DOCSLIB.ORG

Vor 100Jahren Wehrte Das Volk Den Kapp-L Ttwitz- Putsch Ab

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Vor 100Jahren Wehrte Das Volk Den Kapp-L Ttwitz- Putsch Ab Ich danke dem Weimarer Republik e.V., dass er mit seiner bun- desweiten Aktion die Erinnerung an die erfolgreiche Abwehr Hier finden die Schauspielszenen statt: des rechtsextremen Kapp-Lüttwitz-Putsches lebendig hält. Gerne übernehme ich die Schirmherrschaft über die Erinnerung an die GRUSSWORT ANLÄSSLICH DES Abwehr des Putsches. Denn der Mut der damals Beteiligten ist auch heute wieder gefragt, wenn es gilt, unsere Verantwortung Berlin Sa 14. März Pariser Platz / 100. JAHRESTAGES DER ABWEHR DES für Frieden und Demokratie wahrzunehmen. 11.00 Uhr Brandenburger Tor KAPP-L TTWITZ-PUTSCHES VON 1920 Dortmund Sa 14. März Kamp-Straße am DEMOKRATIE 15.00 Uhr DSW21-Kundencenter Dresden Sa 14. März Postplatz 18.00 Uhr Essen Sa 14. März Willy-Brandt-Platz VERTEIDIGEN! 13. März 1920. Staatsstreich. 18.00 Uhr Am frühen Morgen besetzte die Marinebrigade Erhardt unter ihrem General Walther von Lüttwitz das Regierungsviertel Frankfurt / Main Sa 14. März Bahnhofsvorplatz in Berlin und ernannte ihren Mitverschwörer Wolfgang Kapp 10.30 Uhr VOR 100 JAHREN zum Reichskanzler. Hakenkreuz am Stahlhelm, schwarz-weiß- Gotha Fr 13. März Bahnhofsvorplatz rotes Band. Das Ziel der aggressiv rechtsextremen Brigade war 15.00 Uhr klar: Sie wollten die demokratische Regierung stürzen und die WEHRTE DAS VOLK erst wenige Monate alte Weimarer Republik beseitigen. Die Halle/Saale Fr 13. März Hauptbahnhof Reichswehr weigerte sich, gegen die Putschisten vorzugehen. 10.30 Uhr Die Mehrzahl der Minister unter Reichskanzler Gustav Bauer DEN KAPP-L TTWITZ- und Reichspräsidenten Friedrich Ebert musste aus Berlin fliehen. Christine Lambrecht Hamburg Fr 13. März Bahnhofsvorplatz Dennoch waren die Putschisten an jenem schicksalshaften Bundesministerin der Justiz 18.00 Uhr Hamburg-Harburg Tag zum Glück nur fast erfolgreich. Nach vier Tagen war der und für Verbraucherschutz PUTSCH AB Putsch niedergeschlagen. Hannover Sa 14. März Ernst-August-Platz Dass die Weimarer Republik diesen ersten schweren Schock 10.30 Uhr überstanden hat, war dem heldenhaften Einsatz vieler einfacher Menschen zu verdanken, die sich zur Wehr setzten und von Kassel Fr 13. März Rainer-Dierichs-Platz denen viele ihr Leben verloren: Rund 12 Millionen Arbeiterinnen 14.30 Uhr und Arbeiter und Angestellte legten mit einem Generalstreik das wirtschaftliche Leben weitgehend lahm. Auch die Ministerial- Kiel Fr 13. März Platz der Kieler bürokratie weigerte sich, der illegitimen Regierung unter Kapp 14.30 Uhr Matrosen zu folgen. Die Abwehr des Putsches macht eines deutlich: Es sind SCHAUSPIELSZENEN Köln So 15. März Bahnhofsvorplatz Menschen, die die Demokratie und den Rechtsstaat verteidigen IN 18 DEUTSCHEN STÄDTEN 11.00 Uhr müssen und können. Zu oft wird die Weimarer Reichsverfassung kritisiert und dafür verantwortlich gemacht, dass die erste Leipzig Sa 14. März Hauptbahnhof, deutsche parlamentarische Republik scheiterte. Es kommt je- 14.30 Uhr Querbahnsteig Der Weimarer Republik e.V. doch nicht allein auf den Verfassungstext an. Zivilgesellschaftlich Vom 13. bis 15. März 2020, genau 100 Jahre später, erinnert der Mannheim Sa 14. März Hauptbahnhof, engagierte Bürgerinnen und Bürger müssen für die Grundlagen Weimarer Republik e.V. mit öffentlichen Schauspielszenen in erinnert daran des gesellschaftlichen Zusammenlebens aktiv einstehen. 14.00 Uhr Basement 18 deutschen Städten an den Kapp-Lüttwitz-Putsch von 1920 – mit Schauspielszenen. 2020 jährt sich der Kapp-Putsch zum 100. Mal und es gibt – und vor allem daran, dass er von demokratischen Kräften München So 15. März Hauptbahnhof, leider – mehr als genug Anlass, sich an die damaligen Gescheh- abgewehrt werden konnte. Der Mut der Menschen damals, den 10.30 Uhr Querbahnsteig nisse zu erinnern. Denn auch wenn ein Staatsstreich heute nicht wenige mit ihrem Leben bezahlten, kann uns Vorbild fernzuliegen scheint – der Rechtsextremismus greift um sich. dabei sein, auch unsere heutige Demokratie gegen Angriffe aller Nürnberg So 15. März Hallplatz / Königstraße 13. – 15. März 2020 Die abscheulichen Anschläge von Hanau und Halle und der Art zu verteidigen. 14.00 Uhr Mord an Walter Lübcke sind nur die Spitze des Eisbergs. Das Projekt wird gefördert vom Bundesministerium der In 18 deutschen Städten Selbstverständlich werden wir alle staatlichen Mittel ergreifen, Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz und unterstützt von zahlreichen Stuttgart Sa 14. März Schlossplatz, Herzog- um dem Rechtsextremismus wehrhaft die Stirn zu bieten. lokalen Partnern: Geschichtsvereinen, Museen, Bündnissen 17.30 Uhr Christoph-Denkmal Doch auch heute wieder müssen die Bürgerinnen und Bürger gegen Rechts extremismus und Gliederungen des Deutschen ➳ www.weimarer-republik.net selbst aktiv werden und unsere Demokratie und unseren Rechts- Gewerkschaftsbundes. Weimar Fr 13. März Hauptbahnhof staat mit Leben füllen. 18.00 Uhr Während und nach dem Kapp-Lüttwitz-Putsch kam es im gesamten Reichsgebiet zu andauernden Unruhen. In zahlreichen Regionen stürzten Mitverschwörer DER KAPP-L TTWITZ-PUTSCH Landes regierungen nach „Berliner Muster“ und setzten Kommissare ein. Daraufhin entbrannten teils heftige UND SEIN SCHEITERN Kämpfe. Bis zu 3.000 Menschen starben. Im rheinisch-westfälischen Industriegebiet gründete sich als Reaktion auf den Staatsstreich im März 1920 eine rund 50.000 Kämpfer umfassende Rote Ruhrarmee, welche rasch ihrerseits die gesamte Region kontrollierte und anschließend eigene Pläne zur Errichtung einer Räterepublik verfolgte. Zur Niederschlagung dieser Bewegung setzte die Reichsregierung neben der Reichs- wehr auch rechtsextreme Freikorps ein, die kurz Mit Unterzeichnung des Versailler Friedensvertrages zuvor noch gegen sie geputscht hatten. Chancen auf verpflichtete sich das Deutsche Reich, sein Heer von eine friedliche Beilegung des Konflikts wurden ignoriert. mehr als 400.000 auf 100.000 Soldaten zu reduzieren. Beide Seiten gingen mit äußerster Brutalität gegeneinan- Das bedingte auch die Auflösung der rund 120 Freikorps, der vor – bis hin zum Massenmord an Gefangenen. die überall im Land zur Unterdrückung von Unruhen und zur Sicherung der östlichen Reichsgrenze einge- Trauermarsch zur Beisetzung der Toten in Gera am 19. März 1920. setzt worden waren. Der Kommandeur der Vorläufigen Auf dem Transparent steht „Wir starben für Euch Brüder!“ (Stadtmuseum Gera) Reichswehr in Berlin, General Walther Freiherr von Wolfgang Kapp auf seiner Flucht nach Schweden am 17. 3. 1920 (picture-alliance / dpa) Lüttwitz, nahm das zum Anlass, einen Staatsstreich zu konspirieren: Am 10. März 1920 stellte er Reichsprä- Zur „Befriedung des roten Thüringens“ setzte die Reichs- sident Friedrich Ebert ein Ultimatum zur Revision des wehr auch rechtsextreme Zeitfreiwillige des Studen- Friedensvertrages und zur Ansetzung von Neuwahlen. tenkorps Marburg ein. Am 25. März 1920 ermordeten Tags darauf entließ ihn der Reichswehrminister Gustav Die Gegenrevolution wurde von den konservativen Angehörige dieser Einheit bei Mechterstädt 15 Arbeiter. Noske. Am 12. März befahl von Lüttwitz dem rechts- Kräften im Land vielfach begrüßt. Jedoch bekannten sich Anschließend befand ein Marburger Kriegsgericht – in extremen Elite-Freikorps der Marine-Brigade Ehrhardt nur wenige offen zum Putsch; die meisten nahmen einem der größten Justizskandale der Weimarer Repu- den Marsch auf Berlin, um die Regierung zu stürzen. eine abwartende Haltung ein. Besonders die Spitzen- blik – 14 Angeklagte des Korps für unschuldig. Der Fall Am Morgen des 13. März flüchtete die Regierung Gustav militärs zögerten mit einem Bekenntnis. Schließlich war charakteristisch: Die Demokraten überstanden den Bauer nach