January 8, 2019 DEFINITIONS & TYPES

TODAY’S QUESTION: What are your top 3 reasons for taking this course? MODULE 1- FOUNDATIONS

FOUNDATIONS Terminology (for this class) Types- categorizing green networks and green space

BIT OF HISTORY Brief history of green network planning History of parks and green network planning in DEFINITIONS & TYPES

TODAY

DEFINING TERMS: open space green space public space green infrastructure urban forest greenway green corridor natural area habitat area

TYPES (Categorizing): funcons scale naturalness jurisdicon

PROJECT 1 WORK SESSION WHAT IS OPEN SPACE? OPEN SPACE GREEN SPACE PUBLIC SPACE

URBAN OPEN SPACE: Urban land without buildings, structures green and/or grey includes public + private may include streets, parking lots etc OPEN SPACE GREEN SPACE PUBLIC SPACE

URBAN OPEN SPACE: Urban land without buildings, structures green and/or grey includes public + private may include streets, parking lots etc

PUBLIC OPEN SPACE: aka PUBLIC SPACE: Open spaces accessible to the public includes parks, streets, plazas etc. OPEN SPACE GREEN SPACE PUBLIC SPACE

URBAN OPEN SPACE: Urban land without buildings, structures green and/or grey includes public + private may include streets, parking lots etc

PUBLIC OPEN SPACE: aka PUBLIC SPACE: Open spaces accessible to the public includes parks, streets, plazas etc.

GREEN SPACE: aka GREEN FABRIC Areas of the city the are vegetated includes public + private green areas OPEN SPACE GREEN SPACE PUBLIC SPACE

URBAN OPEN SPACE: Urban land without buildings, structures green and/or grey includes public + private may include streets, parking lots etc

PUBLIC OPEN SPACE: aka PUBLIC SPACE: Open spaces accessible to the public includes parks, streets, plazas etc.

GREEN SPACE: aka GREEN FABRIC Areas of the city the are vegetated includes public and private green areas

PUBLIC GREEN SPACE: Green spaces accessible to the public i.e. parks, gardens, natural areas, greenways OPEN SPACE GREEN SPACE PUBLIC SPACE

PUBLIC GREEN SPACE GREEN SPACE PUBLIC OPEN SPACE

parks gardens natural areas beaches greenways golf courses private yards streets private gardens squares golf courses OPEN SPACE GREEN SPACE PUBLIC SPACE

GREEN NETWORKS PUBLIC GREEN SPACE GREEN SPACE PUBLIC OPEN SPACE

parks gardens natural areas beaches greenways golf courses private yards streets private gardens squares golf courses GREEN FABRIC URBAN FOREST GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE Enhancing Green Networks and Fabric FINAL REPORT - Site 13 Existng Green and Grey Conditons There is a sharp visual diference between grey and green landscapes within Site 13. Green cover includes private backyards and frontyards, street boulevards, and public green space. Grey cover includes the building footrpints, roads, and large cement surfaces (i.e., parking lots). Cover Type

Grey cover Street trees Green cover Building footprints

Share of Green and Grey Cover

40% 60% Green Grey PrivateWhat is the urban forest? lawns The majority signifcantly of grey space is contribute to the atributed to the e riv grey cover due to industrial area. e D arin SW M the dominance of low-density land uses Cambie Street Cambie

N

Green and grey conditons in Site 13 0 250 500m Typical green (lef) and grey (right) landscapes within SIte 13 4 URBAN FOREST

Skinny Streets and Green Neighbourhoods, Girling & Kelle: “a vast area of cultured trees, shrubs and herbaceous plants interspersed with ny remnants of natural landscapes”

- also includes soils, microorganisms, insects, wildlife, and humans - primarily a managed landscape - crosses public and private boundaries - private lands “managed” by lay people URBAN FOREST

URBAN FOREST: Urban forests are trees, forests, greenspace and related abioc, bioc and cultural components in areas extending from the urban core to the urban-rural fringe.

