Solar Power Tower Technology: Large Scale Storable & Dispatchable Solar Energy
Michael McDowell Rocketdyne Program Manager – Solar Power
Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne Our Solar Vision
HS SL&S Rocketdyne Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) Opportunity October 10, 2005
Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne We Combine Rocket Science: 50 Years of Rocketdyne Engines
2 4 15 30 668 Astronauts
Saturn Saturn Space Delta Delta Redstone Navaho Jupiter Thor Atlas I/1B V Shuttle I/II/III IV 85 11 46 380 576 19 13 113 305 3 Active Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne And,And, EnergyEnergy HeritageHeritage
Fast Flux Nuclear Test Facility r ea l c SRE New Production Nu Clinch River Sodium Advanced Reactor Gen IV - Molten Salt / Breeder Fast Reactor Liquid Metal Systems Reactor r
a Solar 1 Solar 2 Power Towers 10 MW 10 MW 15-100 MW Sol
Solar Dish Engine Dynamic System 25 KW 25 kW Fossil Coal Combustion Gasification Methane Coal Gas & Hydrogen Technologies Pilot Plant Combustion Generation Technologies 1950’s 1960’s 1970’s 1980’s 1990’s 2000’s 2010’s North American Rockwell International Boeing UTC Atomics International Energy Systems Rocketdyne Propulsion & Power PWR
Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne Solar Power Tower Technology: Large Scale Storable & Dispatchable Solar Energy
Collect: • Sunlight concentrated on tower receiver • Molten salt heated to 1050F Store: • Large scale molten salt thermal storage Dispense: • Plant sizes 15 to 100+ MWe • Long-term electricity cost ~5 ¢/kWh Stand Alone ~3 ¢/kWh Hybrid • Dispatchable or 24 hour solar power Rocketdyne Focus – Solar • Plant capacity factor raised & Molten Salt System from 25% to over 65%
Collect, Store, & Dispense High Quality Energy
Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne Solar-OnlySolar-Only PlantsPlants –– WWithith 2424 HourHour OperationOperation
••PowerPower gen generatioerationn d deecoucouppledled fro fromm energ energyy cocollectiollectionn • 60 – 65% capacity factor with 16 hrs storage Sunlight • 60 – 65% capacity factor with 16 hrs storage
Thermal Energy In Storage Energy
Output Power
Noon Midnight Noon Midnight
MolMoltenten salt salt enables enables eff efficienticient energy energy st storageorage & & truly truly d dispatchableispatchable green green power power
Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne The Tower is the only Concentrated Solar Power system with dispatchable energy
Trough Tower
Dish CPV
Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne ThermalThermal StorageStorage IsIs CostCost EffectiveEffective
• Thermal storage for only ~8% of plant cost • Low cost storage media • Conventional structural material
• Very low losses ~1% / day
• Thermal storage reduces electrical generation cost • Smaller equipment size • Higher capacity factor
• Increased electricity value
Not for storing energy that is already electricity - electrical conversion efficiencies not high enough
Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne ThermalThermal StorageStorage MediaMedia PropertiesProperties
Property Solar Hitec Hitec XL LiNO3 Therminol Salt (Calcium mixture VP-1 Nitrate Dipheanyl Salt) biphenyl oxide Solar Salt provides the Composition % best operating NaNO3 60 7 7 KNO3 40 53 45 temperature range for NaNO2 40 electrical generation & Ca(NO3)2 high heat capacity Freezing Point, C 220 142 120 120 13 Upper Temp, C 600 535 500 550 400 Density @ 300C, 1899 1640 1992 815 kg/m^3 Viscosity @ 3.26 3.16 6.37 0.2 300C, cp Heat Capacity @ 1492 1560 1447 2319 300C, j/kg-K
Salt Cost Per Kilogram Relative [$/kg] Storage Cost per/kWh Hitec 0.93 1.8 Solar Salt 0.49 1.0 Solar Salt enables low cost, Calcuim Nitrate 1.19 2.6 [HitecXL] large scale thermal storage Therminol VP-1 3.96 9.8
Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne IncreasedIncreased ElectricityElectricity ValueValue fromfrom ThermalThermal StorageStorage
100 MWe 4 Hours of Thermal Storage
21% revenue increase from 8% of plant investment
100 MWe No Storage from Brandon Owens Platts Research & Consulting
Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne Power Towers Successfully Demonstrated at Solar Two
• Technology demonstration project • 1994-1998 • Barstow California • First molten salt power tower system • Intensively instrumented & monitored • Component problems resolved • Achieved project goals • 24 hour solar electric generation • Exceeded performance target • Shut down at project completion
Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne ReceiverReceiver PanelsPanels AreAre thethe KeyKey ComponentComponent
Fabrication at Rocketdyne Installation at Barstow CA.
Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne Solar Power Tower Roadmap to Commercial Deployment
First Commercial Electricity Hybrid power towers Electric Plant with fossil
Re ne wa ble Solar 2 Demo Plant he (1994-1998) at Large Power Towers Power parks Successful technology demonstration in California
Process Heat Hydrogen Desalination Production High Quality Energy Tailored to Meet Customer Needs Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne TheThe NextNext StepStep 5050 MWeMWe PowerPower TowerTower ProjectProject
Plant Description • 7 hours per day generation • 4 hours thermal storage Options • Generation midpoint ~ sunset • 24 hour operation @ 15 MWe with additional thermal storage
• Land area 275 acres
• Tower height ~100 M
• 4300 - 95 M2 Heliostats
Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne Solar/FossilSolar/Fossil FuelFuel HybridHybrid PlantsPlants AttractiveAttractive AlternativeAlternative toto Solar-OnlySolar-Only PlantsPlants
Heliostat
Storage Tanks
• Add solar to enhance fossil plant performance • Power Booster - increase power generation • Fuel Saver - reduce fuel consumption Power Tower • Lowest cost solar energy Central Receiver • Delivers thermal energy for power cycle • Evaluate best means of integration • Consider as addition to existing fossil plant
Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne Power Tower Electricity Can Be Competitive
CA Market Price Referent ¢/kWh from Natural Gas
-$ 9/MMBTU
-$ 7/MMBTU Levelized Energy Cost - $5/MMBTU (¢/kWh)
Solar hybrid power plants
Stand alone solar power plants
Stand alone plant data from Sargent & Lundy Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne StrategiesStrategies DefinedDefined toto MeetMeet CostCost GoalsGoals
Cost components for market Expect a 2/3 reduction in entry commercial plant Technical improvements electricity cost by 2020 • Increase receiver thermal 43% Heliostat Field flux & absorptivity • Low cost heliostat 16% eTchnical 18% Receiver System designs 4% Tower + Piping • Increase salt temperature 33% cSale 8% Thermal Storage Increase plant sizes
2% Steam Generator (Scale) 18% oVlume System • Increase efficiency 13% Electric Generating Production System • Reduced per kW capital 2% Master Control costs 67% Total 6% Balance of Plant • Reduced per kW O&M costs 4% Structures & Improvements Utilize volume production • Efficient heliostat factory • Fabrication learning curve
Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne Launching Points Are Developing for the Global Solar Power Tower Market
Two projects expected on-line by 2010
Spain Increased incentives 15 MWe 24hr/day plant PWR receiver supply role discussed South Africa Utility commitment 100 MWe 16hr/day plant PWR identified receiver supplier
Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne Our Solar Vision
HS SL&S Rocketdyne Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) Opportunity October 10, 2005
Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne