I UTILIZATION of VISUAL ARTS in SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT AS
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
i UTILIZATION OF VISUAL ARTS IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT AS A CONTRIBUTION TO SOLVING PROBLEMS OF ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION IN ABA METROPOLIS, NIGERIA BY ONOH, OLUCHI GLADYS PG/PHD/09/51403 A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF POST GRADUATE STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, NSUKKA IN FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (Ph.D) IN ART EDUCATION OCTOBER, 2014 ii CERTIFICATION Onoh, Oluchi Gladys a postgraduate student in the Department of Fine and Applied Arts, with registration number PG/Ph.D/09/53403, has satisfactorily completed the requirement for the award of Doctor of Philosophy Degree in Art Education. The work embodied in this thesis is original and has not been submitted in part or in full for any diploma or degree of this or any other university. ……………………... …………… Prof. O.K. Oyeoku Date (Supervisor) ……………………… ……………. Dr V.E. Ali Date (Head of Department) iii APPROVAL PAGE THIS THESIS HAS BEEN APPROVED FOR THE SCHOOL OF POST GRADUATE STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, NSUKKA BY ……………………... ………… Prof. O.K. Oyeoku Date (Supervisor) ……………………… ………… Dr V.E. Ali Date (Head of Department) ……………………… …………. Prof. Ola Oloidi Date (Internal Examiner) ………………………. ………….. Prof. S. R. Ogunbiyile Date (External Examiner) . ………………………. ………….. Prof. P.A. Okpoko Date (Dean of Faculty) iv DEDICATION TO MY HUSBAND THE REVEREND DR TORTY OKWARA ONOH I DID THIS FOR YOU. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The success of this work was only possible because the Lord God (in whom dwelleth the fullness of wisdom and power) positioned people at different points and in different places to encourage, support and provide the academic, financial and emotional support needed. THANK YOU FATHER. I wish to sincerely thank my amiable supervisor, Professor O.K. Oyeoku, who encouraged me to work on this topic and for meticulously reading the work despite his very tight schedule. I also acknowledge that the idea of taking a doctoral degree was as result of the motivation and encouragement of late Dr. Ernest Okoli who was supervising this work until the Lord called him to His nearer presence. I appreciate my internal examiner, Professor Ola Oloidi, Dr. G.O. Diogu and my head of department Dr. V.E. Ali, for their efforts, counsel and willingness to read through and correct the work. My thanks also go to Dr Ikenna Onwuegbuna, Dr Mrs. Ogbuanya (Faculty Representatives in the School of Post Graduate Studies) and Professor Mrs. C. Umano for their expert advice that moved the thesis forward. I also appreciate Elder Dr. K.U. Kalu who made sure that I got all the art catalogues that he could lay his hands on and for his fatherly love. Thank you Elder O. Ntima, Professor J.C. Agunwamba and Professor S.N. Uchegbu for providing the materials from your libraries that gave me bearing for the initial take off of the work. May God bless Rev. Professor /Dr Mrs B. Mba, Professor Catherine Oreh, and Mr/Dr Mrs Nick Egu for their hospitality, support and encouragement. I remain very grateful to Sister Gloria Umerah for her prayer support, encouragement, printing of this work and various forms of assistance. I sincerely appreciate the staff and students of Premiere International School, Aba, especially the administrator Ms. Florence Achinivu; the principal, Pastor Dr. vi O.E.G. Iwueze; and the art teacher Miss Lucy Uka. I also appreciate the staff and students of Osusu Secondary School, Aba especially the art teacher Mrs C.U. Igwe and the school principal Elder C.M. Onwuka. I wish to thank Mrs A. O.Ukpai, Mrs Ugwu, Mrs G.N. Ezerendu and all the other administrative staff in the general office of the Department of Fine and Applied Art, University of Nigeria, Nsukka. They were very friendly and supportive. Finally, my deepest appreciation goes to my dear husband who had so much faith in me and who would not let me abandon the work. I deeply appreciate my family members (the Nwagbaras); my in-laws (the Onohs); my children: Oziomachukwu Beulah, Nmesomachukwu Shalom, Fechi Bethel, Akachidike Peniel, Ucheomachukwu Olive; and many others who I may never know but who might have prayed for me through this period. May God bless you all. Amen. vii ABSTRACT Environmental degradation is a subject that is currently receiving attention all over the world and one of its causes is improper management of solid wastes. Many Nigerian cities like Aba in Abia State are currently facing serious environmental problems arising from this situation. Apart from the obvious aesthetic cost of improper management of solid wastes, some of the problems go deeper because many of the things thrown away like aluminum products, bottles and plastics are eventually indestructible in nature and if not properly disposed of, they cause pollution which invariably give rise to environmental problems that affect the ecology and human health. The study was embarked