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Análise Cladística Da Tribo Dufouriini (Diptera, Tachinidae)

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Análise Cladística Da Tribo Dufouriini (Diptera, Tachinidae) Marcelo Domingos de Santis Análise cladística da tribo Dufouriini (Diptera, Tachinidae) Cladistic analysis of the tribe Dufouriini (Diptera, Tachinidae) São Paulo 2016 Marcelo Domingos de Santis Análise cladística da tribo Dufouriini (Diptera, Tachinidae) Cladistic analysis of the tribe Dufouriini (Diptera, Tachinidae) Dissertação apresentada ao Instituto de Biociências da Universidade de São Paulo, para a obtenção de Título de Mestre em Ciências Biológicas, na Área de Zoologia. Orientador(a): Prof. Dr. Silvio Shigueo Nihei São Paulo 2016 Ficha Catalográfica Santis, Marcelo Domingos de Análise cladística da tribo Dufouriini (Diptera, Tachinidae). 224 + xiii pp. Dissertação (Mestrado) - Instituto de Biociências da Universidade de São Paulo. Departamento de Zoologia. 1. Diptera 2. Dufouriinae 3. Dufouriini 4. Sistemática 5. Ovos microtipos. I. Universidade de São Paulo. Instituto de Biociências. Departamento de Zoologia. Comissão Julgadora: ________________________ _______________________ Prof(a). Dr(a). Prof(a). Dr(a). ______________________ Prof. Dr. Silvio Shigueo Nihei Orientador(a) Epígrafe Não existe outra espécie na Terra que faça ciência. Ela é, até então, uma invenção inteiramente humana, evoluída através de uma seleção natural, no córtex cerebral por uma razão muito simples: ela funciona. Não é perfeita e pode ser mal utilizada. É somente uma ferramenta, mas até agora a melhor que temos, autocorretiva, progressiva, aplicável a tudo. Possui duas regras. Primeira: não existem verdades sagradas; todas as suposições devem ser examinadas criticamente; argumentos de autoridade não têm valor. Segunda: tudo que seja inconsistente com os fatos deve ser rejeitado ou revisto. Devemos compreender o Cosmos como ele é e não confundir isso com como gostaríamos que fosse. O óbvio é algumas vezes falso, o inesperado algumas vezes verdadeiro. Carl Sagan, in “Cosmos” iii Agradecimentos Sou muito afortunado por ter uma família que sempre apoiou meus sonhos e minha vocação. Queria deixar meu muito obrigado pelo constante apoio e encorajamento da minha irmã, Mara, e da minha mãe, Suely, que sempre estiveram ao meu lado. Ao Dr. Silvio Nihei, por toda liberdade intelectual que me foi dada desde o começo do mestrado. Por ter acreditado em mim, desde o meu primeiro dia no laboratório, pela amizade e orientação sólida e crítica. Aos integrantes do Laboratório de Sistemática e Biogeografia de Insecta da Universidade de São Paulo, por toda a ajuda fornecida nesses anos de convivência. Cada um, a sua maneira, contribuiu de forma muito significativa para este trabalho, entre outras coisas. Gostaria de deixar um agradecimente especial ao Me. Filipe (Mutreta) Gudin e Me. Rodrigo (Primo) Dios, pelas inestimáveis discussões sobre Tachinidae que me auxiliaram profundamente durante todo o mestrado. Aos curadores das seguintes instituições pelo empréstimo do material de estudo: Dr. Gary Parson, da Arthropod Research Collection, Michigan, Estados Unidos da América; Dr. Joachim Ziegler, do Berlin Museum für Naturkunde der Humboldt-Universität, Berlim, Alemanha; Dr. Manuel Zumbado, do Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad, San José, Costa Rica e Sr. Nigel Wyatt, do Natural History Museum, Londres, Inglaterra. Aos curadores das seguintes instituições pelo empréstimo do material de estudo e que me receberam pessoalmente em suas coleções: Dr. Claudio de Carvalho, da Coleção de Entomologia Pe. Jesus Santiago Moure, Curitiba, Brasil e Dr. Carlos Lamas do Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil. Aos funcionários do Instituto de Biociências da Universidade de São Paulo. A CAPES, pela concessão da bolsa de Mestrado. Aos meus amigos, pela amizade, companhia e incentivo. E aos meus professores, que me introduziram as alegrias da compreensão do mundo. iv Sumário LISTA DE TABELAS...........................................................................................................vii LISTA DE FIGURAS.............................................................................................................ix 1. Introdução geral...................................................................................................................1 2. Referências...........................................................................................................................6 Capítulo 1. Análise cladística da tribo Dufouriini (Diptera, Tachinidae) baseada em caracteres morfológicos de adultos e imaturos.........................................................................10 RESUMO.................................................................................................................................11 ABSTRACT.............................................................................................................................12 1. Introdução...........................................................................................................................13 1.1. Histórico sistemático da tribo Dufouriini..............................................................14 2. Objetivos.............................................................................................................................25 3. Material e métodos.............................................................................................................25 3.1. Material de estudo.................................................................................................25 3.2. Estudo morfológico e terminologia.......................................................................26 3.3. Análise cladística...................................................................................................32 3.4. Escolha de táxons terminais..................................................................................34 3.5. Ilustrações..............................................................................................................35 3.6. Transcrição de dados das etiquetas dos espécimes................................................35 4. Resultados...........................................................................................................................37 4.1. Caracteres morfológicos........................................................................................37 4.2. Análise cladística.................................................................................................103 5. Discussão...........................................................................................................................119 5.1. Posicionamento sistemático de Mesnilana Emden e Rhinophoroides Barraclough............................................................................................................................121 v 5.2. Relacionamento de Dufouriini, Freraeini e Oestrophasiini com relação a Phasiinae.................................................................................................................................121 5.3 Monofilia de Dufouriini.......................................................................................124 5.4. Monofilia de Freraeini.........................................................................................126 5.5. Monofilia de Oestrophasiini................................................................................128 5.6. Comyopsis sinônimo de Ebenia...........................................................................129 5.7. Valor sistemático das espermatecas....................................................................130 Nova proposta de classificação..............................................................................................132 Hospedeiros............................................................................................................................135 Resumo das propostas nomenclatorais...................................................................................139 6. Conclusão..........................................................................................................................138 7. Referências........................................................................................................................140 8. Apêndices..........................................................................................................................152 I. Matriz de caracteres morfológicos (35 táxons x 185 caracteres)............................152 II. Lista de hospedeiros...............................................................................................157 III. Lista de material examinado.................................................................................165 Capítulo 2. Análise cladística do gênero Euoestrophasia Townsend, 1892 (Diptera, Tachinidae, Oestrophasiini)....................................................................................................172 RESUMO...............................................................................................................................173 ABSTRACT...........................................................................................................................173 1. Introdução.........................................................................................................................174 1.1. Histórico sistemático de Euoestrophasia Townsend...........................................175 2. Objetivos...........................................................................................................................176 3. Material e métodos...........................................................................................................176
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