmotherula grisea have been regarded as extremely poorly known endemics of the Bolivian Yungas and adjacent humid foothill forests. They are considered ‘Vulnerable’ under the IUCN criteria of small population, predicted population decline (criterion C2a) and, in the case of Bolivian Recurvebill, small extent of occurrence (criteria B1a+b). Here we summarise the information published to date and present extensive new data on the distribution (including the first records for extreme southeast Peru), natural history, population size and conservation status of both species based on field work in the Bolivian Andes over the past 12 years. Both species primarily inhabit the understorey of primary and mid-aged to older regenerating forest and regularly join mixed-species foraging flocks of insectivorous birds. Bolivian Recurvebill has a strong preference for Guadua bamboo, but it is not an obligate bamboo specialist and persists at often much lower densities in forests without Guadua. Yungas Antwren seems to have a preference for dense, structurally complex under- storey, often with Chusquea bamboo. Both species are distributed much more continuously at altitudes of mostly 600–1,500 m, occupy a greater variety of forest types (wet, humid, semi- deciduous forest) and have a much greater population size than previously thought.
    [Show full text]
  • Critical Population Status of the Jaguar Panthera Onca in the Argentine Chaco: Camera-Trap Surveys Suggest Recent Collapse and Imminent Regional Extinction
    Critical population status of the jaguar Panthera onca in the Argentine Chaco: camera-trap surveys suggest recent collapse and imminent regional extinction V ERÓNICA A NDREA Q UIROGA,GABRIEL I VÁN B OAGLIO,ANDREW J AY N OSS and M ARIO S ANTIAGO D I B ITETTI Abstract The population of jaguars Panthera onca in Keywords Argentina, Chaco, conservation, distribution, the semi-arid Chaco Province is the least well-known in interview, monitoring, Panthera onca, presence Argentina. Its status in the region is described only from interviews that confirmed its presence until 2003. To update information on the distribution and population density Introduction of this species we undertook three camera-trap surveys, combined with searches for sign, at sites across latitudinal he distribution of the jaguar Panthera onca in and protection gradients, and 156 interviews with local TArgentina has declined by . 90% and , 200 individ- inhabitants across three larger areas. The camera-trap sites uals survive in three isolated regions: the Atlantic Forest, were located in areas with the highest density of records in the Yungas and the Chaco forest (Di Bitetti et al., in press). the Argentine Chaco: Copo National Park (1,204 trap days, The jaguar is a National Natural Monument protected by 24 stations, 344 km of transects), Aborigen Reserve (1,993 national and provincial laws, although these are rarely trap days, 30 stations, 251 km of transects) and El Cantor enforced. The most recent national categorization based on (2,129 trap days, 35 stations, 297 km of transects). We did not IUCN criteria considers the species Critically Endangered in obtain any photographs of jaguars.
    [Show full text]
  • Monitoring Ecosystems and Biodiversity at a Continental Scale—A Proposal for South America
    Monitoring Ecosystems and Biodiversity at a Continental Scale—A Proposal for South America Dr. Xavier Silva, Director, IDB-TNC Ecoregional Project, South America. Teacher and Lecturer, San Francisco de Quito University. Board Member, OÏKOS Foundation Abstract—A monitoring system plan is being developed in South America to assess critically endangered ecoregions. The system will be based on a previous ecosystem and biodiversity inventory developed through a large gap analysis program in five South American ecoregions. The monitoring system will include three main elements: (1) Landscape Ecology: vegetation cover, fragmentation and deforestation, infrastruc- ture (road, dams, pipelines); (2) Biological guidelines: species richness, endemism, endangered species and species of a particular interest; and (3) Conservation Policy and Socio-Economic guidelines: national protected areas systems, conservation policies, human population on important areas, main economic activities and other. Such a sys- tem is an important need for governments and private organizations in South America, especially to detect critical sites and socio-political issues before the environmental problems become too large. Introduction and Background Among the results, 6,473 species of flora and fauna have been analyzed (each one with a map indicating it’s Environmental surveillance at a continental scale is potential geographic distribution), and over 6,500 the- an important conservation requirement in vast territo- matic maps have been produced, indicating vegetation ries, such as in South America, where large and diverse types, centers of high diversity and endemism, current ecoregions are being altered by a number of unsustainable and potential threats, forest fragmentation, infrastructure, location of protected areas, and basic socio-economical development practices (Busch and Trexler 2003, World information.
    [Show full text]
  • Biodiversity Conservation at the Landscape Scale a Program of the Wildlife Conservation Society Supported by the USAID/Global Conservation Program
    Biodiversity Conservation at the Landscape Scale A Program of the Wildlife Conservation Society Supported by the USAID/Global Conservation Program Greater Madidi Landscape Conservation Area Implementation Plan October 2006 – September 2007 Living Landscapes Program- Bolivia/Madidi Wildlife Conservation Society 30 September 2006 USAID EGAT/NRM/Biodiversity Leader with Associates Cooperative Agreement Award LAG-A-00-99-00047-00 Biodiversity Conservation at the Landscape Scale A Program of the Wildlife Conservation Society Supported by the USAID/EGAT Global Conservation Program Greater Madidi Landscape Conservation Area Implementation Plan FY2007 October 2006 – September 2007 Program Goal To ensure conservation of biological diversity in regions of global biodiversity importance, using a species-based landscape approach. The Wildlife Conservation Society believes that protected areas must remain at the core of all nations’ biodiversity conservation plans. These areas typically contain a higher diversity and abundance of plants and animals than landscapes managed primarily for economic use. Yet, parks and reserves are always embedded in larger, human-dominated landscapes and are seldom sacrosanct. Regardless of how large or small a protected area may be, the plants and animals it contains are often threatened either directly or indirectly by human resource use activities. Management of parks and reserves cannot, therefore, occur in isolation from the surrounding human-dominated landscape, but must take into account where and how human activities conflict with biodiversity conservation, and where conservation adversely impacts human welfare. As human populations continue to expand over the next 50 years, the incentive for over- exploiting natural resources within and outside of protected areas will likely increase and the need for biodiversity conservation tools that address human-wildlife conflict will become even more important.
    [Show full text]
  • First Ornithological Inventory and Conservation Assessment for the Yungas Forests of the Cordilleras Cocapata and Mosetenes, Cochabamba, Bolivia
    Bird Conservation International (2005) 15:361–382. BirdLife International 2005 doi:10.1017/S095927090500064X Printed in the United Kingdom First ornithological inventory and conservation assessment for the yungas forests of the Cordilleras Cocapata and Mosetenes, Cochabamba, Bolivia ROSS MACLEOD, STEVEN K. EWING, SEBASTIAN K. HERZOG, ROSALIND BRYCE, KARL L. EVANS and AIDAN MACCORMICK Summary Bolivia holds one of the world’s richest avifaunas, but large areas remain biologically unexplored or unsurveyed. This study carried out the first ornithological inventory of one of the largest of these unexplored areas, the yungas forests of Cordilleras Cocapata and Mosetenes. A total of 339 bird species were recorded including 23 restricted-range, four Near-Threatened, two globally threatened, one new to Bolivia and one that may be new to science. The study extended the known altitudinal ranges of 62 species, 23 by at least 500 m, which represents a substantial increase in our knowledge of species distributions in the yungas, and illustrates how little is known about Bolivia’s avifauna. Species characteristic of, or unique to, three Endemic Bird Areas (EBAs) were found. The Cordilleras Cocapata and Mosetenes are a stronghold for yungas endemics and hold large areas of pristine Bolivian and Peruvian Upper and Lower Yungas habi- tat (EBAs 54 and 55). Human encroachment is starting to threaten the area and priority conser- vation actions, including designation as a protected area and designation as one of Bolivia’s first Important Bird Areas, are recommended. Introduction Bolivia holds the richest avifauna of any landlocked country. With a total of 1,398 species (Hennessey et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Distribution, Diversity and Conservation Status of Bolivian Amphibians