Dresden, später nach Stuttgart. Während- genügte die Kontrolle der Reichshauptstadt nicht, um Putsch, versäumten es jedoch, die Verantwortlichen dessen proklamierten die Putschisten Wolfgang Kapp das Gelingen zu sichern. Vor allem schwächte der konsequent zu verfolgen. Vielmehr stärkten sie diese zum Reichskanzler und preußischen Ministerpräsidenten. reichsweit von der SPD, USPD und KPD organisierte durch eine umfangreiche Amnestierung noch in ihrer Generalstreik die Verschwörer. Hinzu kam das wider- Haltung, gegen einen schwachen Staat zu kämpfen. ständige Verhalten der gewählten politischen Eliten aus dem linken bis bürgerlich-liberalen Lager. In vielen Christian Faludi Orten kam es auch zu Kämpfen zwischen bewaffneten Arbeiterwehren und putschenden Militärverbänden. In der Folge verlor der Umsturz an Dynamik und ver- ebbte, bevor eine handlungsfähige Reichsregierung Ein Projekt des: auf den Weg gebracht werden konnte. Am 17. März floh DEMOKRATIE Wolfgang Kapp nach Schweden und Walther von Lüttwitz übernahm als Militärdiktator. Ohne weiteren VERTEIDIGEN! Rückhalt lenkte er noch am selben Tag ein und stimmte Sanitäterinnen und Sanitäter der Roten Ruhrarmee in Dinslaken, März 1920 (Privatbesitz) einem Angebot zur Beendigung des Staatsstreiches zu. Ein Projekt des Weimarer Republik e.V. Jenaer Straße 4 Weitere Epizentren bewaffneter Kämpfe zwischen Re- 99425 Weimar gierungstruppen und Arbeitern befanden sich in Mittel- deutschland. Aufgrund der Vielzahl an Kleinstaaten kam Tel. (0) 3643 / 827 571 es hier zu einer ganzen Reihe von Umsturzversuchen, Fax (0) 3643 / 827 570 denen sich meist bewaffnete Arbeiterwehren entgegen- stellten. Besonders der Raum Gotha entwickelte sich [email protected] zum Brennpunkt. Bei Gefechten zwischen Einheiten der www.weimarer-republik.net Reichswehr, dem Freikorps Thüringen, der Bürgerwehr Postkartenfoto von einem Geschütz der Marine-Brigade Ehrhardt vor dem Branden- und der 1. Thüringer Volkswehrarmee starben allein hier burger Tor in Berlin am 13. März 1920 (Libellus – Museale Sammlung) bis zu 120 Menschen – viele davon waren Unbeteiligte. .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The President Courts Chancellor Armed Forces Government Ministers
    What impact did the War have on Germany? The Weimar Republic Social impact - • traditional values were changing as more and more women • 9th November 1918 the Kaiser abdicated (he gave up his worked during the war throne) • German workers were bitter and angry about restrictions • Frederich Ebert became the leader of the new placed on their earnings during the war whilst factory owners government- the Weimar Republic. He signed an made a lot of money armistice (truce) bringing the war to an end • There were huge gaps between the standards of living between • A powerful myth developed- called stab in the back. This the rich and poor. was the idea that Germany had been stabbed in the back by politicians who accepted the end of the war Political Impact • In January 1919 elections took place for the new • Germany had a revolution and became an unstable republic government • Stresses of war led to a revolution in October and November 1918 The constitution • Many ex –soldiers and ordinary people disliked the new government - they thought Germany had been betrayed by the The President Weimar politicians Article 48 Economic Impact • Germany was nearly broke by the end of the war Chancellor Armed forces Courts • Industrial production was two thirds what it had been in 1913 • National income was a third of what it was before the war • The government was left with 600,000 widows and 2 million children to support- it spent one third of all its money on pensions. Government Ministers The Weimar Republic faced lots of threats 1919-1921 Reichstag The Threat from the Left Who:- Spartacists (Communists) When:- January 1919 German people- all vote over the age of 20.
    [Show full text]
  • Republic of Violence: the German Army and Politics, 1918-1923
    University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository Graduate Studies The Vault: Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2015-09-11 Republic of Violence: The German Army and Politics, 1918-1923 Bucholtz, Matthew N Bucholtz, M. N. (2015). Republic of Violence: The German Army and Politics, 1918-1923 (Unpublished doctoral thesis). University of Calgary, Calgary, AB. doi:10.11575/PRISM/27638 http://hdl.handle.net/11023/2451 doctoral thesis University of Calgary graduate students retain copyright ownership and moral rights for their thesis. You may use this material in any way that is permitted by the Copyright Act or through licensing that has been assigned to the document. For uses that are not allowable under copyright legislation or licensing, you are required to seek permission. Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY Republic of Violence: The German Army and Politics, 1918-1923 By Matthew N. Bucholtz A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY GRADUATE PROGRAM IN HISTORY CALGARY, ALBERTA SEPTEMBER, 2015 © Matthew Bucholtz 2015 Abstract November 1918 did not bring peace to Germany. Although the First World War was over, Germany began a new and violent chapter as an outbreak of civil war threatened to tear the country apart. The birth of the Weimar Republic, Germany’s first democratic government, did not begin smoothly as republican institutions failed to re-establish centralized political and military authority in the wake of the collapse of the imperial regime. Coupled with painful aftershocks from defeat in the Great War, the immediate postwar era had only one consistent force shaping and guiding political and cultural life: violence.
    [Show full text]
  • A History of German-Scandinavian Relations
    A History of German – Scandinavian Relations A History of German-Scandinavian Relations By Raimund Wolfert A History of German – Scandinavian Relations Raimund Wolfert 2 A History of German – Scandinavian Relations Table of contents 1. The Rise and Fall of the Hanseatic League.............................................................5 2. The Thirty Years’ War............................................................................................11 3. Prussia en route to becoming a Great Power........................................................15 4. After the Napoleonic Wars.....................................................................................18 5. The German Empire..............................................................................................23 6. The Interwar Period...............................................................................................29 7. The Aftermath of War............................................................................................33 First version 12/2006 2 A History of German – Scandinavian Relations This essay contemplates the history of German-Scandinavian relations from the Hanseatic period through to the present day, focussing upon the Berlin- Brandenburg region and the northeastern part of Germany that lies to the south of the Baltic Sea. A geographic area whose topography has been shaped by the great Scandinavian glacier of the Vistula ice age from 20000 BC to 13 000 BC will thus be reflected upon. According to the linguistic usage of the term
    [Show full text]
  • Key Dates and People for Germany 1919-1939 1919 1945 1933
    Key Dates and People for Germany 1919-1939 1919 1933 1945 Weimar Germany Nazi Germany (Democracy) (Dictatorship) 1918 Germany requests ceasefire. World War One ends Kaiser abdicates and flees Your course finishes 1919 in 1939 but Hitler remained dictator New Weimar Government and Constitution set up until 1945 . Treaty of Versailles signed Spartacist uprising in Berlin Hitler joins DAP 1920 Kapp Putsch (Freikorps uprising) The DAP becomes the NSDAP (Nazis) 1921 Hitler now leader of Nazis—sets up SA, designs Nazi flag 1923 French Invasion and Occupation of Ruhr/German workers strike Hyperinflation Beer Hall (Munich) Putsch Stresemann introduces new currency (right at end of year) 1924 Hitler Trial and jail (Feb) Writes Mein Kampf Beginning of ‘Good Years’ for Weimar Republic Dawes Plan (longer to pay back reparations) and loans from USA Key Dates and People for Germany 1918-1945 1919 1933 1945 Weimar Germany Nazi Germany (Democracy) (Dictatorship) 1925 Locarno Pact with GB, France and Italy—Germany agrees to keep to the land borders decided at ToV Hitler sets up SS 1926 Germany allowed to join League of Nations 1928 Kellogg– Briand Pact—65 countries inc. Germany agree not to use war in foreign policy Elections—Nazis receive only 2% of vote 1929 Young Plan (reparations reduced) Stresemann dies Wall St Crash > Beginning of World Depression 1932 Elections—Nazis receive 32% of the vote 1933 Hitler appointed Chancellor (Jan) Reichstag Fire (Feb) Enabling Act (March) Trade Unions Banned Boycott of Jewish shops Political Parties Banned 1934 Night
    [Show full text]
  • Kurt Von Schleicher the Soldier and Politics in the Run-Up to National Socialism: a Case Study of Civil-Military Relations
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Calhoun, Institutional Archive of the Naval Postgraduate School Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive Theses and Dissertations Thesis Collection 2013-06 Kurt von Schleicher the soldier and politics in the run-up to national socialism: a case study of civil-military relations Bitter, Alexander B. Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School http://hdl.handle.net/10945/34631 NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA THESIS KURT VON SCHLEICHER—THE SOLDIER AND POLITICS IN THE RUN-UP TO NATIONAL SOCIALISM: A CASE STUDY OF CIVIL-MILITARY RELATIONS by Alexander B. Bitter June 2013 Thesis Co-Advisors: Donald Abenheim Carolyn Halladay Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704–0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202–4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704–0188) Washington DC 20503. 1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED June 2013 Master’s Thesis 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. FUNDING NUMBERS KURT VON SCHLEICHER—THE SOLDIER AND POLITICS IN THE RUN-UP TO NATIONAL SOCIALISM: A CASE STUDY OF CIVIL-MILITARY RELATIONS 6.
    [Show full text]
  • Weimar and Nazi Germany: Paper 3 • Plot 15 Dates on Your Timeline
    Weimar and Nazi Germany: Paper 3 • Plot 15 dates on your timeline: Leave more space for: • 1919 • 1923 • 1933 The Kaiser (German emperor) is forced to abdicate Nov. 1918 Armistice is signed by a representative of the new republic. January: Spartacist uprising (communist), govt. uses Freikorps to ‘put down’ the rebellion. Weimar Constitution is established (REMEMBER: strengths and weaknesses) June: Treaty of Versailles is signed (LAMB) Kapp Putsch: a right-wing attempt to seize power. Lead by Wolfgang Kapp, invited Kaiser back to rule, not what the people wanted. Kapp fled. French invasion of the Ruhr; marching in to seize goods as Germany had defaulted on reparations. Hyperinflation: govt. needed money to pay its debts, printed more money. Prices rose and were quickly out of control; Germany in crisis. Stresemann becomes Chancellor, then foreign minister. November: Munich Putsch; Hitler and Nazi’s attempt to overthrow the govt. Unsuccessful but does help the Nazi Party in the long-run. Dawes Plan: American banker Charles Dawes and Stresemann plan to deal with the problem of reparations. Reduce reparations to £50 million per year. Loans from US banks. Hitler’s book Mein Kampf (My Struggle) is published. Locarno Pact: Stresemann signs pact in December along with Britain, France, Italy and Belgium. Terms were agreed with Germany’s involvement; Germany accepted new border with France as outlined in T of V, 1919, Rhineland to be free of troops permanently. Kellogg-Briand Pact: Germany and 61 other countries signed in August. This promised that countries would not use war to achieve their aims. Young Plan: another economic plan agreed by Stresemann.
    [Show full text]
  • University of Bradford Ethesis
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Bradford Scholars University of Bradford eThesis This thesis is hosted in Bradford Scholars – The University of Bradford Open Access repository. Visit the repository for full metadata or to contact the repository team © University of Bradford. This work is licenced for reuse under a Creative Commons Licence. THE WHITE INTERNATIONAL: ANATOMY OF A TRANSNATIONAL RADICAL REVISIONIST PLOT IN CENTRAL EUROPE AFTER WORLD WAR I Nicholas Alforde Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Social and International Studies University of Bradford 2013 Principal Supervisor: Gábor Bátonyi, DPhil Abstract Nicholas Alforde The White International: Anatomy of a Transnational Radical Revisionist Plot in Central Europe after World War I Keywords: Bauer, Gömbös, Horthy, Ludendorff, Orgesch, paramilitary, Prónay, revision, Versailles, von Kahr The denial of defeat, the harsh Versailles Treaty and unsuccessful attempts by paramilitary units to recover losses in the Baltic produced in post-war Germany an anti- Bolshevik, anti-Entente, radical right-wing cabal of officers with General Ludendorff and Colonel Bauer at its core. Mistakenly citing a lack of breadth as one of the reason for the failure of their amateurishly executed Hohenzollern restoration and Kapp Putsch schemes, Bauer and co-conspirator Ignatius Trebitsch-Lincoln devised the highly ambitious White International plot. It sought to form a transnational league of Bavaria, Austria and Hungary to force the annulment of the Paris Treaties by the coordinated use of paramilitary units from the war vanquished nations. It set as its goals the destruction of Bolshevism in all its guises throughout Europe, the restoration of the monarchy in Russia, the systematic elimination of all Entente-sponsored Successor States and the declaration of war on the Entente.
    [Show full text]
  • 3. Germany in the 1920S
    3. Germany in the 1920s The shadowy figures that look out at us from the tarnished mirror of history are – in the final analysis – ourselves. DETLEV J. K. PEUKERT OVERVIEW Few events in history are inevitable. Most are determined by real people making real decisions. At the time, those choices may not seem important. Yet together, little by little, they shape a period in history and define an age. Those decisions also have consequences that may affect generations to come. Chapter 2 looked at the way three nations – the United States, France, and Germany – decided who belonged in the nineteenth century and who did not. It also considered the outcomes of those choices. This chapter marks the beginning of a case study that examines the choices people made after World War I. It highlights Germany’s efforts to build a democracy after the humiliation of defeat and explores the values, myths, and fears that threatened those efforts. It focuses in particular on the choices that led to the destruction of the republic and the rise of the Nazis. The 1920s were a time of change everywhere in the world. Many of those changes began much earlier and were speeded up by the war. Others were linked to innovations in science that altered the way people saw the world. In 1905, Albert Einstein, a German physicist, published his theory of relativity. By 1920, other scientists had proved that time and space are indeed relative and not absolute. The theory quickly became a part of the way ordinary people viewed the world.
    [Show full text]
  • Hitlers Germany Complete Notes
    1 of 29 Hitler’s Germany, 1929 - 1941 HITLER'S PERSONALITY AND THE SHAPING OF HIS CHARACTER AND BELIEFS April 20 1889 Hitler was born into a poor peasant family. January 1903 Hitler’s abusive father dies December 1907 Hitler's mother dies. February 1906 Adolf Hitler was rejected from the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna. After being rejected, Hitler became an anti-Semite in Vienna, which contained a large Jewish community. May 1914 Joined German army to fight in World War 1. He was a dispatch runner, taking messages back and forth from the commanding staff in the rear to the fighting units near the battlefield. - Gained an Iron Cross September 1919 Hitler was ordered by the military to investigate a small group of German workers in Munich,known as the German Workers Party. At the party, Hitler was inspired by an economist speaker Gottfried Feder, who gave a speech entitled, "How and by what means is capitalism to be eliminated?" It was here He began public speaking 2 of 29 Background Kaiser Willhelm was the leader of Germany in 1918 - during this time Germany was a monarchy. - Willhelm grew up with a withered left arm, his parents made him exercise to compensate for this, he then became obsessed with his strength and fitness. - In 1888 Willhelm’s father died leaving him to be king at the age of 29, he was intelligent but suffered ADHD. He was a great show off, he almost always wore a uniform and wanted all paintings of him to reflect strength. - He was quite rude and even called the King of Italy a “dwarf” The first world war ➔ In 1917 Germany had defeated Russia which allowed them to move their troops from the Eastern front to the Western front ➔ In 1918 Germany tried to defeat Britain and France in one last big push before America had time to enter the war ➔ But the Big Push failed and soon Germany was seriously outnumbered fighting both Britain, France and the USA.
    [Show full text]
  • THE RUSSIAN ROOTS of NAZISM: White Emigres and the Making Of
    This page intentionally left blank THE RUSSIAN ROOTS OF NAZISM White Emigr´ ´es and the Making of National Socialism, 1917–1945 This groundbreaking book examines the overlooked topic of the in- fluence of anti-Bolshevik, anti-Semitic Russian exiles on Nazism. White emigr´ es´ contributed politically, financially, militarily, and ide- ologically to National Socialism. This work refutes the notion that Nazism developed as a peculiarly German phenomenon. National Socialism arose primarily from the cooperation between volkisch¨ (nationalist/racist) Germans and vengeful White emigr´ es.´ From 1920 to 1923,Adolf Hitler collaborated with a conspiratorial far right German-White emigr´ e´ organization, Aufbau (Reconstruction). Aufbau allied with Nazis to overthrow the German government and Bolshevik rule through terrorism and military/paramilitary schemes. This organization’s warnings of the monstrous “Jewish Bolshevik” peril helped to inspire Hitler to launch an invasion of the Soviet Union and to initiate the mass murder of European Jews. This book uses extensive archival materials from Germany and Russia, including recently declassified documents, and it will prove invaluable reading for anyone interested in the international roots of National Socialism. michael kellogg is an independent researcher and a past recipi- ent of the prestigious Fulbright-Hays Doctoral Dissertation Research Abroad Grant. new studies in european history Edited by peter baldwin,University of California, Los Angeles christopher clare,University of Cambridge james b. collins,Georgetown University m´ıa rodr´ıguez-salgado, London School of Economics and Political Science lyndal roper,University of Oxford The aim of this series in early modern and modern European history is to pu- blish outstanding works of research, addressed to important themes across a wide geographical range, from southern and central Europe, to Scandinavia and Russia, and from the time of the Renaissance to the Second World War.
    [Show full text]
  • The Political Thought of General Hans Von Seeckt
    Loyola University Chicago Loyola eCommons Master's Theses Theses and Dissertations 1964 The Political Thought of General Hans Von Seeckt Henry William Herx Loyola University Chicago Follow this and additional works at: https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_theses Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Herx, Henry William, "The Political Thought of General Hans Von Seeckt" (1964). Master's Theses. 1877. https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_theses/1877 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Loyola eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of Loyola eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Copyright © 1964 Henry William Herx THE POLITICAL THOUGHT OF GENERAL HANS VON SEECKT by Henry William Herx A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty or the Graduate School or Loyola University in Partial hlrillment or the Requirements tor the Degree or Master ot Arta February 1964 Henry William Herx was born in Chicago, Illinois, June 29, 1933. He was graduated tram Quigley Preparatory Seminary, June, 1952, attended St. Mary at the Lake Seminary, Mundelein, Illinois 1952-1953, and was graduated tram Loyola University, February 1955 with a degree at Bachelor at Arts. Since 1958 the author has taught MOdern Wbrld History at Tuley Higb School. He began his graduate stUdies at Loyola University, February 1955. The writer has published an article, on the lack at critical content tound in the Chicago newspapers, in!!!! City magazine (April 1, 1962) and is presently working on a Film Education Handbook in connection with the Catholic Film Center.
    [Show full text]
  • Mommsen, Hans, Germans Against Hitler
    GERMANS AGAINST HITLER HANS MOMMSEN GERMANSGERMANSGERMANS AGAINSTAGAINST HITLERHITLER THE STAUFFENBERG PLOT AND RESISTANCE UNDER THE THIRD REICH Translated and annotated by Angus McGeoch Introduction by Jeremy Noakes New paperback edition published in 2009 by I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd 6 Salem Road, London W2 4BU 175 Fifth Avenue, New York NY 10010 www.ibtauris.com First published in hardback in 2003 by I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd as Alternatives to Hitler. Originally published in 2000 as Alternative zu Hitler – Studien zur Geschichte des deutschen Widerstandes. Copyright © Verlag C.H. Beck oHG, Munchen, 2000 Translation copyright © I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd, 2003, 2009 The translation of this work has been supported by Inter Nationes, Bonn. The right of Hans Mommsen to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyrights, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations in a review, this book, or any part thereof, may not be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. ISBN 978 1 84511 852 5 A full CIP record for this book is available from the British Library Project management by Steve Tribe, Andover Printed and bound in India by Thomson Press India Ltd ContentsContentsContents Preface by Hans Mommsen vii Introduction by Jeremy Noakes 1 1. Carl von Ossietzky and the concept of a right to resist in Germany 9 2. German society and resistance to Hitler 23 3.
    [Show full text]