Tree Canada: Canadian Urban Forest Strategy 2019-2024 GREEN FABRIC URBAN FOREST GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE

GREEN FABRIC = THE URBAN FOREST Enhancing Green Networks and Fabric FINAL REPORT - Site 13 Existng Green and Grey Conditons ALL urban green cover functioning as a systemThere is a sharp visual diference between grey and green landscapes within Site 13. Green cover includes private backyards and frontyards, street boulevards, and public green space. Grey cover includes the building footrpints, roads, and large cement surfaces (i.e., parking lots). Cover Type

Grey cover Street trees Green cover Building footprints

Share of Green and Grey Cover

40% 60% Green Grey Private lawns The majority signifcantly of grey space is contribute to the atributed to the e riv grey cover due to industrial area. e D arin SW M the dominance of low-density land uses Cambie Street Cambie

N

Green and grey conditons in Site 13 0 250 500m Typical green (lef) and grey (right) landscapes within SIte 13 4 GREEN FABRIC URBAN FOREST GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE

INFRASTRUCTURE = Miriam Webster: the system of public works of a [city]

GRAY INFRASTRUCTURE Austin: foundational systems of a city/ connected by networks i.e. transportation networks, water supply, sewage treatment, communications and power networks GREEN FABRIC URBAN FOREST GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE

INFRASTRUCTURE = Miriam Webster: the system of public works of a [city]

GRAY INFRASTRUCTURE Austin: foundational systems of a city/ connected by networks i.e. transportation networks, water supply, sewage treatment, communications and power networks

“GREEN” = systems that provide ecosystem services all urban vegetation, and functioning “natural” hydrology GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE

Austin “a continuous network of [green] corridors and spaces, planned and managed to sustain healthy ecosystem functions” + to generate human benefits

NECESSARY: connectivity multiple functions ecosystem services GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE- narrow definitions

Greening gray infrastructure: “by greening our “gray infrastructure” (buildings, roads, bridges, pipelines, etc.)— effecvely soening the lines between the human-made and natural environments— we can create urban systems that serve human needs and protect and restore environmental quality.”

Steve Nicholas, City of Seale Office of Sustainability www.djc.com/news/en/11135643 Crown Street, Vancouver GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE- narrow definitions

Stormwater management: “Green infrastructure [strategies] infiltrate, evapotranspire, capture and reuse rainwater...to maintain or restore natural hydrologies.”

“green infrastructure pracces include rain gardens, porous pavements, green roofs, infiltraon planters, tree [planng] and rainwater harvesng”

US Environmental Protecon Agency

Cynthia’s green roof and rain garden GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE- narrow definitions

URBAN FORESTRY: Urban forests are trees, forests, greenspace and related abioc, bioc and cultural components in areas extending from the urban core to the urban-rural fringe.

Urban forests must be strategically managed and incorporated as green infrastructure into land use planning both spaally and temporally to ensure their ability to provide a sustainable supply of ecological and socio- economic services, and support healthy, sustainable communies.

Tree Canada: Canadian Urban Forest Strategy 2019-2024 Green infrastructure is defined as the natural vegetave systems and green technologies that collecvely provide society with a multude of economic, environmental, and social benefits and include: Urban forests, stormwater systems, green roofs, parks and open spaces, urban agriculture, natural heritage Urban forests are crical components of urban infrastructure that exist on private and public lands: • Public trees and vegetaon include street trees, those in parks, as well as municipally managed forested areas and conservaon areas.

• Private trees and vegetaon include those in private front and backyards, around apartment buildings, in parking lots, and on commercial and industrial lots.

hps://greeninfrastructureontario.org/urban-forests/ GREENWAY

Charles E Lile - Greenways for America 1995 greenways-linear open spaces that preserve and restore nature in cies, suburbs and rural areas.