    Distribution, diversity and conservation status of Bolivian Amphibians Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades (Dr. rer. nat.) der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Rheinischen Friedrichs-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn vorgelegt von Steffen Reichle aus Stuttgart Bonn, 2006 Diese Arbeit wurde angefertigt mit Genehmigung der Mathematisch- Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms Universität Bonn. 1. Referent: Prof. Dr. W. Böhme 2. Referent: Prof. Dr. G. Kneitz Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 27. Februar 2007 "Diese Dissertation ist auf dem Hochschulschriftenserver der ULB Bonn http://hss.ulb.uni- bonn.de/diss_online elektronisch publiziert" Erscheinungsjahr: 2007 CONTENTS Acknowledgements I Introduction 1. Bolivian Amphibians 1 2. Conservation problems of Neotropical Amphibians 2 3. Study area 3 3.1 Bolivia – general data 3 3.2 Ecoregions 4 3.3 Political and legal framework 6 3.3.1 Protected Areas 6 II Methodology 1. Collection data and collection localities 11 2. Fieldwork 12 2.1 Preparation of voucher specimens 13 3. Bioacustics 13 3.1 Recording in the field 13 3.2 Digitalization of calls, analysis and visual presentation 13 3.3 Call descriptions 13 4. Species distribution modeling – BIOM software 14 4.1 Potential species distribution 14 4.2 Diversity pattern and endemism richness 14 5. Assessment of the conservation status 14 5.1 Distribution 15 5.2 Taxonomic stability 15 5.3 Presence in Protected Area (PA) 15 5.4 Habitat condition and habitat conversion 16 5.5 Human use of the species 16 5.6 Altitudinal distribution and taxonomic group 16 5.7 Breeding in captivity 17 5.8 Conservation status index and IUCN classification 17 III Results 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Revision of the Genus Fosterella (Bromeliaceae)
    Revision of the genus Fosterella (Bromeliaceae) Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Naturwissenschaften Vorgelegt im Fachbereich Naturwissenschaften der Universität Kassel von Jule Peters aus Hemer Kassel, Juni 2009 Vom Fachbereich Naturwissenschaften der Universität Kassel als Dissertation angenommen. Disputation zur Erlangung des Dr. rer. nat. am 20. Juli 2009 (magna cum laude) bestanden. Dekan: Prof. Dr. Friedrich W. Herberg Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Pierre L. Ibisch und Prof. Dr. Kurt Weising Die vorliegende Arbeit wurde unter der Betreuung von Prof. Dr. Pierre L. Ibisch in Kooperation mit der Fachhochschule Eberswalde, Fachbereich für Wald und Umwelt angefertigt. to my mother Acknowledgements I acknowledge very much the financial support by the University of Kassel. The achievement of this work would not have been possible for me without the provided PhD research fellowship. The field trip to South America was kindly supported by the DAAD. For the provision of the topic I would like to thank my supervisor Pierre L. Ibisch wholeheartedly. I benefited tremendously from his kind support and friendly advice just like his enthusiasm for Fosterella and Bolivia has infected me. My sincere thanks to my supervisor Kurt Weising for support and confidence throughout the whole project. I want to thank all further colleagues involved in the Fosterella project for the reliable cooperation: Georg Zizka and Katharina Schulte (Research Institute Senckenberg, Frankfurt/M.), Christoph Nowicki (University of Applied Sciences, Eberswalde), Martina Rex and Natascha Wagner (University of Kassel). Special thanks go to Christoph Nowicki for help with the distribution maps. We are very grateful to our longtime cooperation partners abroad, without whom the whole Fosterella project could not have been hardly that successful: Roberto Vásquez (Sociedad Boliviana de Botánica, Santa Cruz, Bolivia), Stephan G.