on because of the need to explore and examine the contributions of the visual arts in solid waste management in Aba metropolis. This is in line with the current awareness all over the world that solid wastes can either be a liability or an asset depending on how they are managed. The study is divided into six chapters and was guided by seven objectives. It adopted the ethnological and descriptive approaches. The basic ground for the involvement of the visual arts in sustainable waste management is anchored on the second option in waste management hierarchy which is known as ‘reuse’. Artists who are engaged in ‘waste to art’ show how wastes can be reused creatively. They have equally demonstrated that art works are not just objects of decoration or merchandise but are also important historical documents and mediums of social re-engineering and can be used to make environmental statements. Positive changes were observed in students that were exposed to waste to art. This was evident in the way they become peer educators on the prospects in waste to art; showed interest in discarded objects as materials for artistic creation; and the art works they created with waste materials. viii TABLE OF CONTENT Page Title Page … … … … … i Certification … … … … … ii Approval Page… … … … … iii Dedication… … … … … iv Acknowledgement… … … … … v Abstract… … … … … vii Table of Content… … … … … ix List of Tables… … … … … xi List of Figures… … … … … xii CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION… … … … 1 1.1 Background of Study… … … … 1 1.2 Statement of Problem… … … … 9 1.3 Objective of Study… … … … 11 1.4 Scope of Study… … … … 12 1.5 Significance of Study… … … … 13 1.6 Organization of Study… … … … 15 CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW… … … … 16 2.1 Environmental Degradation… … … … 16 2.1.1 Environmental Pollution… … … … 27 2.1.2 Deforestation… … … … 36 2.2 Solid Waste Management… … … … 39 ix 2.2.1 Open Dumps… … … … 48 2.2.2 Landfills… … … … 50 2.2.3 Incineration… … … … 52 2.2.4 Composting… … … … 53 2.2.5 Recycling… … … … 54 2.2.6 Summary… … … … 56 2.3 Visual Art… … … … 57 CHAPTER THREE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY… … … 65 3.1 Research Methodology… … … … 65 3.2 Aba in Abia State… … … … 67 3.3 Solid Wastes in Aba Metropolis… … … 72 3.4 Solid Waste Management in Aba Metropolis… ... … 79 3.4.1 Refuse Tonnage in Aba Metropolis… … … 80 CHAPTER FOUR VISUAL ARTS AND SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT … 85 4.1 Visual Arts and the Reuse Concept of Solid Waste Management… 86 4.2 Waste to Art… … … … 89 CHAPTER FIVE WASTE TO ART SECONDARY SCHOOL PROJECT… … 111 5.1 Waste to Art in Secondary Schools in Aba Metropolis… … 111 5.2 Waste to Art by Secondary School Students in Aba Metropolis … 115 CHAPTER SIX FINDINGS, RECOMMENDATIONS, SUMMARY, AND CONCLUSION… 126 6.1 Findings of the Study… … … … 126 x 6.2 Implications of the Study … … … … 132 6.3 Recommendations … … … … 134 6.4 Limitations … … … … … 135 6.5 Suggestions for Further Studies … … … 136 6.6 Summary … … … … … 137 6.7 Conclusion… … … … … 139 REFERENCES… … … … … 141 xi LIST OF TABLES Page Table 1: Decomposition Rates of Solid Waste … … … 41 Table 2: Solid Wastes in Aba Metropolis: Sources, Types and Description… 77 xii LIST OF FIGURES Page Fig. 1: The Interaction of Natural Hazards, Environmental Degradation and Urbanization… … … 24 Fig. 2: Air Pollution from Industrial Plant… … … 30 Fig. 3: Waste Management Hierarchy… … … 47 Fig. 4: Map of Aba, Abia State… … … 67 Fig.5: Aba Blue River… … … … 73 Fig. 6: Refuse Dump at Opobo Junction, Ogbor hill Aba… … 73 Fig. 7: Refuse Dump along Faulks Road Aba… … … 74 Fig. 8: Piles of Cow Horns on Aba Blue River Abattoir … … 74 Fig. 9: Earth’s Skin… … … 89 Fig. 10: Ameno (Mask of Humankind)… … … 90 Fig. 11: Waiting for a Bus… … … … 91 Fig. 12: Politicians… … … … 91 Fig. 13: Journey out of Africa… … … … 92 Fig. 14: Acid Rain Water… … … … 93 Fig. 15: Bottled Life… … … … 93 Fig. 16: Shield… … … … 94 Fig. 17: Twisted Ambience… … … … 95 Fig. 18: Abandoned History… … … … 95 Fig. 19: Precious… … … … … 96 Fig. 20: Precious… … … … … 96 Fig. 21: Discussion… … … … … 97 xiii Fig. 22: Painting on Fabric… …. … … 97 Fig. 23: Painting with used Recharge Cards… … … 99 Fig. 24: Painting with used Recharge Cards… … … 99 Fig. 25: Chukwuma Gerald Cutting up Recharge Cards … 100 Fig. 26: Waste Plastic Bottle Wall House… … … 101 Fig. 27: Waste Plastic Bottle Wall House… … … 101 Fig. 28: Children Stuffing Waste Plastic Bottles with Sands… … 102 Fig. 29: Junior… … … … 103 Fig. 30: Peacock… … … … 103 Fig. 31: Fishes… … … … 104 Fig. 32: Beauty Pageant… … … … 104 Fig. 33: Chandeliers… … … … 105 Fig. 34: The Chair… … … … 105 Fig. 35: Shipwreck (1)… … … … 106 Fig. 36: Shipwreck (2)… … … … 106 Fig. 37: Monumental Environmental Art Work… … … 106 Fig. 38: The Guardian… … … … 107 Fig. 39: Womb… … … … 107 Fig. 40: Giant Fish Sculpture … … … 109 Fig. 41: Giant Fish Sculptures… … … … 109 Fig. 42: Thrown to the Wind… … … … 110 Fig. 43: Lecture Time in Osusu Secondary School, Aba… … 114 xiv Fig. 44: Lecture Time in Premiere International School Aba … … 114 Fig.