Lile also coined them “networks of green” 1990 GREENWAY

GREENWAYS— corridors of various widths liked together in a network including ecologically significant corridors, recreational corridors, historical or cultural corridors (Fabos L&UP Greenways Special Issue, Vol. 33 1995)

Diagram of Surrey’s Green Infrastructure Network URBAN GREENWAY

City of Vancouver GREENWAYS 2018 Greenways in Vancouver are linear public corridors for pedestrians and cyclists that connect parks, nature reserves, cultural features, historic sites, neighbourhoods and retail areas. Vancouver Greenways can be waterfront promenades, urban walks, environmental demonstraon trails, heritage walks and nature trails. Greenways expand opportunies for urban recreaon, provide alternate ways to move through the city, and enhance the experience of nature, community and city life. hps://vancouver.ca/streets-transportaon/greenways-for- walking-and-cycling.aspx NATURAL AREA HABITAT AREA

What is a natural area?

What is a habitat area?

Are they one in the same? NATURAL AREA HABITAT AREA

City of Vancouver Biodiversity Strategy 2016 Natural areas are forests, wetlands, streams, and other ecosystems that are composed primarily of native plants and animals.

For example, older forests in , wetlands in Jericho Beach Park, the Still Creek corridor, and Trout Lake are considered natural areas.

Naturalness was estimated for each polygon on a scale of 1 to 5 with 1 being maintained vegetation, and 5 being undisturbed, natural vegetation. NATURAL AREA HABITAT AREA Vancouver definitions: HABITAT: An area or type of environment in which a species of plant or animal lives such as a woodpecker in a forested habitat. From Vanplay Ch 5

HABITAT AREAS: Patches of landscape that have habitat values for one or more species.

Erickson “Hubs, sites and links” page 18 NATURAL AREA HABITAT AREA Vancouver definitions: HABITAT: An area or type of environment in which a species of plant or animal lives such as a woodpecker in a forested habitat. From Vanplay Ch 5

HABITAT AREAS: Patches of landscape that have habitat values for one or more species.

Hubs are defined as natural areas greater than 10 ha in size comprised of vegetation of naturalness 3 or greater. Erickson “Hubs, sites and links” page 18 Sites are smaller areas of natural or semi- natural vegetation (naturalness 3 or greater) between 0.1 and 10 ha in size. TYPES (CATEGORIZATIONS)

TYPES (CATEGORIZATIONS)

WHY CATEGORIZE? • Define the structure and functions of urban systems like parks systems • Understand relationships of parts of systems • Prioritize

TODAY: FUNCTIONS SCALE NATURALNESS JURISDICTION

NOTE: Project 1 is all about categorizing. This is an Urban nature by cityprotocol.org introduction. FUNCTIONAL CATEGORIZATIONS

Amenity?? OR Recreation and respite?

Functional?? (all are functions) Maybe: functional + amenity are 1 category- human purposes

Adapted from Swanwick et al (2003) Nature, role and value of greenspace in towns and cities: An overview. Built Environment 29 CATEGORIZATIONS BY SCALE

Stanley Park

Emerald Necklace, Boston

Chapultepec Park

Amsterdam Bos Some world large parks drawn at the same scale Source: Czerniak and Hargreaves, Large Parks 2007

Adapted from Tankel “The importance of open space in the urban pattern”, in Wingo (1960) Cities and Space: The future use of urban land, Johns Hopkins. CATEGORIZATIONS BY SCALE Lot Court Yard Block Play lot Common land Pocket park Street Right of way Median Planting strip Neighbourhood School yard Neighbourhood park Playground Community Drainage way Community park Play fields Greenway Region Golf course Regional park Conservation area The Urban Task Force, Australia Waterway Girling & Kellett page 58 VANCOUVER CATEGORIZATIONS BY SCALE- Funcons change Lot Courtyard SCALES: FUNCTIONS: Yard Block Play lot Common land More human- Pocket park oriented Street Right of way Median Planting strip Neighbourhood School yard Neighbourhood park Playground Community Drainage way Community park Play fields Greenway More Region Golf course ecosystem- Regional park oriented Conservation area Waterway Girling & Kellett page 58 CATEGORIZATIONS BY NATURALNESS

PRIMARILY PAVED SPACES Streets and squares

SPORTS FACILITIES Tennis courts, pools, skating rinks Artificial turf fields

LARGE GRASS AREAS Turf sports fields, turf parks

HIGH MAINTENANCE PARKS Local parks, botanical gardens, golf courses

LOW MAINTENANCE PARKS Natural parks, ravines

NATURALIZING AREAS Vacant sites, remnant industrial areas, some utility corridors INCREASING ENVIRONMENTAL VALUE DECREASING LEVELS OF MAINTENANCE PROTECTED NATURAL AREAS Conservation areas, wetlands, forests

From Michael Hough 1990 Out of Place: Restoring identity to the regional landscape, as referenced in Erickson page 14 NATURALNESS- VANCOUVER

City of Vancouver Biodiversity Strategy Map 5 CATEGORIZATIONS BY JURISDICTION

Who owns or manages the green networks of the city and region?

Within a city what department(s) manage the green networks? CATEGORIZATIONS BY JURISDICTION CATEGORIZATIONS BY JURISDICTION

Federal

Provincial

Quasi-government

Regional

Municipal

Conservation Organizations

Private MUNICIPAL- City of Vancouver

Parks Board Parks planning Biodiversity planning Urban forestry Recreaon planning

Engineering Streets (street trees) Transportaon Complete streets team Acve transportaon team Water, sewer energy Green infrastructure team CONCLUSIONS- Main take-aways

Shades of green -choose words carefully and be clear about intended meaning

Green networks: All of a city’s pubic open spaces which provide multiple ecosystem services and are ideally interconnected

No single effective categorization - use multiple categorizations to understand different aspects

Scale matters + primary functions of green spaces change with scale (and jurisdiction) PROJECT 1

PROJECT 1

What are the most important greenspaces at the different scales?

What are different ways of categorizing greenspaces and how does this differ at these three scales?

Do/how do the most important funcons of greenspaces differ across the scales (and therefore types of greenspace)? PROJECT 1

3 SCALES

2 LEGENDS/SCALE Metro Vancouver

N O R T H S HO R PROSPECT E vancouver parks POINT

Road (two-way) Siwash Road (one-way) Rock Waterfront Path Third Beach Beaver Shared Bike Route with Walkway or Road Lake

BROCKTON POINT Stanley Walking Path (paved or packed gravel) FERGUSON Park , POINT Forest Trail (loose surface) Parkland