    [Show full text]
  • Nov 29 Sessarego Cover
    Aspects of the Syntax of the Afro-Bolivian Spanish Determiner Phrase Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Sandro Sessarego, M.A. Graduate Program in Spanish and Portuguese The Ohio State University 2010 Dissertation Committee: Terrell A. Morgan, Advisor Javier Gutiérrez-Rexach, Advisor Donald Winford Abstract During the last decade, syntactic microvariation analysis, the study of grammatical differences across closely related dialects (cf. Kayne 1996), has received increasing attention. Syntactic microvariation is primarily concerned with the possibility of testing syntactic hypotheses and potential correlations between syntactic variables (Barbiers & Cornips 2001). So far little research has been carried out on microvariation across Spanish dialects, especially across Afro-Hispanic contact vernaculars. From a theoretical point of view, what is fascinating about these languages is their richness in constructions, that would be considered ungrammatical in standard Spanish, but which form the core grammar of these less-prestigious, but equally efficient, syntactic systems. The present study aims to explore some of the microsyntactic differences encountered between standard Spanish and ABS; in particular, it focuses on their nominal domain (their Determiner Phrase). The methodology adopted combines generative and sociolinguistic insights. The collection of the data included sociolinguistic interviews (Labov 1972) and grammaticality judgments. These two different strategies were combined in order to obtain more fine-grained generalizations on the structure of this language. The dissertation has two main objectives. The first one is to offer a syntactic description of the Afro-Bolivian Spanish (ABS) Determiner Phrase (DP) in order to ii provide a testing ground for verifying the feasibility of current linguistic hypotheses and, when appropriate, provide new solutions in light of the empirical data collected.
    [Show full text]
  • The Nematode Fauna of Long-Nosed Mice Oxymycterus Spp. from the Bolivian Yungas
    Southern Illinois University Carbondale OpenSIUC Publications Department of Zoology 4-1-2003 The eN matode Fauna of Long-nosed Mice Oxymycterus spp. from the Bolivian Yungas F Agustín Jiménez-Ruiz Southern Illinois University Carbondale, [email protected] Scott yL ell Gardner Follow this and additional works at: http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/zool_pubs Published in the Journal of Parasitology, Vol. 89, No. 2 (2003): 299-308. Copyright 2003, American Society of Parasitologists. Used by permission. Recommended Citation Jiménez-Ruiz, F Agustín and Gardner, Scott yL ell. "The eN matode Fauna of Long-nosed Mice Oxymycterus spp. from the Bolivian Yungas." 89, No. 2 (Apr 2003). This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Zoology at OpenSIUC. It has been accepted for inclusion in Publications by an authorized administrator of OpenSIUC. For more information, please contact [email protected]. J. Parasitol., 89(2), 2003, pp. 299±308 q American Society of Parasitologists 2003 THE NEMATODE FAUNA OF LONG-NOSED MICE OXYMYCTERUS SPP. FROM THE BOLIVIAN YUNGAS F. AgustõÂn JimeÂnez-Ruiz and Scott Lyell Gardner The Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology, University of Nebraska State Museum, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0514. e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT: During a long-term survey of the parasites of mammals from all over Bolivia, 44 individuals of Oxymycterus inca and6ofOxymycterus paramensis were collected and examined for parasites from the foothills and Eastern Cordillera (Los Yungas) of the Andes of Bolivia. Three species of nematode were found including, from the cecum, a previously unknown genus and species of pinworm, Caroloxyuris boliviensis n.
    [Show full text]
  • Distribution, Diversity and Conservation Status of Bolivian Amphibians
    Distribution, diversity and conservation status of Bolivian Amphibians Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades (Dr. rer. nat.) der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Rheinischen Friedrichs-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn vorgelegt von Steffen Reichle aus Stuttgart Bonn, 2006 Diese Arbeit wurde angefertigt mit Genehmigung der Mathematisch- Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms Universität Bonn. 1. Referent: Prof. Dr. W. Böhme 2. Referent: Prof. Dr. G. Kneitz Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 27. Februar 2007 "Diese Dissertation ist auf dem Hochschulschriftenserver der ULB Bonn http://hss.ulb.uni- bonn.de/diss_online elektronisch publiziert" Erscheinungsjahr: 2007 CONTENTS Acknowledgements I Introduction 1. Bolivian Amphibians 1 2. Conservation problems of Neotropical Amphibians 2 3. Study area 3 3.1 Bolivia – general data 3 3.2 Ecoregions 4 3.3 Political and legal framework 6 3.3.1 Protected Areas 6 II Methodology 1. Collection data and collection localities 11 2. Fieldwork 12 2.1 Preparation of voucher specimens 13 3. Bioacustics 13 3.1 Recording in the field 13 3.2 Digitalization of calls, analysis and visual presentation 13 3.3 Call descriptions 13 4. Species distribution modeling – BIOM software 14 4.1 Potential species distribution 14 4.2 Diversity pattern and endemism richness 14 5. Assessment of the conservation status 14 5.1 Distribution 15 5.2 Taxonomic stability 15 5.3 Presence in Protected Area (PA) 15 5.4 Habitat condition and habitat conversion 16 5.5 Human use of the species 16 5.6 Altitudinal distribution and taxonomic group 16 5.7 Breeding in captivity 17 5.8 Conservation status index and IUCN classification 17 III Results 1.
