Graham Sansom and Jeremy Dawkins UTS Centre for Local Government 22.5m population; Growth 1.5-2%pa; 60% in 6 major metro regions; GDP US$60,000 per capita Population of Population of Population Metropolitan Metropolitan ‘central city’ local State of state region region government 2010 2008/09 2008/09

New South City of Sydney: Sydney 7,238,819 5,316,379 Wales 177,000 City of Hobart: Tasmania Hobart 507,626 205,566 49,887 South East Brisbane City: Queensland 4,516,361 2,706,302 Queensland 1,052,458 Western City of Perth: Perth 2,296,411 1,519,510 Australia 17,093 City of Melbourne: Victoria Melbourne 5,547,527 4,014,361 89,759 South City of Adelaide: Adelaide 1,644,642 1,275,041 Australia 19,444 Metropolitan Region Absolute Percentage Population Population (Statistical Divisions Growth Growth 1996 2006 included) 1996 - 2006 1996 - 2006 Sydney (Sydney SD, Hunter SD, 4,808,237 5,316,379 508,142 10.57% Illawarra SD) Melbourne (Melbourne SD, Barwon 3,522,797 4,014,361 491,564 13.95% SD) South East Queensland (Brisbane SD, Gold Coast 2,138,215 2,706,302 568,087 26.57% SD, Sunshine Coast SD, West Moreton SD) Perth 1,295,092 1,519,510 224,418 17.33% (Perth SD) Adelaide (Adelaide SD, Outer 1,182,768 1,275,041 92,273 7.80% Adelaide SD) Hobart 195,718 205,566 9,846 5.03% (Greater Hobart SD) Selected regions  Both typical and distinctive  Dominant population centres in their states (SEQ somewhat less so)  Mostly developed in last 30-50 years: car-based ‘sprawl’ but recent focus on increased densities and inner suburban renewal with apartment living  Perth: longstanding metropolitan planning arrangements  SEQ: stable but evolving arrangements over past 20 years; dominant central local government and now very large suburban local governments too The ‘Australian model’  Dominant federal government now re-engaging with major cities (Infrastructure Australia, Major Cities Unit, strategic planning guidelines, national urban policy)  Well-developed (but not legislated) IGR with peak Council of Australian Governments (COAG) and >20 ministerial councils (Mincos)  LG is not in federal constitution and is a ‘creature of the States’, but has strong links with federal government – and is a member of COAG/Mincos  Larger local governments are (or could be) financially autonomous, but still limited functions  States are legally all-powerful in metro management but depend on federal funding and LG support  ‘Model’ is state metro (and hinterland) management, typically without specialist metro agency, plus single-tier LG with varying degrees of ‘fragmentation’ and mostly small (but influential) central cities  No special roles or (for the most part) legislation for metro LG or central cities Current metro strategies: will they meet the COAG guidelines?

Metropolitan region Current Metropolitan Plan Prepared by (State) (date of release) City of Cities - A Plan for Sydney Department of Planning, Sydney’s Future (2005, revised (New South Wales) NSW Government. 2010 ) Melbourne Melbourne 2030: Planning for Department of (Victoria) sustainable growth (2002) Infrastructure, Victoria South East Queensland South East Department of Infrastructure Regional Plan 2009 – 2031 Queensland and Planning, Queensland (2009) Perth Directions 2031 (2010) Department of Planning, WA (Western Australia) Adelaide Planning Strategy for Department of Planning and (South Australia) Metropolitan Adelaide (2007) Local Government, SA. Hobart Hobart 2025: A Strategic Hobart City Council (Tasmania) Framework (2007)

Perth metro region  75% of WA population (next largest centre only 60,000)  30 local governments: small in centre, large on fringe  First Town Planning Act in Australia (1928)  ‘Stephenson-Hepburn’ metro plan 1955  Metropolitan Region Planning Authority 1960 (later became WA Planning Commission): state body (department heads) with LG representatives  Statutory regional planning scheme  Metropolitan Improvement Fund (special rates levy)  Infrastructure Coordination Committee  Other committees with external advisers  State dominance and leadership (eg Perth waterfront)

