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By Aaron Watters BS a Thesis in Geology Submitted to the Graduate MIDDLE PENNSYLVANIAN PALEOGEOGRAPHIC AND BASIN ANALYSIS OF THE TAOS TROUGH, NORTHERN NEW MEXICO By Aaron Watters B.S. A Thesis In Geology Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Texas Tech University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCES Approved Dr. Dustin E. Sweet Chair of Committee Dr. James E. Barrick Dr. Seiichi Nagihara Mark Sheridan Dean of the Graduate School August, 2014 Copyright 2014, Aaron Watters Texas Tech University, Aaron Watters, August 2014 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The success of a major project like this would not have been possible without the contribution of others. I would like to acknowledge all those who provided me the possibility to complete this thesis. I would like to extend my greatest appreciation to my advisor Dr. Dustin E. Sweet. This thesis would simply not have been possible without his mentorship and constructive feedback. His extensive knowledge and insight helped me compile the necessary research and field data for this project. He educated me on all the different methods used to complete my thesis; even down to organizational skills that provided the essential structure behind the development of my work. He was a big motivation for me to complete my thesis on time, and among all, he was the reason I decided to pursue my graduate degree at Texas Tech University. In addition, I would also like to thank my committee members Dr. James E. Barrick and Dr. Seiichi Nagihara, for their useful suggestions and comments. Special thanks to Dr. James E. Barrick for also helping me provide age analysis on my conodonts. His expertise and generosity saved me a considerable amount of time and for that I am extremely grateful. I would like to thank the Society of Sedimentary Geology (SEPM) for rewarding me with the SEPM Student Research Grant. Their financial support helped provide funding for my field work. ii Texas Tech University, Aaron Watters, August 2014 I am grateful for Ashley Saelens for her assistance in the field, Bryce Mathis for his analysis of soft sedimentary folds, Cortland Eble from the Kentucky Geological Survey for providing Palynological data, and James Browning for his help with thin sections. I am especially thankful for my loving parents and their unconditional support throughout my degree. Their enthusiastic encouragement over the past few years helped me overcome the hardest of times. Last but not least, I am beyond grateful to my devoted fiancée Judy Lillegraven for keeping me sane throughout the entire process. She put her life on hold to support me, and without her being by my side over the past six years, I would not have made it this far. I dedicate this thesis to her. iii Texas Tech University, Aaron Watters, August 2014 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................... ii ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................... vi LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................. viii LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................. ix 1. INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................1 2. GEOLOGIC SETTING AND STRATIGRAPHIC BACKGROUND ........10 2.1. Geologic Setting........................................................................................10 2.2. Stratigraphic Background .........................................................................12 2.2.1 Mississippian System ........................................................................12 2.2.2 Pennsylvanian System ......................................................................17 2.2.3 Permian System ................................................................................19 3. METHODS .......................................................................................................20 4. FACIES ANALYSIS ........................................................................................24 4.1. Nonmarine Facies Associations ................................................................24 4.2. Marine Facies Associations ......................................................................32 4.2.1 Foreshore/Upper Shoreface Facies Associations ............................32 4.2.2 Lower Shoreface Facies Associations .............................................44 4.2.3 Offshore Facies Associations ..........................................................48 5. CYCLICITY IN SEDIMENTATION ............................................................56 5.1. Cycle Character .........................................................................................56 5.2. Controls on Cyclicity ................................................................................61 5.3. Allogenic versus Autogenic Controls .......................................................65 6. SEDIMENT INFLUX DIRECTION ..............................................................69 6.1. Sediment Transport Indicators ..................................................................69 6.2. Sediment Transport Direction ...................................................................73 iv Texas Tech University, Aaron Watters, August 2014 6.3. Eastern Sediment Source: Did the El Oro-Rincon Uplift or Sierra Grande Uplift Provide the Sediment? ....................................................................87 7. BASIN SUBSIDENCE CURVES ...................................................................90 7.1. Subsidence Analysis Model ......................................................................91 7.2. Subsidence Analysis Results.....................................................................93 7.3. Comparing to the Other Curves in Other Basins ......................................98 8. DISCUSSION .................................................................................................103 8.1. Linking Composite Stratigraphic Section to Basin Subsidence Curve ...103 8.2. Testing Competing Basin Models ...........................................................103 8.3. Taos Trough Basin Evolution Thoughts .................................................106 9. CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................109 REFERENCES ...................................................................................................111 APPENDIX A: RESTORED PALEOTRANSPORT DATA .........................123 PLATE 1. Desmoinesian Strata Composite Section Along Holman Grade....... In Pocket v Texas Tech University, Aaron Watters, August 2014 ABSTRACT The Taos trough is one of several tectonically active cratonic basins related to late Paleozoic ARM deformation. Two competing basin models for the Taos trough were tested in order to better discern the evolution of the ancestral Rocky Mountains in northern New Mexico. The opposing models were pure flexural foreland basin versus multiple basins separated by intrabasinal uplifts. The composite section from Highway 518 Holman grade and Forest Service Road 723, in northern New Mexico, records 949 m of middle Pennsylvanian fluvial deltaic deposits. Conodonts recovered from the base and top of the composite section indicate that the deposition occurred during the early to middle Desmoinesian. Sedimentologic and stratigraphic data indicate that the succession is cyclic with three separate cycle types recorded: 1) A-type, 2) B-type, and 3) C-type. Each cycle is defined by cycle-top facies composed of variable water depths. Twenty one cycles are exposed in the study area with 11 being A-type, 7 B-type, and 3 C-Type. Control on the cycles was largely variations in tectonic subsidence while correlation of relative water depth records to far-field cyclic successions in the Donets Basin suggests that eustasy largely modulated the cyclic successions. Sediment transport data was used to discern the likely provenance region for the sediment in the study area. The data indicate a predominantly westerly transport direction, supporting an eastern source. Sediment dispersal indicators in fluvial and deltaic facies are easiest to reconcile with a nearby highland, rather than the Sierra Grande uplift (~ 80-100 km away). Thus, the El Oro-Rincon uplift is the preferred eastern highland shedding sediment into the study area. Previous studies, on the west side of the vi Texas Tech University, Aaron Watters, August 2014 Taos trough axis, record an easterly sediment transport direction and were previously used to bolster the inference of a flexural model. Our westerly sourced data combined with the easterly sourced suggests that clastic material funneled into a central axis of the Taos trough. A backstripped subsidence model indicates that basin subsidence began during the Early Pennsylvanian, and that rates increased rapidly during the Early Desmoinesian. Subsidence rates greatly decreased in the Late Pennsylvanian, indicating a period of tectonic quiescence, but uptick again in the Early Permian. The activity created nearly 5km of total Late Paleozoic subsidence in the eastern Taos trough. The tectonic subsidence curve compares to both strike-slip and flexural derived foreland basin curves and indicates that the basin likely experienced a combination of both strike-slip and thrust systems. Comparison of the subsidence model and sediment transport data of the Taos trough indicates that the Taos
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