    [Show full text]
  • New Records and a Status Assessment of a Rare Dwarf Brocket Deer from the Montane Forests of Bolivia D
    Journal of Zoology. Print ISSN 0952-8369 New records and a status assessment of a rare dwarf brocket deer from the montane forests of Bolivia D. I. Rumiz1, E. Pardo2, C. F. Eulert3, R. Arispe3, R. B. Wallace4,H.Gomez´ 4 &B.Rıos-Uzeda´ 4 1 Wildlife Conservation Society and Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado, Santa Cruz, Bolivia 2 Centro de Biodiversidad y Gene´ tica, Universidad Mayor San Simon,´ Cochabamba, Bolivia 3 Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado, Santa Cruz, Bolivia 4 Wildlife Conservation Society – Greater Madidi Landscape Conservation Program, San Miguel, La Paz, Bolivia Keywords Abstract Mazama chunyi; camera trapping; deer sign; Andean habitats; geographic distribution Two skeletons, tracks, faecal pellets, photographs and local reports are described model. and compared with the few previous records of dwarf Andean deer from Bolivia and Peru. Tarsal bones and incisor teeth were diagnostic traits for Mazama and Correspondence not for Pudu, while skull measurements, ear shape, body colour and facial patterns Damian´ I. Rumiz, Wildlife Conservation were consistent with descriptions of Mazama chunyi. Twenty-five new localities Society and Museo de Historia Natural Noel (including more than 60 sites in La Paz and Cochabamba) extended significantly Kempff Mercado, PO Box 6272, Santa Cruz, the previously known range for M. chunyi in Bolivia. It occurs in Madidi, Bolivia. Email: [email protected] Apolobamba, Pilon´ Lajas, Cotapata, Carrasco and probably Isiboro Se´cure protected areas, in habitats ranging from grasslands and Polylepis elfin forests of Received 4 October 2005; accepted the ‘ceja de Yungas’ at 3600 m to sub-Andean forests at 1000 m.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Traces of Portuguese in Afro-Yungueño Spanish? Abstract This Article Sheds New Light on the History of Afro-Yungueño Spanish
    Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2015 Traces of Portuguese in Afro-Yungueño Spanish? Perez, Danae Maria Abstract: This article sheds new light on the history of Afro-Yungueño Spanish (AY), an isolated variety of Spanish spoken by descendants of slaves in the Bolivian Yungas valleys, and examines the possibility of a Portuguese input to it. First, new ethnographic and historical data are introduced to show that the AY speakers in Mururata, Chijchipa, and Tocaña probably descend from African slaves who arrived in Bolivia during the 18th century from different parts of the Portuguese slave trade area. As this suggests that Portuguese may have been involved in the history of AY, the second part of this paper, after describing some of its particularities, compares AY with Africanized varieties of Portuguese, above all Afro- Brazilian Portuguese, to show that there is evidence to assume that AY is related to certain varieties of Afro-Portuguese. The final discussion considers the contributions of AY to the debates on Afro-Iberian speech varieties. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.30.2.04per Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-118942 Journal Article Accepted Version Originally published at: Perez, Danae Maria (2015). Traces of Portuguese in Afro-Yungueño Spanish? Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages, 30(2):307-343. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.30.2.04per Traces of Portuguese in Afro-Yungueño Spanish? Abstract This article sheds new light on the history of Afro-Yungueño Spanish (AY), an isolated variety of Spanish spoken by descendants of slaves in the Bolivian Yungas valleys, and examines the possibility of a Portuguese input to it.
    [Show full text]