South East Queensland  11 local governments (effectively 7): relatively strong, well resourced: all popularly elected mayors  Brisbane City established 1926 – merger of 20 councils: directly elected lord mayor plus 26 full-time councillors from single member wards (unique)  Council of Mayors: developing role  SEQ Regional Planning Committee: political as much as technical (evolved from non-statutory, collaborative approach)  Statutory regional plan ‘made’ by minister  Department of Infrastructure and Planning (Growth Management Queensland; Coordinator General; 20 year Infrastructure Plan)  Urban Lands Development Authority; Translink Transit Authority South East Queensland 2009 Queensland Government Revenues 2010-11 Comparative taxation effort of Australian states and territories Revenues of SEQ Local Governments 2008-09

Population Taxes User Other Total Total Grants/ Grants/ Total Total Per Fees Own Own Own Subsidies Subsidies Revenue Revenue capita Per Source Source Source $ m Per capita $ m Per capita Revenue Revenue Revenue capita Per $ m Per capita capita

Brisbane 1,052,458 $563 $626 $377 $1,648 $1,566 $186 $177 $1,835 $1,743

Gold Coast 515,157 $618 $712 $161 $768 $1,491 $71 $139 $839 $1,629

Sunshine 323,423 $515 $711 $69 $419 $1,295 $99 $307 $518 $1,602 Coast

Ipswich 162,383 $471 $694 $137 $211 $1,302 $42 $258 $253 $1,560

Moreton Bay 371,162 $382 $542 $73 $370 $998 $176 $475 $547 $1,473

Redland 140,691 $454 $673 $54 $166 $1,181 $30 $212 $196 $1,393

Logan 277,568 $387 $502 $28 $254 $917 $51 $185 $306 $1,102 Expenditure of SEQ Local Governments 2008-09

Population Transport Public Environ- Education Parks Urban Other Total Total (inc safety ment and social and Planning $m $m per roads, and order (inc services recre- (inc capita buses, $m waste, $m ation building $ ferries) street $m control, $m lighting) business $m develop- ment) $m Brisbane 1,052,458 435 10 141 2 82 79 918 1,666 1,583 Gold Coast 515,157 124 26 90 5 115 47 312 721 1,399 Ipswich 162,383 35 5 15 5 44 15 69 188 1,157 Logan 277,568 52 9 30 2 32 15 82 220 794 Moreton Bay 371,162 48 6 34 15 76 39 95 313 843 Redland 140,691 31 3 30 8 32 15 42 162 1,151 Sunshine 323,423 94 16 52 5 68 37 105 377 1,166 Coast Total 2,842,842 819 75 392 41 450 246 1,624 3,647 1,283 State and Local Government Revenues for Perth

2008-09

revenue revenue

User fees User source own Total Taxes own Other source Intergovernmental transfers revenue Total state revenue $5,706 $1,410 $3,818 $10,934 $8,500 $19,434 $ m state revenue per capita $2,542 $628 $1,701 $4,870 $3,786 $8,656 $ pro rata state govt revenue $4,216 $1,042 $2,821 $8,080 $6,281 $14,361 in Perth $ m

LG revenue, Perth region $799 $325 $81 $1,205 $261 $1,466 $ m LG revenue, Perth region $482 $196 $49 $726 $158 $884 per capita $

State and Local Government Expenditures for Perth Rec

2008-09 Services

Total

Other

Transport

Education

Protection

Environment

Debt Charges Debt

Parks and and Parks Social Social

$/po $/po $m $/pop $/pop $/pop p $/pop p $/pop $/pop 08/09 total state govt 19,118 expenditure $m Rate of state govt 711 974 292 2,175 3,436 276 651 expenditure $/pop Pro rata state govt 14,127 expenditure in Perth $m3 LG expenditure in the 1,562 232 31 71 2 64 222 6 313 Perth region 2,494 368 38 17 3 252 268 8 Total LG for WA5 Lessons and challenges

 Growing concerns re lifestyle and environment in metro regions: pressure on major services and infrastructure due to growth  Agenda is therefore growth plus improvement (impossible?)  ‘Australian model’ offers a workable platform if States and LG can improve their capacity and structures – useful lessons from Perth and SEQ  At present States lack adequate resources – calls for federal ‘intervention’ but Canberra ambivalent (competition from regional development)  Current COAG review and national urban policy may point ways forward  Scope for LG amalgamations in Sydney, Adelaide, Perth, Hobart – but does it matter? Yes, in terms of ‘strategic capacity’ and complementary ‘place shaping’ role at least