Lost Devonian Golf Course Lagoon Deadman Harbour Park r Second Island rbou Coal Ha Burrard Beach Beach New Cardero Harbour E T View Bates Marina Park INL Brighton Park Garden Sq. Park Green R D Park Dusty Vancouver B UR R A Park Convention Canada Greenwell Park Trinity Park Coal Centre Place Park Harbour Park McGill CRAB Park Morton Portal English Bay Park Park Park at Barclay Art Phillips Callister Beach Park Park SeaBus Portside Cambridge Heritage Park Park Square Oxford Hastings Alexandra Park Park Wendy Park Poole Oppenheimer Slidey Nelson Il Park Park Pandora Giardino Slides Y Sunset Beach Park Cathedral Park A Square Park Empire B Park Pigeon Park Sanctuary Fields H Victory IS Square Sun L Future Yat-Sen Park E N G Park Site Andy MacLean Woodland Templeton Hastings Livingstone Park Park Beach Park Rogers Park Park Strathcona Salsbury Community Adanac Locarno Locarno Ar. Linear Park Park Park Park Beach Margaret Beach Emery BC Beach Hadden Vanier Place Park Hastings Pigott Park May & Barnes Yaletown Park Park Park Lorne Park Park Jericho Mill Jean Park Sites Brown Helmcken Creekside Strathcona Mosaic Coopers’ Trillium Beaty Park Park Park Park Thornton Creek Beach Park Volunteer George Park Park Park Park Park Park Wainborn Science Charles Site Park Park David Habitat Is. World Park Jericho Lam Park Grandview Clinton Brock Seaforth Westmount Beach Peace Park Victoria Rupert House Hinge Park Park Park Park Park Pacifc Park Park Tatlow Granville eek Bridge Granville Is. False Cr University Spirit Park Loop Park Water Park of British Regional Charleson Alice Garden McBride Park Townley Thunderbird Columbia Park West Point Park Park Park Park 6th & Sutclife Grey Park 5th & Fir Park Park Jonathan Sunrise Pine Carolina Delamont Choklit Laurel Park McSpadden Park Willow Rogers Guelph Park Park Park Park Landbridge (Dude Chilling) Park Park Park Park Sahalli China Creek W.C. Kaslo Park Shelley Park Connaught Arbutus N. Park Park Park Greenway BROADWAY Park City Major Cedar Almond Hall Matthews Park Cottage Park Lord Byng China Creek Park S. Park Pool Rosemary Brown Park Granville Mount Pleasant Tea Clark Community Park Swamp Park Park Park Hillcrest Quadra Robson Trout Beaconsfeld Sunnyside Lake Carnarvon Sun Hop Park Centre Park Heather Lilian To Park Renfrew Park Park Park Park Falaise Variety Challenger Shaughnessy Park John Community Swimming Pool, Baseball Field Park Angus Park Grimmett Prince Park Fitness Centre Site Douglas Park Hendry Park & Ice Rink Trafalgar Park Valdez Park Edward Park Park Park Park Queen Pacifc Spirit Glen Regional Park Park Brewers Elizabeth Arbutus Renfrew (under jurisdiction Park Park of Metro Vancouver) Chaldecott Village Park Ravine Small Park Balaclava Braemar General Park Large Quarry Quarry Nat Bailey Devonshire Kingcrest Garden Garden Prince Quilchena Brock Cariboo Stadium Riley Park Park Park Park Park Hillcrest Park Seasons Memorial of Wales Park Park Park Sites Bloedel in the Park Park Centre Conservatory West Park Grays Slocan Celebration Riley Pavilion Park Park Carleton .TS EIZNEKCAM .TS Oak Park Ravine Park Price Park Meadows Park Park Kensington Collingwood VanDusen Park Melbourne Kerrisdale Queen Park Park Botanical Cartier Norquay Vancouver Lawn Park Garden Elizabeth Park Bowling Club Park Jones Park Gaston Aberdeen 41st AVE. Mountain View Park Earles Park Park Elm Cemetary Park Private Foster Golf Course Park Park Pitch & Putt Kerrisdale Course Musqueam Malkin Centennial Tecumseh Disc Montgomery Columbia Golf Park Park Park Killarney Park Memorial Park Course Park Park Tisdall MacDonald South Park Tennis Courts Park Park Basketball Courts Dog Of- Nanaimo Roller Rinks Leash Area McCleery Park Park Maple Grove Langara Park Sunset Gordon Private Park Golf Park Park Course Shannon F Mews Park Cambie Langara Sparwood Hadden a Park Golf Course Park Ferries Dock l McCleery Park s Humm Rosemont Captain e Park Golf Course Arbutus Park Cook Park Dog Of- C Deering Leash Area Private Park Shannon Vancouver Ross Bobolink r Island Deering Golf Maritime Course Park Winona Museum Vanier e Park Island Park Park Champlain e Park Fraserview Park Oak Moberly Heights Park Boat k George Park Park Launch Park Park Fraserview Museum of Riverview Ash Everett Park Golf Course Vancouver Vancouver Park Crowley H H.R. MacMillan Archives Park S Kitsilano Space Centre I Burrard Fraser L Beach Park Civic Eburne Marina River Marpole G William Park Park Park Mackie Park Park N Y Ebisu Site Kinross E A Boat Park Gladstone Kitsilano Beach Storage Ravine B Accessible Playground R Park Riverfront Park Vanier I Shaughnessy Park BMX Bike C St. Park The Boathouse Vancouver Park H F Music School R A S at Kitsilano Beach Cultural M E R R IV E R Harmony O Kitsilano Grove Pool N Tennis D Courts Vancouver vancouver.ca/parks

Neighbourhood PROJECT 1- ADDITIONAL REFERENCES

PROJECT 1 TEAMS!

Additional references: See the blog > Assignments > Project 1

TODAY’S QUESTION: What are your top 3 reasons for taking this course? end