Solar Power Tower Technology: Large Scale Storable & Dispatchable Solar Energy Michael McDowell Rocketdyne Program Manager – Solar Power Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne Our Solar Vision HS SL&S Rocketdyne Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) Opportunity October 10, 2005 Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne We Combine Rocket Science: 50 Years of Rocketdyne Engines 2 4 15 30 668 Astronauts Saturn Saturn Space Delta Delta Redstone Navaho Jupiter Thor Atlas I/1B V Shuttle I/II/III IV 85 11 46 380 576 19 13 113 305 3 Active Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne And,And, EnergyEnergy HeritageHeritage Fast Flux Nuclear Test Facility r ea l c SRE New Production Nu Clinch River Sodium Advanced Reactor Gen IV - Molten Salt / Breeder Fast Reactor Liquid Metal Systems Reactor r a Solar 1 Solar 2 Power Towers 10 MW 10 MW 15-100 MW Sol Solar Dish Engine Dynamic System 25 KW 25 kW Fossil Coal Combustion Gasification Methane Coal Gas & Hydrogen Technologies Pilot Plant Combustion Generation Technologies 1950’s 1960’s 1970’s 1980’s 1990’s 2000’s 2010’s North American Rockwell International Boeing UTC Atomics International Energy Systems Rocketdyne Propulsion & Power PWR Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne Solar Power Tower Technology: Large Scale Storable & Dispatchable Solar Energy Collect: • Sunlight concentrated on tower receiver • Molten salt heated to 1050F Store: • Large scale molten salt thermal storage Dispense: • Plant sizes 15 to 100+ MWe • Long-term electricity cost ~5 ¢/kWh Stand Alone ~3 ¢/kWh Hybrid • Dispatchable or 24 hour solar power Rocketdyne Focus – Solar • Plant capacity factor raised & Molten Salt System from 25% to over 65% Collect, Store, & Dispense High Quality Energy Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne Solar-OnlySolar-Only PlantsPlants –– WWithith 2424 HourHour OperationOperation ••PowerPower gen generatioerationn d deecoucouppledled fro fromm energ energyy cocollectiollectionn • 60 – 65% capacity factor with 16 hrs storage Sunlight • 60 – 65% capacity factor with 16 hrs storage Thermal Energy In Storage Energy Output Power Noon Midnight Noon Midnight MolMoltenten salt salt enables enables eff efficienticient energy energy st storageorage & & truly truly d dispatchableispatchable green green power power Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne The Tower is the only Concentrated Solar Power system with dispatchable energy Trough Tower Dish CPV Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne ThermalThermal StorageStorage IsIs CostCost EffectiveEffective • Thermal storage for only ~8% of plant cost • Low cost storage media • Conventional structural material • Very low losses ~1% / day • Thermal storage reduces electrical generation cost • Smaller equipment size • Higher capacity factor • Increased electricity value Not for storing energy that is already electricity - electrical conversion efficiencies not high enough Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne ThermalThermal StorageStorage MediaMedia PropertiesProperties Property Solar Hitec Hitec XL LiNO3 Therminol Salt (Calcium mixture VP-1 Nitrate Dipheanyl Salt) biphenyl oxide Solar Salt provides the Composition % best operating NaNO3 60 7 7 KNO3 40 53 45 temperature range for NaNO2 40 electrical generation & Ca(NO3)2 high heat capacity Freezing Point, C 220 142 120 120 13 Upper Temp, C 600 535 500 550 400 Density @ 300C, 1899 1640 1992 815 kg/m^3 Viscosity @ 3.26 3.16 6.37 0.2 300C, cp Heat Capacity @ 1492 1560 1447 2319 300C, j/kg-K Salt Cost Per Kilogram Relative [$/kg] Storage Cost per/kWh Hitec 0.93 1.8 Solar Salt 0.49 1.0 Solar Salt enables low cost, Calcuim Nitrate 1.19 2.6 [HitecXL] large scale thermal storage Therminol VP-1 3.96 9.8 Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne IncreasedIncreased ElectricityElectricity ValueValue fromfrom ThermalThermal StorageStorage 100 MWe 4 Hours of Thermal Storage 21% revenue increase from 8% of plant investment 100 MWe No Storage from Brandon Owens Platts Research & Consulting Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne Power Towers Successfully Demonstrated at Solar Two • Technology demonstration project • 1994-1998 • Barstow California • First molten salt power tower system • Intensively instrumented & monitored • Component problems resolved • Achieved project goals • 24 hour solar electric generation • Exceeded performance target • Shut down at project completion Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne ReceiverReceiver PanelsPanels AreAre thethe KeyKey ComponentComponent Fabrication at Rocketdyne Installation at Barstow CA. Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne Solar Power Tower Roadmap to Commercial Deployment First Commercial Electricity Hybrid power towers Electric Plant with fossil Re ne wa ble Solar 2 Demo Plant he (1994-1998) at Large Power Towers Power parks Successful technology demonstration in California Process Heat Hydrogen Desalination Production High Quality Energy Tailored to Meet Customer Needs Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne TheThe NextNext StepStep 5050 MWeMWe PowerPower TowerTower ProjectProject Plant Description • 7 hours per day generation • 4 hours thermal storage Options • Generation midpoint ~ sunset • 24 hour operation @ 15 MWe with additional thermal storage • Land area 275 acres • Tower height ~100 M • 4300 - 95 M2 Heliostats Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne Solar/FossilSolar/Fossil FuelFuel HybridHybrid PlantsPlants AttractiveAttractive AlternativeAlternative toto Solar-OnlySolar-Only PlantsPlants Heliostat Storage Tanks • Add solar to enhance fossil plant performance • Power Booster - increase power generation • Fuel Saver - reduce fuel consumption Power Tower • Lowest cost solar energy Central Receiver • Delivers thermal energy for power cycle • Evaluate best means of integration • Consider as addition to existing fossil plant Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne Power Tower Electricity Can Be Competitive CA Market Price Referent ¢/kWh from Natural Gas -$ 9/MMBTU -$ 7/MMBTU Levelized Energy Cost - $5/MMBTU (¢/kWh) Solar hybrid power plants Stand alone solar power plants Stand alone plant data from Sargent & Lundy Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne StrategiesStrategies DefinedDefined toto MeetMeet CostCost GoalsGoals Cost components for market Expect a 2/3 reduction in entry commercial plant Technical improvements electricity cost by 2020 • Increase receiver thermal 43% Heliostat Field flux & absorptivity • Low cost heliostat 16% Technical 18% Receiver System designs 4% Tower + Piping • Increase salt temperature 33% Scale 8% Thermal Storage Increase plant sizes 2% Steam Generator (Scale) 18% Volume System • Increase efficiency 13% Electric Generating Production System • Reduced per kW capital 2% Master Control costs 67% Total 6% Balance of Plant • Reduced per kW O&M costs 4% Structures & Improvements Utilize volume production • Efficient heliostat factory • Fabrication learning curve Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne Launching Points Are Developing for the Global Solar Power Tower Market Two projects expected on-line by 2010 Spain Increased incentives 15 MWe 24hr/day plant PWR receiver supply role discussed South Africa Utility commitment 100 MWe 16hr/day plant PWR identified receiver supplier Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne Our Solar Vision HS SL&S Rocketdyne Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) Opportunity October 10, 2005 Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne.